DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING,

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK

COURSE CODE : REM157

COURSE NAME : BUILDING TECHNOLOGY II

Name of group members Matric number.

MUHAMMAD SYAMIL FAISAL BIN ROSMADI 2020882972

WAN IRDINA BATRISYA BINTI WAN MAHAZIR 2020481774

SITI MARIAM BINTI MAIL 2020863342

ASMA BINTI ADDENAN 2020858642

AINI SYAHIRA BINTI AL’ABAS 2020479326

AMIRAH BINTI AZAMEIN 2020454278

UWAIS BIN AHMAD TARMIZI 2020864102

Name of Group Leader : MUHAMMAD SYAMIL FAISAL BIN ROSMADI

Matric Number : 2020882972

Assignment Title : CASE STUDY REPORT - ROOF

Due Date of submission : 9/7/2021

Submission Date : 6/7/2021

DECLARATION:
We declare that,
No part of this assignment has been copied from other person’s work except where due
acknowledgement is made in the text, and no part of this assignment has been written for me
by any other person except where such collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer
concerned.

Group’s Leader Signature: Date:

SYAMIL 6/7/2021
TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

2.0 INTRODUCTION 4

3.0 BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY 6

4.0 TYPES OF BUILDING ELEMENT 8

5.0 TYPES OF MATERIAL USED 23

6.0 THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 30

7.0 TYPES OF FINISHES 36

8.0 CONCLUSION 38

9.0 REFERENCES 39

10.0 APPENDICES 41

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1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise to God because he gives us the chance to complete this task successfully. Every part of
this task ware held carefully by our groupmates till the completion of the case study. This report
could not be finished without everybody’s dedication and full effort despite the challenges we
have to go through upon finishing this report. We expressed our sincere gratitude to those who
willingly help us in completing this practical task.

Moreover, we want to thank our lecturer Madam Nurulhuda Ali for her guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the task and also for her
support in completing this case study.

Last but not least, thanks to all group members that gave a tremendous amount of commitment
and the cooperation in our group, the dedication and commitment were superb as we played
our role really well to achieve our aim and objectives within the time given. The task was
complete as expected and we were proud of it.

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2.0 INRODUCTION

A roof is an essential part of any building, in that it provides the necessary protection from rain,
sun, wind, heat, and cold. The integrity of the roof is important for the structure of the building
itself, as well as for the occupants and the goods stored within the building. A roof can be
defined as a covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight,
wind, and extremes of temperature. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or
shelter. The roof also provides structural shelter from any threatening condition to space it
covers the exterior surface and framing or structure which supports that covering.

Roofs have so many functions. First, the roof protects humans and possession. Roofs act as
protection from harm just like theft and act as a weather shield. Next roof also functioning as
water protection, roof’s keep out water from entering the building and not cause damage or
inconvenience. To protect the exterior wall we need to install water flashing. The other function
of the roof is to enclose the space,

There are a few functional requirements of a good roof, which is stability to overcome the
pressure or suction of wind that is unpredictable. Next, strength, structures must be of adequate
strength and strong enough to carry superimposed loads. Moreover, durability is the ability of
the roof to exclude rain, avoiding persistent penetration of water into the roof structure, and
able to withstand frost and harmful elements. In addition, the roof needs to be fire resistant to
prevent fire spreading possibilities and the roof needs to be thermal insulation to ventilate the
heat and reduces the hotness, also prevent excessive heat. Furthermore, the functional
requirement for a good roof is sound insulation to reduce the volume of transmitted noises from
the outside. Besides, a good roof provides an enclosure for service or facility and it also means
of drainage.

We need to consider a few things when choosing roof types. First, the size and shape of the
building, simple shaped building covered by a pitched roof, while irregular shaped building
covered with a flat roof. Next, the appearance of the building, consideration on aesthetic is
taken those small buildings usually use pitched roof and large buildings usually use the flat
roof. Lastly, the most important thing to consider when choosing roof type is the economic
factor which is the maintenance cost of the roof.

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There is a wide range of roof structures available to choose from for your building. One of the
types of the roof structure is the pitched roof, also known as the gable roof. Pitched roofs have
two-sided slopes greater than 10° but less than 70⁰. This roof has a gable at both ends. they are
easily recognized by their triangular shape. The advantage of this roof easily sheds water and
snow. It provides more space for attic/vaulted ceilings and allows more ventilation and easy to
build them and cheaper than other complex designs. The disadvantage of this roof is easy to
collapse in high wind or hurricane areas if not properly constructed with adequate supports and
its exterior surface easily detached from the framework due to high wind.

The flat roof is another type of roof structure. A flat roof is a roof that completely flat or inclined
with a slope of less than 10⁰. The material used for this roof is timber, concrete, and steel.
Roofing is a single sheet material, multiple layer material, and monolithic material. Insulation
material is low-density PVC board, glass fiber wool, and lightweight cement screed. The
advantage of this roof structure is extra living space on the roof. heating and cooling units can
also be placed on flat roofs, keeping them out of sight. Especially common practice in
commercial roof designs. Flat roofs are easier to construct than pitched roofs and require fewer
building materials, keeping costs down. The disadvantages of this building structure are the
low pitch makes flat roofs more susceptible to water leakage and they are not advised for high
rainfall or high snowfall areas.

Other types of roof structures are tensile structures which are tension roofs or canopies are
those in which every part of the structure is loaded only in tension, with no requirement to
resist compression or bending forces. Next, the vault is a structural member consisting of an
arrangement of arches, usually forming a ceiling or roof. Besides, the other type of roof
structure is the dome which is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of
a sphere, and conical which is a roof of an inverted cone usually atop a cylindrical tower.
Lastly, the shell, commonly called as thin-shell concrete structure, is a structure composed of
a relatively thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses. The
shells are most commonly flat plates and domes, but may also take the form of ellipsoids or
cylindrical sections, or some combination thereof

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3.0 BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY

The case study project is a flat and pitched roof. Both of this types of roof is located at Taman
Tasik Prima, Puchong. Taman Tasik Prima is leasehold township located in Puchong West.
The respective building was located at Lake Belva for flat roof and Lake view for pitched roof.
Both building was developed by Symphony Life Bhd. The built-up available in this town is
1,650 sf to 3,925 sf for houses. This town has some amenities nearby, such as universities and
schools. It location is very strategic that located in a developing town.

Diagram 1

Diagram 2 shows the view of complete project of Lake Belva house. Lake Belva, Corner Lot-
exclusive lakeside community with panoramic lake view. The house is low density. Brand new
3-storey lake bungalow house 6 bedrooms + 6 bathrooms + 2 study rooms + 1 family room
Magnificent view of lake from living area and master bedroom. Modern open plan gallery
opens up to a three storey gallery space. Ample parking space for 4 bays. 3 phase electricity
supply. 50ft wide driveway. Underground cabling and covered drains. A gated, reinforced
concrete flat roof and guarded precinct with 24hr compound security and perimeter fencing

Diagram 2 : Lake Belva, Tasik Prima

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The development is a prime leasehold address nestled in Lake view homes, Taman Tasik Prima
Township as shown in diagram 3. It offered contemporary and modern exterior, beautifully
immersed with functional layouts to accommodates family time in its living space. Natural
ventilation adds value for its upper floor abode. The building also used a pitched roof as the
roof types. Lake view homes aims to give its residents a comfortable living lifestyle. Singles
and couples are also welcomed to live here as it is family centered. The development is situated
in a place that has easy access to a variety of amenities such as malls, eateries, leisure spots
and facilities. This is due to Lakeview Bungalow’s strategic location whereby accessibility and
connectivity are stable and there are plenty of ways for residents to get by, hassle-free on a
daily basis.

Diagram 3 : Lake view, Tasik Prima

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4.0 TYPES OF BUILDING ELEMENTS

4.1.1 Types Of Roof Structure

I. Pitched Roof

Pitched roof includes any roof whose angle of slope to the horizontal lies between 10˚ and 70˚
and above this range it would be classified as a wall. The pitched is generally determined by
the covering which is to be placed over the timber carcass, whereas the basic form is governed
by load and horizontal span. It is offered a more classical appearance. They remain the most
common and efficient solution in wet and cold weathers to ensure maximum protection. A
pitched roof is most likely to be found on the main buildings on most domestic properties.

Figure 4.1: Pitched Roof

4.1.2 Component Of Pitched Roof

Figure 4.2: Parts Of Pitched Roof

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DESCRIPTION:

Eaves

In the roof, the lower portion of the inclined roof which is projecting beyond the outer face of
the wall. The main function of eaves is to rainwater to pour from the roof directly on the exterior
wall. I also give protection from sunlight. Sometimes eaves are highly decorated to increase
architectural beauty.

Gable End

The Triangular upper part of the wall at the end of a ridge roof.

Flashing

Flashings are provided to prevent moisture from entering the wall and roof through joints in
copings, parapet wall, and other penetrations through the roof plane. A strip of impervious
material, usually metal used to exclude water from the junction between a roof covering and
another part of the structure.

Hips

The outer angle (more than 180 degrees) formed by the inclined ridge between two intersecting
roof slopes.

Ridge

The horizontal intersection at the apex of the two rising roof surfaces inclined in opposite
directions.

Valley

An architectural term to define the slope where two roofs meet. Technically, they are the vee-
shaped metal channels formed at the 'folds' of a roof. A roof valley is one of the most important
parts of the roof because it's the way water pours down to the gutter.

Verges

the part of the roof where the tiles end, where the roof meets the gable. Traditionally, a roof
verge is fixed with mortar to create a waterproof and weatherproof finish.

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Barge Board

A board fastened to the projecting gables of a roof to give them strength, protection, and to
conceal the otherwise exposed end of the horizontal timbers or purlins of the roof to which they
were attached.

Fascia Board

This is wooden board fixed to the feet of the common rafter at eaves. The ends of the lower-
most roof covering material rest upon it.

Dormer

A roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a
pitched roof. Dormers are commonly used to increase the usable space in a loft and to create
window openings in a roof plane.

Rafter

Rafter is a structural component of a pitched roof. Typically, it starts from roof support (column
or wall) to ridge or hip. Multiple rafters are used side by side with equal spacing to support the
purlin. In typical home construction, wooden rafters are used. For large industrial of
commercial sheds, steel rafters are used.

Battens

These are thin strips of wood which are fixed on the common rafters or on the top of ceiling
boards to support the roofing materials such as tiles, sheets, etc. Batten could be also made of
metal or plastic.

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4.1.3 Types Of Pitched Roof

4.1.3.1) Single Roof

Single Roof is defined as a roof having only a single slope on each side of a central ridge,
whereas, in shed roof, it has a single slope, but without a central ridge. Single roof construction
is simple than other roofs.

In the single roof, each rafter is supported at two points:

• At the bottom: on the wall through wall plate

• At the top: by the ridge

Single roof has some limitations. Single roof is used for small spans which is span up to 5.5m.
In single roof, if rafter feet are not tied together by means of a roof joist or binder, then this
roof will have a tendency, underweight, to push the supporting walls outwards at top causing
structural failure of the wall.

There are various forms of single roof:

i. Couple Roof

This form of pitched roof is a pair of rafters acting like two arms pinned at the top and hence
it is called couple roof. The couple roofs are used for the shed and small building which are 3.5
m wide because the roof timbers tend to spread and overturn the walls of the building. Couple
Roof is also used to provide shelter for farm and storage buildings. When the width of the
building increases, then a weight of the couple roof also get increased.

Figure 4.3: Structure Of Couple Roof

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 ii. Couple Close Roof

Couple close roof is similar to a couple roof but the legs of the common rafters are closed by a
horizontal tie known as tie beam. This tie beam prevents the rafter from the spreading and
thrusting out of the wall because it is connected to the feet of the common rafter. These ties are
nailed to the rafters and nailed to the wall plate. This tie beam is made from the wood and steel
rod. The triangular space inside the roof becomes actually very useful up to some extent. This
triangular space can work as insulation or water storage. The most important benefit is that it
can provide storage space as loft which is most of the time missing in most of the modern house
design.

Figure 4.4: Structure Of Couple Close Roof

iii. Collar Beam Roof

A collar beam is a horizontal member between two rafters and is very common in domestic
roof construction. In collar beam roof, the horizontal beam is raised up from the feet of the
rafters to the almost middle of the rafters. Collar beam should not be fixed more than one-third
or one- half of the rise of the roof up from the wall plate. A collar beam is used to prevent
spreading the foot of the rafter. When the load is more, the rafters of the couple close roof have
the tendency to bend. In this condition, the raising-up of collar beams checks the tendency of
sagging due to further increase in span or excessive loading conditions.

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 Figure 4.5: Structure Of Collar Beam Roof

4.1.3.2) Double Roof

Double-pitched roof is a traditional, most often used roof. It is the most popular roof type.
Generally, we can describe the double pitched roof as a triangle that consists of two surfaces
which are connected with ridge on the top. Two surfaces of the roof are supported by load-
bearing walls and in the end the triangles are formed which are named as gables. Gables often
have windows installed for the natural light to come inside. It is very interesting design but it
negatively affects the usage of building area below the roof.

In double roof, each rafter is supported at three points:

• At the bottom: on the wall through wall plate

• At the top: by the ridge
• At the center by a purli

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There are various forms of double roof:

i. Purlin roof

Figure 4.6: Structure Of Purlin Roof

Purlins roof spans could be increased without compromising wall stability, increasing the size
of rafters or attracting extra costs. Purlins allow rafters to get extra support and become lighter
and thinner, allowing a potential span of 8 m. The benefit of this form of roof was that by using
struts, much of the roof space could be utilized for storage and ultimately allowed the space to
be used for accommodation.

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 ii. Purlin Beam Roof

Figure 4.7: Structure Of Purlin Beam Roof

A collar beam or tie is a horizontal gather between the two rafters. A beam is the main load-
bearing structural element of a roof. It supports the weight of joists and other building elements.

iii. Strutted Purlin Roof

Figure 4.8: Structure Of Strutted Purlin Roof

This roof structure supported on internal load bearing wall. The struts are needed in the roof
frame to transfer the loads from under purlins to the load bearing walls. Some space for storage.

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4.1.3.3) Triple or Trussed Roof

Truss is basically a triangle or arch shapes frame used a majority in roof cover it. trusses have
stood the test of time in construction, and it’s due to the number of structural benefits they
provide to homes and buildings. This consists of a rafter comprising W shaped tension and
compression members. This trussed rafter is capable of spans up to 12 m and can be designed
to accommodate many different pitch angles.

There are many types of trusses depend on the shape and the arrangement of the chords:

i. King Post Roof

Figure 4.9: Structure Of King Post Roof

Purlins are supported by the principal rafter. The purlins support the closely spaced common
rafters. The slope of common rafters is same as that of the principal rafter. The common rafters
support the roof covering.

ii. Queen Post Roof

Figure 4.10: Structure Of Queen Post Roof

Queen post truss differs from a king-post truss in having two wooden uprights or vertical
members which are known as queen post. Queen post truss is suitable for 8 to 12 meters. It is

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used when there is a need to cover large areas. It is relatively low-cost and can be made to fit
almost any size or slope of the roof.

iii. Truncated Roof

Figure 4.11: Structure Of Truncated Roof

A gable roof or hipped roof whose top has been cut off, forming a flat horizontal surface and a
gentle slope to one side. Generally used when it is required to provide a room in the roof,
between the two queen posts of the truss.

iv. Bowstring Roof

Figure 4.12: Structure Of Bowstring Roof

A structural truss with one curved top chord in the shape of a bow and a straight or cambered
member, which ties together the two ends of the bow. This can be used up to a span of 30m if
the roof covering is light.

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 II. Flat Roof

A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. The
slope of a roof is properly known and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°. Flat roofs are
an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and allow the roof space to be used as a living
space or a living roof. Flat roofs, or "low-slope" roofs, are also commonly found on commercial
buildings throughout the world. However, whilst they are described as ‘flat’ almost all flat
roofs are actually laid to a fall to ensure that rainwater can run off to the lower side. They were
seen as a cheaper alternative to traditional pitched roofs. But, the longevity of some flat roofs
has been poor, ranging from 6 years to 35 years depending on the quality of the covering and
the structure.

Figure 4.11: Flat Roof

There are three materials for flat roof structure:

• Concrete Flat
• Timber Flat
• Steel Flat

The construction of flat roof structure is similar to floor construction.

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4.1.4 Components Flat Roof

The choice of materials for the different components will depend upon type of roof, whether
cold deck, warm deck or inverted. Components must be compatible with each other as some
components.

Figure 4.13: Components Of Flat Roof

4.1.5 Material Structure Of Flat Roof

a) Concrete Flat Roof

Figure 4.14: Structure Of Concrete Flat Roof

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A concrete flat roof is normally made up of a structural layer of concrete finished with a smooth
screed onto which a waterproof layer such as a membrane is laid. The roof should incorporate
insulation and usually a vapour control layer to protect from interstitial condensation.

b) Timber Flat Roof

Figure 4.15: Structure Of Timber Flat Roof

Timber flat roof construction usually consists of structural joists topped with a decking of
plywood or a similar sheet material. Wherever possible, joists should span the shortest distance
of the roof plan. The pitch is governed by the roof covering and the required rate of rainwater
discharge.

c) Steel Flat Roof

Figure 4.16: Structure Of Steel Flat Roof

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4.1.6 Types Of Flat Roof

a) Cold Roof

Figure 4.17: Structure Of Cold Roof

A cold roof is roof in which the thermal insulation layer is located immediately above or
between the ceiling joists meaning that everything above the insulation, such as the rafters, and
any roof space, will be colder than the living space below it. In this technique, insulation is laid
between the rafters and since the only thing between rafters is empty space, this is a relatively
low impact way to insulate your roof. A cold roof may be an easy option when first creating a
flat roof, if looking to insulate an existing flat roof it can be a very time consuming one.
Insulating an existing flat roof requires ripping up any existing roof surface to enable you to
lay the insulation in between, this also means that the roof surface has to be replaced or redone,
again adding to the complexity of the job.

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 b) Warm Roof

Figure 4.18: Structure Of Warm Roof

A warm roof is one in which the insulation layer is laid on top of roof structure (or above the
loft or attic space in the case of pitched roofs) so that the roof structure or roof space is closer
to the inside temperature and so the risk of condensation is reduced. The warm roof insulation
is simply installed on top of the existing surface. If the roof surface is still in good conditions
you need only brush off any debris before securing insulation boards to it with adhesive and
laying any type of flat roof covering on top. It’s offers great thermal performance but adds
height to the flat roof. As a result of the height difference, warm roofs cannot be used on
balconies and flat roofs extensions with doors leading onto the roof.

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5.0 TYPES OF MATERIALS USED

Based on the online site visit on on-going construction that located at Taman Tasik Prima,
Puchong we have identified two types of roof that used to construct the houses. First house is
a prime leasehold address nestled in Lake view homes, Taman Tasik Prima Township that used
a gable roof as their roof design meanwhile the second house is 3-storey lake bungalow house
in Lake Belva used the flat roof for the design.

5.1.1 Gable Roof

The types of roof that has been chosen in one of the house is Gable Roof which is often
known as a pitched roof. This is one of the common roof used in Malaysia for housing since it
has an actual gable which is the triangle shape formed by the exterior wall at either end of the
roof. It is widely used since it is easy to construct in manufacture and economical.

This gable roofs provides more ventilation into the house and more space above the
ceilings due to its form elements. Besides, the design is easier to construct and more valuable
than alternative design due to the minimalist concept. The structure of this gable roof must be
strong because the durability is necessary so that it can withstand with any dangerous
conditions that may occur and to have sufficient strength to bear its own weights and loads.
Moreover, with extended overhangs make them more vulnerable, and some storms could
maybe remove roofing material off the roof.

The main reason behind the chosen of the roof design for this house is because to
offered contemporary and modern exterior, beautifully immersed with functional layouts to
accommodates family time in their living space. Also, to add natural ventilation adds value for
its upper floor abode and to having its own aesthetic value to the house by using this type of
roof.

Figure 5.1 : Lake view homes

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Since this roof can be built in normal, cold and temperate climates then it can be made from
many different materials. There are 4 types of material used that contained in the manufacture
of Gable roof which is:

i) Asphalt Shingles

This material is common and widely used in gable roof construction. This is because it has a
many range of colour options with his extremely resistant to weather. If gable roof has a
dormer, hips, or valleys, asphalt shingles are often the best option since the shingles assist to
minimize the possibility of the roofing structure from any leaking.

Figure 5.2 : Asphalt Shingles Roofing

ii) Cedar Shake

Cedar shake is a form of roof built of high quality wood that has long been used by the
enthusiasts. The use of cedar shake helps reduces the possibility of leaks on the roof's most
vulnerable areas. In addition it also contributes to the aesthetic value to the houses which it to
make the house look more elegant to the eye. However, it requires frequent maintenance as it
is less water resistant due to the nature of the wood itself.

Figure 5.3 : Cedar Shake Roofing

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iii) Tiles

This tile is a terracotta tile which is the best choice in the manufacture of gable roof because it
is extremely durable and long lasting with an average life for about 60-100 years. Next, it is
also weather resistant causing it to be low on maintenance. But the disadvantage for this
material is it is more heavier compared to other materials which causes the construction and
installation process took a long time than usual.

Figure 5.4 : Tiles Roofing

iv) Metal

The roofing material is certainly one of the most reliable due to its high structural capacities,
metal roofing is a real and life-long roofing system. This metal comes in a variety of forms and
can design from other roofing materials. Moreover, metal roofing is highly resistant to weather
and damage, it tends to outlive than other roofing materials since it only took a low maintenance
to handle it.

Figure 5.5 : Metal Roofing

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5.1.2 Flat Roof

The types of roof that has been chosen for the second house is Flat Roof. Flat roofs are
a typical design used in building of malls, warehouses, apartments and schools since they are
easy to install on areas that requiring large surface, and it is also the best choice for commercial,
industrial and institutions. This type of roof is less common used as a house roof design due to
low flat roof slope causes water to accumulate on it because alternatively the nature of the roof
needs to be steep to allow water from the roof to flow down to the drainage system. So this is
the factor that makes it less suitable for use when the weather is rainy.

Therefore, flat roofs are more suitable for drier climates. However, in heavy rainy
climates such as in Malaysia, a flat roof still can be the best option for homeowners if its were
installed with the right technique and prioritize the waterproof materials to make sure the flat
roof does not stagnate. Besides, with hiring an experienced professional to install the flat roof
and performing regular inspections and maintenance, the owner do not have to worry since it
can be trusted for many years when choosing this flat roofs.

The advantage of having a flat roof is that most of the square footage of the flat roof is
available for use. For example, the owner can add a rooftop patio, or mini garden. Furthermore,
homeowners can hide from eye view when installing solar panels on this flat roof. Finally, flat
roofs are also an eye catching aesthetic option that gives the house a unique shape. If the
developer sells a house that has a flat roof, it will attract the attention of buyers who like the
view around the residence because this flat roof can help complete it without obscuring the
view of the surrounding.

Figure 5.6 Bungalow house in Lake Belva

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There are several factors that need to be considered for the installation of this roof so that it is
worth its lifespan as it is widely used for commercial, industrial or residential structures. There
are 4 types of material used that contained in the manufacture of Flat roof which is:

i) Traditional Tar-and-Gravel

This material is also known as built-up roofing (BUR) is one of the most common ones for
homeowners because it is extremely durable and withstand heavy rains and weather conditions.
It's composed of a water-resistant polymer that will keep it in prime condition for years. The
installation of a tar and gravel roof is uncomplicated compared to many other roofing materials.
The roofing material does not require regular repairs or replacement and make it very low
maintenance .

Figure 5.7 Traditional Tar-and-Gravel Roofing

ii) Modified Bitumen – Peel-and-stick format

Self-adhered modified bitumen roofs provide the installer with a safe, clean, and efficient
option. When properly installed, it may be done without the mess, fumes, difficulty, or
any risks. Also, it comes with a range of base sheet options, cool roof surface, impact
resistance, uplift resistance, and fire retardance. So It only took a short period of time to install
it since this materials does not require heat and can be installed safely.

27
 Figure 5.8 Modified Bitumen Roofing (Self Adhering)

iii) Modified Bitumen – Torch applied or heat welded

This material called as Torch down Roofing because it requires an open-flame propane torch.
Sheets of modified bitumen are rolled out onto the roof in this process, and a hand-held propane
torch is used to heat the material and to attach it to the surface of the roof. The seams are melted
together to form a waterproof seal once the layer hit the right temperature. Torch down roofing
may expand in hot weather and compress in cold weather without melting or breaking it since
it weather resistance and reflectivity maintain the structure energy efficient. Furthermore, it
only took a simple process for the maintenance.

Figure 5.9 Modified Bitumen Roofing (Torch down)

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iv) Rubber Membrane

This rubber membrane is intended to provide high-quality protection for a range of roofing
systems, including flat roofs, shed roofs, and others. Since it is a cost-effective and light-
weight material, it is easy to build and a perfect option for those who wish to install their own
roofing system. It provides a variety of advantages to homeowners, including durability and
water resistance. Heat is required for traditional flat roof materials to bond, but this rubber
membrane does not require any equipment, such as a blowtorch, which may be dangerous and
time-consuming. It will save time since this materials do not require heat and can be installed
safely.

Figure 6.0 Rubber Membrane Roofing

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6.1 THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FLAT ROOF

i. Taking Precautions for Safety

Recognize the project's importance and take the required safety precautions. Make sure you
have all of the appropriate safety equipment, such as helmets, gloves, boots, and other items.

ii. Deciding on the Size

The size of the concrete block you'll need is one of the most important steps in making a flat
concrete roof. The blocks come in a variety of sizes, but for the purposes of this instruction,
we'll assume you're working with a 16 3/4-inch-wide concrete slab.

iii. Placing the Steel Joists

The steel joists will provide as a solid foundation for the flat concrete roof. Place the steel joists
at this distance from the concrete slab, which is 16 3/4 inches wide. A beam or a wall should
support the joists' bottoms. This will provide the required support.

iv. Placing the Concrete Slabs

The concrete slab should then be placed on its face. The open end should be angled to the side.
The concrete slab sits on top a flange created by the L-shaped steel joists. Arrange the slabs in
a row after another.

v. Working on the Grooves

Grooves can be found on the blocks if you look closely. The grooves are approximately 1/2 by
3/4 inches in size. The W1.7 wire must be inserted into the grooves. At the end of the row of
concrete slabs, bend the wire.

vi. Inserting Reinforcing Bars

Complete the unit by adding full-length reinforcing bars. The number-five reinforcing bar is
the greatest choice. The bars must be put between the joist and the slab end.

vii. Preparing the Grout and Pouring the Grout

The flat concrete roof will be held in place by grout. You'll need to make the grout mixture for
this stage. You'll need sand and Portland cement to produce a grout. 2 1/2 parts sand, 1 part
cement, 2 1/2 parts sand, 1 part cement, 2 1/2 parts sand, 1 part cement, 2 1/2 parts sand, 1 part
cement, 2 1/2 parts To achieve a flowing consistency, add some water. Fill the area between
the rows of concrete slabs with grout, completely covering the joists.

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viii. Repeating the Process
The concrete will absorb the grout when it is poured. Apply extra grout to the top of the
concrete once it has been moistened. Using a squeegee, spread it out. To guarantee that the
wires are properly embedded, the grooves should be filled with grout.

ix. Curing
Allowing the grout to operate on the concrete slabs is the final phase in the roof construction
process. Allow time for it to cure entirely. You have the option of waterproofing your concrete
roof right now.
x. Clean the Flat Roof for Waterproofing
First, clean the roof. Use a push broom and dustpan to remove any dirt or debris. Inspect the
entire surface for cracks, breaks and other damage first. Use silicone caulk in a caulking gun
to fill in the cracks, then use a putty knife to smooth out the sealant further into the area. Allow
the silicone to dry before you move forward with waterproofing. If you have a leaky roof, it
can lead to water leaking into your home or basement.

xi. Use Seam Tape

Priming helps in the waterproofing process, but you must first cover any seams in the concrete
with seam tape if feasible before applying it. Wherever possible, use a single piece and make
sure it is centred over the seam as you place it down. After the tape has been laid, go over it to
press it down even further for the best hold.

xii. Coat With Primer

After that, paint the entire roof with a concrete primer. Begin painting at one end and work
your way towards a corner, then finish using a paintbrush. Before deciding whether or not
you'll need a second primer coat, wait for it to dry completely. If you're not sure about the dry
time, check your product label.

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xiii. Spray on a Vapor Barrier
After the primer has dried, fill a paint sprayer with your chosen vapour barrier and liberally
apply an even coat onto the concrete roof. Spray in lines as you work your way from one end
to the other. Every time you start a new line, make sure it overlaps the previous one. Allow for
the vapour barrier to cure completely before applying a second coat. After your final
application has dried, you can decide whether or not to paint over it.

Construction of Concrete Flat Roof.

6.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF GABLE ROOF

Gable roof
Lake view home located at Taman Tasik Prima Township uses gable roof for their roofing.
Gable roof is a pitched roof and it is a type of roof design with two slides slope downward
toward the walls. This design of roof is easily recognised with its’ distinct triangular shape.
I. Framing
The most important elements when constructing the frame of a gable roof is a pair
of roof rafters and collar tie. Collar tie is a tension tie located at the upper third of
opposing gable rafters and the main function of this collar tie is for avoiding the
separation of rafters in the ridge beam in case of unbalanced load cause by the wind
and harsh weather effects such as snow. There are other methods of rafter connection
instead of using collar tie to achieve this purpose which are by using triangular shape
of bracing boards, carpentry joints and screw and also by using ridge truss.

Diagram 1 Roof rafters secured Diagram 2 Roof rafters secured

with plywood boards with collar tie

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 Diagram 3 Roof rafters secured Diagram 4 Roof rafters secured
with carpentry joints and screws with ridge truss

The first thing we have to do when assembling the frame of a gable roof is nailing
2 boards onto the wall as top plates. By using 8-penny nails, attach the top plates to the
wall studs. Top plate is a continuous timber beam on top of the walls that supports the
roof structure by carrying the rafters load to the wall studs. These top plates cannot be
less than 5.1cm thick and need to be at least as wide as the studs. Then, the ceiling joists
are added on top of the top plates every 61cm. These ceiling joists are located between
the parallel walls for additional structural support. From one end of the top plates,
measure 61cm and mark each measurement with a pencil. By using a construction nail,
fasten the ceiling joists with the top plates and make sure that the edges of the joists are
completely level and even with the outside of the top plates. Measure 61cm along both
of the walls to ensure that the boards will line up.

Then, the pitch of the roof will be determined by measuring using a vertical to
horizontal ratio. Gable roofs commonly have a slope between 7.6-30.5cm and a vertical
rise for every 30cm horizontally. After we have determined the slope of the roof, the
rafters need to be cut to fit the slope. The length of the rafters can be found by using
Pythagorean Theorem. Hold a framing square to ensure the measurement of the slope
line along the top of the boards. Using a pencil, make a line to ensure the angle that
need to be cut using a handsaw and prepare all of the rafters at the same time so that it
will ready to be use. Next, make a seat cut at the end of the rafter so that it lays flat on
the top plates by using the framing square. Line the framing square to make a triangle
with the mark and then cut the triangle shape out using a handsaw or circular saw.

Next, add a vertical support to the common rafters by using 5.1cm × 10.2cm
boards. These components are also called strut. Make sure that the seat cut of the rafters
sit flat on the corner. From the highest point of the rafter to bottom at the top plate,
measure it to determine how long we need to make the struts. Cut a strut, line it with
the edge of rafters and use construction nails to fasten it to the outside of the top plate.
Place another strut with a distance of 5.1cm apart from the first. Build the struts to
another side of the common rafters. Then, clamp the rafters onto struts so the edges are
even. Use hand clamps to ensure it is holding in place and make sure the seat cut lay
evenly with the top plates.

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 Diagram 5 Roof rafter with seat
cut and heel cut

Attach the rafters to the top plates using hurricane clips. Place the clips so that one
side of it is even with the rafter and the bottom of the clips is even with top plates. By
using a 3.8cm nails through the hurricane clips holes, secure the rafters to its’ places.
Use 2 hurricane clips for each 4 ends of the common rafters.

II. Ridge board and rafters

For the ridge board, use a 5.1cm × 15.2cm straight board and make sure to find the
straightest board that spans the entire length of the roof and if it is hard to find a straight
board with such length, multiple ridge board can be use. This ridge board will be located
at the apex of the roof where it is also the peak of the building. Secure the end rafters
with the ridge board using 8-penny nails. Line up the top of the ridge board between
the struts and the top of the rafters. Make sure that the ridge board is level so that the
roof will be constructed straight. Use hammer and nail the rafter in at an angle from the
opposite side. Use 3 nails per rafter to provide utmost security and repeat the process
at the other end of rafters.

Put rafters at the centre of the roof alongside with the ridge board to give more
support. Attach rafter to one side of the ceiling joist using construction nails then,
hammer nails from the ridge board into the rafter. Repeat the process at the other side
of the roof so that the rafters line up with one another. Fill in the rest of the rafters on
each ceiling joist using the construction nails. Continuously check it with a level so that
the roof is straight.

Diagram 6 Gable roof’s

framework

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III. Shingles
Put roof sheathing on top of the roof by using 1.3cm plywood to cover the entire
surface of the roof. Place a piece of the plywood at the bottom corner of the roof by
making sure that the edge is on the rafter beam. Then, use construction nails with 15cm
apart to secure the plywood around the outer perimeter. After all of the plywood has
been installed, cover the sheathing with a layer of felt paper. This bitumen fibre-based
felts act as an underlay under the roof tiles to provide a barrier to the entry of snow,
wind and rain between the tiles or slates. Lay the felt paper across the roof’s surface
and hammer in galvanised clout nails every 61cm for initial secure. If we need to add
another layer of felt paper, overlap the edges by 5.1cm

Diagram 7 Roof underlay details

with counter battens

Next, secure the shingles starting from the bottom of the roof using 3 nails per
shingle sheet to secure them to the roof and work its way up to the peak of the roof.
Make sure the seams between shingle did not line up to ensure best protection against
water and condensation and if the shingle sheets’ size did not fit at the end of the rows,
use utility knife to cut it to the demanded size. Lastly, place the cap shingles on the
peak to create the roof’s ridge. Cut the individual shingles from the sheet and place it
over on the apex of the roof and attach them to the ridge board using construction nails.
Please make sure that the shingles are overlap by 13cm so that they are high with water
resistance.

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7.0 TYPES OF FINISHES

Roof finishing accessories include all types of accessory materials that are used to finish
a roof. Flashing, drip edge, and roof drains are all examples of roofing accessories. Choosing
a roof tile with the right surface finish is crucial to the finished appearance of the roof and how
it will look in the future.

There are many types of finishes used in roof construction. The first one is aluminium
coating. Aluminum finishes as a physical barrier for the metal. This is formed during the
oxidation process of the aluminum finish. The advantage of aluminium coating is it gives the
roof a natural resistance to rust. It is usually paired with a thin zinc coating during roof
replacement for added chemical resistance. The disadvantages of aluminium coating is it is
expensive.

Another one is clay tiles. The advantages of clay tiles is in its aesthetic value. The beauty
of natural clay tiles lies in the way which they retain the natural colour of the clay material
before maturing to a darker, richer shade. Machine made tiles are extremely dense and durable.
The colour of the tile will not fade under any circumstances and the slow change that does take
place will be a steady darkening of colour. The disadvantages of clay tiles is they are not
completely wind resistance.

Besides that is concrete tiles. All concrete tiles are coloured to give them the appropriate
appearance and unlike clay tiles, this colour will eventually fade over time. However,
manufacturers can take measures to ensure that their concrete tiles are colour-fast, such adding
colour throughout body of the tile as well as its surface, then adding an acrylic coating. The
advantages of concrete tiles is they are low maintenance. The disadvantages is they are prone
to weathering.

Another one is artificial mineral fibre. The most common artificial mineral fibre is glass fiber.
Glass fiber is produced by a variety of techniques, which depend on the final product required
for example solid, mat or rope. For instance, it can be made into a mineral wool mat and used
for insulation purposes, like loft insulation, and soundproofing. The advantages of mineral
wool is it is a highly efficient energy-saving building materials. The disadvantages is the
strength of the mineral wool is not very good and easily damaged.

36
 These are some more examples of roof finishes which is lightweight metallics, synthetic
slates/tiles, natural slates, artificial mineral fibre, cement slates, titanium cladding panels,
corrugated steel, profiled light aluminium, wood shingles, and glazed.

Lastly, function of roof finishes are to cover a building, including all materials and
constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing
protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. The characteristics
of a roof finishes are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available
roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural
design and practice.

37
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we had learned a lot of things after completed this report. We were
complete this report by using the online site investigation method. After discussion between
group members, we had chosen Taman Tasik Prima that located at Puchong as our case study.
After being analyse, there are two types of roof were used there which are flat roofs and pitched
roofs.

Furthermore, we also have gained knowledge about the type of material used for roofing
of the selected subject properties. Moreover, the construction process of gable and flat roofs
also had been learned, from the first step until the construction complete. Next, finishes are one
of the important parts of the roof, the example of roof finishes are metal, clay, and concrete.
There also advantages and disadvantages of the roof finishes.

Lastly, we really grateful because we finish this assignment within the time given because
everyone really committed despite, we are in the Covid-19 pandemic and we also grateful
because we had gained a lot of knowledge from this case study report

38
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10. APPENDICES

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

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