‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ

اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬

١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University


ϥϮѧϜΘ
ϳϮѧϫϭ
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ
ϩΎѧΠΗ
ΎΑ
˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϭίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
Ϧϣ ϞϜϟ
ϲ όϤϗϞϜη ϥϮϜΗϲ Ϩόϳ
ϊ ϤϘΘ
ϟ΍
.‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬


ϲ ѧϘϓ
΃
ςϔϨѧϟ΍ϭίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍ϦϴѧΑ
Ϟѧλ Ύ ϔϟ΍
αΎ ѧϤΘϟ΍
ςѧΧϥϮѧϜϳΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ ϞΒϗ
ΔϳΩΎ ϴ
Θϋϻ΍ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
ϲϓ
(Water  ϲ΋Ύ
ѧϣϊ ѧϓ
ΩΪѧΟϮϳ Ϣѧϟ
΍Ϋ·
ϲ ѧϘϓ΃
ϥϮѧϜϳ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϭ ςϔϨѧϟ΍
Ϧϴ ѧΑϞѧλ Ύ
ϔϟ΍
ΪѧΤϟ΍
Ϛϟάѧϛϭ
‫ ﺳﻮاء ﻗﺮب اﻟﺒﺌﺮ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻨﮫ وان ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻤﺎس ھﺬه ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬Drive)

ϥϮѧϜϳΚϴΣ (Gravitational forces ،‫ﺗﻮازن ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ) ﻗﻮى اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬

ήѧμ ΤϨϳ
Ϣ ѧΛ
Ϟѧϗ΍
ΔѧϓΎΜϛϭΫϪѧϧϷ ϕϮѧϓςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϥϮѧϜϳϭ ϰϠϋ΃ ΔϓΎΜϛϭΫ ϪϧϷϞϔγ Ϸ΍ϰϟ·
˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍
.‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﯿﺪة ﻻن ﻟﮫ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ‬


Ϧѧϣ ΔѧΒϳήϘϟ΍ϖρΎ ѧϨϤϟ΍ 
ϲ ѧϓ
Δѧλ ΎΧ ϲ ѧόϴΒτϟ΍
ϥί ΍ϮѧΘϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ 
ϩάϫ ήϴϐΘΗ
ΝΎΘ ϧϹ΍ΪϨϋ

ϱ ΩΆѧϳϭ (ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϺϟ ήѧΌΒϟ΍
΢Θ ѧϓ
ΔΠϴ Θϧςϐπ ϟ΍ 
ϕήϓ 
ΩϮΟϭ ΐ ΒδΑ ΐϴ ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ) ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرج إﻟﻰ إن ﺗﺘﺠﮫ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ إرﺟﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬

ϝϭΎ ѧΤϳ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ Ϧϣ ΐ ϳήϘϟ΍˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍
ϯ ήϧϚϟάϟΐϴ ϘΜΘϟ΍
ϩΎΠΗ ΎΑ
ϭ΃ΐϴϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ ϰϟ·

ϝΎѧѧΤϟ΍Ϛϟάѧѧϛϭ .(Pressure Drop) ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν Ύ ѧѧϔΨϧ΍ ΐ ΒѧѧδΑϰѧѧϠ
ϋϷ΍ 
ϰѧѧϟ·ΩϮόѧѧμ ϟ΍
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺎول اﻟﻨﺰول إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

Q  P  coning

ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍ 
Ϧϴ ѧΑ ϥί ΍
ϮѧΗ
ΔѧϟΎ
Σ Ι ΪѧΤΗϰΘ Σ Ϟϔγ ϸϟ ίΎϐϟ΍ϝϭΰϧ ϭ΃ϰϠ ϋϸϟ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ΩϮόλ  ήϤΘ δϳ

ΔѧϴΑΫΎ Πϟ΍ΓϮѧϗ ϲ ѧϫϭ (Static) ϲ ѧόϴ Βτϟ΍
Ϫόѧο ϭ ϰѧϟ·Ϟѧλ Ύ ϔϟ΍ 
΢τѧδϟ΍ 
ωΎ Οέ· ϝϭΎ ΤΗ ϲΘ ϟ΍
.ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ 
ΐ ΒѧδΑ ρϮѧΒϫϭ΃ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϕήѧϓ 
Ϧѧϋ ΔѧΠΗΎϨϟ΍ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍Ϧϴ ѧΑϭ (Gravity Force)

ϰϋΪѧѧϳ Ύѧϣ ΎѧϧΆϜϣϪѧϴϠ
ϋϮѧѧϫΎѧϣ
ϰѧѧϠ ϋ ϞϜѧθϟ΍ 
ϰѧѧϘΒϳϩάѧϫϥί ΍ ϮѧѧΘ
ϟ΍ΔѧϟΎΣϰѧѧϟ·ϝϮѧѧλ Ϯϟ΍ΪѧѧϨϋ

ΖѧѧΑΎΛςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍ 
ρϮѧѧΒϫϱ΃ΖѧѧΑΎΛ
ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ϝΪѧѧόϣϡ΍ΩΎѧϣˬϦϛΎ ѧδϟ΍ 
ϱίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϭ΃ ϲ΋ Ύ
ѧϤϟ΍ϊ ϤϘΘ ϟΎѧΑ

1
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University


ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϭςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϦϴѧΑ
αΎ ѧϤΗςѧΧϭ΃(OWC) ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ϭςϔϨϟ΍
ϦϴΑαΎ ϤΘ
ϟ΍
ςΧ ϊ ϗϮϣϡ΍ΩΎ
ϣϭ
.‫( ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺐ‬GOC)

ϥΎ ѧϓ(Draw Down) ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ν Ύ ѧϔΨϧϻ΍ήѧϴϐΘ
ϟ
ΔѧΠϴ Θ
ϧΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣήϴ ϐΗ
΍
Ϋ·Ύ
ϣ·
.‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺮوط ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ إن ﯾﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬
Q  cons tan t  P  cons tan t  stabl coning


ϡΪѧϓ˻ ˹ 
ΪѧόΑ
ϰѧϠ
ϋϲ ѧϫ
ϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍
ϭήѧΌ
ΒϠϟ
ΓέϭΎ
ѧΠϤϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϤϟ΍
ϦϤο 
ϊ ϘΗ∆p ‫إن اﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﻟـ‬

ϲ ѧτΧϥΎϳήΟ Linear Flow ‫)ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ( ﻋﻦ ﺟﺪار اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ھﻮ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻦ‬
.(Radial Flow) ‫إﻟﻰ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬


ήѧΌ Βϟ΍
ϮѧΤϧΎѧϨϬΠΗ΍
Ύ ѧϤϠ
ϛ ϲ ϋΎόѧθϟ΃ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ϲϓΎϴ
ΠϳέΪΗ
ϞϘΗϒϳήμ Θ ϟ΍
ΔϓΎ
δϣϥ·Ύ
ϤΑϭ

ήѧΌ Βϟ΍
ϦѧϣΔѧΒϳήϘϟ΍
ϖρΎ ѧϨϤϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ ήѧΒϛ΍
 Δϋήѧδϟ΍
ϥϮϜΗ
ϥ·
ϊ ϗϮΘ
ϧϥΫ·ˬΖΑΎΛ
ΝΎΘϧϹ΍
ϝΪόϣϭ

ϊ ѧϣ ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
 ρϮѧΒϫΐ ѧγ ΎϨΘϳ
Κѧϴ Σ (Non Darcy Flow) ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ωϮѧϧ
ϥϮѧϜϳ
ΚѧϴΤΑ
‫∆( ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ھﺒﻮط اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬pάv) ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‬


ΝΎ ѧΘϧϺϟήѧΌΒϟ΍΢ΘѧϓΪѧϨϋϥ΍ ήѧϬψΗ ϥΎ ѧΘ
ϴ ΟΎΘϧ·ϥΎѧΗήϫΎ υ ΎϤϫϱίΎ ϐϟ΍ϭ΃ϲ΋ Ύ
Ϥϟ΍ 
ϊ ϤϘΘ ϟ΍ϥ΃

ϝϮѧѧΣ (Flowing Pressure Gradient) ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ ςϐѧπ ΑΕΎ ΟέΪѧѧΗ ϥϮѧѧϜΘ ΗΎϣΪѧϨϋ

ΕΎ ϳϮΘѧδϣ ϰѧѧϠϋΔѧϳΩϮϤϋ ΓέϮѧѧμ Α ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ϭ΃ίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧϳήΟ ϲ ѧϓ
ΐ ΒѧδΗ  ήѧѧΌΒϟ΍
έ΍ ΪѧѧΟΔѧϳΎϬϧ

ωΎ ѧϔΗέ΍ϝϮѧλ ϭ ΪѧϨϋ Ύ
ϬϠϛΎѧθϣ ΃ΪΒΗϭ (Across Bedding Planes) ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻖ‬

Ύѧϣ Δѧϓ
ήόϣ Ϯϫ Δγ ΍έΪϟ΍ ϩάϫ Ϧϣ ϑ ΪϬϟ΍ 
ϥ· Ϛϟάϟ ΐϴ ϘΜ Θϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ ϭ΃ 
ήΌ Βϟ΍ ΔΤΘ ϓϰϟ· ϊ ϤϘΘϟ΍
.‫ھﻲ ظﺎھﺮة اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ وﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺤﺪث وﻣﺘﻰ ﯾﺤﺪث وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮫ‬

ϲ ѧϓ ΕΎϔѧμ ϟ΍ΔѧϠ
ΛΎϤΘ Ϥϟ΍ϭΔѧδϧΎ ΠΘ Ϥϟ΍ϦϣΎ ѧϜϤϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ 
ϊ ϤϘΘ ϟ΍
ΔϠϜθϣ ϊ ϣϞϣΎ όΘ ϟ΍
ϢΘ ϴγ ΎϨϫ
‫ ﺣﯿﺚ إن ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ‬،(Homogeneous & Isotropic) ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﺎت‬

ΐ ѧϠ τΘΗ(έ΍ ϮѧѧρϷ΍ 
ΩΪѧѧόΘϤϟ΍ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ϭ ˬΔѧδϧΎ ΠΘ Ϥϟ΍ήѧѧϴϐϟ΍
ϦϣΎ ѧϜϤϟ΍)ΓΪѧѧϘόϤϟ΍ ΕϻΎ ѧΤϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
.(Numerical Simulators) ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ‬

2
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

(Stable and Unstable) ήϘΘ

ѧδϤϟ΍
ήϴ
Ϗϭ
ήϘΘ
δϤϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΘ
ϟ΍

: ‫ﯾﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬

.‫ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬-١
.‫( ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬Drainage Area) ‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‬-٢
.‫ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺪرج ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺠﺬب‬-٣

ϥΎ ѧϓˬΏάѧΠϟ΍ ΓϮѧϗϰѧϠ ϋ ΐ ѧϠϐΘ Ϡ
ϟϲ ѧϔϜΗ
Κѧϴ ΤΑΓήϴΒϛϥΎ ϳήΠϟ΍ςϐο  ΕΎ ΟέΪΗ ΢Βμ Η 
ΎϣΪϨόϓ
(Critical ‫ ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ھﻨﺎك ﻣﻌﺪﻻ ﺣﺮﺟﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺎء آو اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﯿﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﺗﻘﻤﻌﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮا‬

΢Βѧμ Θ γϩί ϭΎ ѧΠΗ 
ΪѧϨϋϱ άѧϟ΍ ˬί ΎѧϏϭ΃˯ΎϣϥϭΪΑ ήΌΒϟ΍
ΝΎ ΘϧϹϝΪόϣ ϰμ ϗ΃ 
ϞΜ ϤϳFlow)

ϢѧϬϤϟ΍Ϧϣϭ .‫ﺗﺪرﺟﺎت ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﺣﻮل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ϥ· ΔϟϮϬѧδΑϭ ϦѧϜϤϳ ϱ άѧϟ΍ˬήϘΘ ѧδϤϟ΍ 
ϊ ѧϤϘΘ
ϟ΍
ϥϮѧѧϜΘϳΝήѧΤϟ΍ ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍ΪѧϨϋϪѧϧ΄Α
έϮѧμ Θϧϥ·

ΔѧϘτϨϣ ϰѧѧϟ·
ίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϭ΃˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍ ϝϮѧѧλ ϭϲ ϟΎѧΘ
ϟΎ
ΑϭϝΪѧѧόϤϟ΍΍άѧϫΓΩΎѧϳΰΑ
΍ήϘΘ ѧδϣ ήѧѧϴ
Ϗ΢Βѧμ ϳ
.‫اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬

Q  QCritical  Pfw  Gravity Force  Stable Coning

Q  QCritical  Pfw  Gravity Force  Unstable Coning  Break through

‫ =اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬Qocritical=Qomax

:‫طﺮق ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ‬

‫ طﺮق ﻣﺎﯾﺮ و ﻛﺎردﻧﺮ و ﺑﯿﺮﺳﻮن‬-١

(Meyer , Gardner and Pirson Mthods)

.‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮق ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﻔﻂ أﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ وزﻧﮫ‬

(Gas Coning) ίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
ϊ ѧϤϘΗ-١

(Gas  
ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣϰϟ·ίΎϐϟ΍
ϝϮλ Ϯϟ΍
ΪϨϋ ίΎ ϐϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΗ
ϑ ϭήυ (١٧-١) ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

ΎѧϨϫ
ν ήѧΘϔϧ .(h) ϪϜϤѧγ 
Ύѧϴ
Ϙϓ΍
Ύ
ѧϨϤϜϣϕήѧΘΨϳήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧΑϞϜθϟ΍ 
ϦϣφΣϼϳ .Breakthrough)

ϕήѧϓϭςϔϨѧϠ
ϟϲ ϋΎ όѧθϟ΃
ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ΐ ΒѧδΑ
ήΌΒϟ΍
ϝϮΣ ήόϘΘ ϴγ (GOC) ‫ﺑﺎن ﺧﻂ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
.‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﺎت اﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

.Pc = zero ،(Capillary Pressure) ‫ إھﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺸﻌﺮﯾﺔ‬-١
‫( )أي إن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬Hg = constant) ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬-٢
.(‫ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬GOC ‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ إن‬

3
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University


ϊ ѧϣGOC ΢τѧγ ϝΰϨϴѧγ 
Ϧϣΰѧϟ΍
έϭήѧϤΒϓ
Ύѧπ ϳ΃
ΖѧΑΎ
ΛGOC Ϫѧϴϓ
ϥϮϜϳϭ ΖΑΎ ΛϝΪόϤΑ Ύ
ϨΠΘ
ϧ΃Ϯϟ
‫ وھﺬا ﯾﺤﺪث‬.‫ﺑﻘﺎء ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﯿﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎز ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻻن اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﻮف ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب‬

ήѧΌΒϟ΍
ωΎ
ϗ
ϥΎ ϳήΟςϐο  ξ ϔΨϨϳϥ·
ΐ ΠϳϚϟάϟ.(Pe) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬
.‫( ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬Pwf)

Ф = Potential = H

For any point, calculate H

Ф = gz + (Pg – Patm)/ ρgas ……..(1)
Ф = H*g → H = Ф/g

Hgas = z + Pg / (ρgas *g) ……….(2)

Hoil = z + Po / (ρoil *g) ………..(3)

Since Pc = zero i.e. Po = Pg ( where Pc = Pg-Po = zero) & Hg =

constant ( i.e. no gas drive).

ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
Ύ
ѧϨϠ
Ϥϫ΃
Ύ
ѧϨϧϷ
ΖѧΑΎ
Λ(GOC) ϥ·
ϱ΃ ίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϙήѧΤΘ ϳ
ϻ ίΎ
ϐϟ΍
ϥ·
ϱ΃
.‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎز‬
For eg.(2) , solving for Pg →
(Hg – z) * ρg *g = Pg ..........(2-a)

& also eg.(3) becomes:-

(Ho – z) * ρo * g = Po ………(3-a)

Since Pc = zero → Po = Pg
Then eg.(2-a) = eg.(3-a)

(Hg – z ) ρg * g = (Ho – z) ρo * g ……….(4)

4
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

Solve eg. (4) for Ho

Ho = Hg * (ρg/ρo) + z [(ρo – ρg)/ρo] …….(5)

Constant

Ho ‫ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
dHo = [(ρo-ρg)/ρo] dz …….(6)

Darcy 's law Q = k A ΔP / μ L (for linear flow)

Solving for oil flow:

Q → Qo
k → ko
L → dr
μ → μo
Radial area ↔ A = 2πrz

z r

ΔP = ρo g dHo

Where P = ρ g H

Then Darcy's law →

Qo = 2π ρo g (ko/μo) z r (dHo/dr) …….(7)

Substitute the value of (dHo) [i.e. eg.(6) in eg.(7)]

For radial flow

Qo = 2π (ρo – ρg) g (ko/μo) z r (dz/dr) ……….(8)

re
Qo max = dr/r = 2π (ρo-ρg) g (ko/μo) z r z dz
………..(9)∫
h
rw

2
∫
(h-D) 2] …..(10)
Qo max = π g [(ρo-ρg) / ln (re / rw)] (ko/μo) [h – (h-D)

5
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫‪in field units‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫* ‪Qomax  2.5 *10‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪KO‬‬
‫‪   g ‬‬ ‫‪h 2  hp2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ O BO O‬‬ ‫‪r ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪……(1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ln e ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ rw ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ = Qo max‬اﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﺧﺰن ‪ /‬ﯾﻮم‬
‫= ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎوﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪ρo‬‬
‫= ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎوﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪ρg‬‬
‫= ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪم‬ ‫‪re‬‬
‫= ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﻮھﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪم‬ ‫‪rw‬‬
‫= اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺪارﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪ko‬‬
‫= ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘﺒﻮﯾﺰ‬ ‫‪μo‬‬
‫= ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﻜﻤﻨﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﺧﺰن‬ ‫‪Bo‬‬
‫= ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ)اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺪم‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪ =hp‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ‪،‬ﻗﺪم‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

Water coning ‫ ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء‬-٢


ϦѧϣφѧΣϼϳ .ΐ ѧϴ ϘΜ Θ ϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ ϰѧϟ·˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍
Ϟѧλ ϭ ΪѧϨϋ ˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍ ϊ ѧϤϘΗ
ϑ ϭήυ (١٨ -١) ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

αΎ ѧϤΗςѧѧΧϥΎѧΑ
ΎѧϨϫ ν ήѧѧΘ ϔϧ .(h) ϪϜϤѧγ  Ύѧϴ
Ϙϓ΃ΎѧϨϤϜϣ ˬ(D) ϖϤόϟΎѧΑ
ϕήѧѧΘ
Ψϳ ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϥΎѧΑ ϞϜѧθϟ΍

ϕήѧѧϓ
ϭςϔϨѧϠ ϟ
ϲ ϋΎ όѧѧθϟ΃ ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ΐ ΒѧδΑ ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϝϮѧѧΣ ϊ ϔΗ ήϴ ѧγ (OWC) ςϔϨϟΎѧΑ
˯Ύ ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰˰˰˰Ϥϟ΍

ρϮϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϝΎ
ѧϤϫ·ΪѧϨϋ έΎ ѧΒΘ
ϋϻ΍ ήѧψϨΑ ϑ ϭήѧψϟ΍ϩάѧϫ άΧ΄Θ ѧγ  ϲΘ ϟ΍
ΔϟΩΎόϤϟ΍
ϥ· . ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ‬
:‫اﻟﺸﻌﺮﯾﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
 

Qomax  2.5 *105 *  O W  O 
K h 2
 h 2 
p   
 O BO r   …….(2)
 ln e  
  rw  
‫( ﻣﻊ‬OWC) ‫ﻟﻮ أﻧﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺒﻤﺮور اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﺼﻌﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
.ΏϮѧϘΜϟ΍
ϰѧϟ·
Ϟѧμ ϳ
ϑ Ϯѧγ 
˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϥϻςѧϔϧ
ϊ ѧϣ
˯Ύϣ
ΞΘϨϧ
ϑ Ϯγ Ύ
π ϳ΃ϚϟάΑϭ ΎΘΑΎ
Λϊ ϤϘϟ΍
Ϣ ΠΣ˯ΎϘΑ

ωΎѧϗ
ςϐѧο ξ ϔΨϨѧϳϥ·
ΐ ѧΠϳϚϟάΑ(Pe) ‫وھﺬا ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬
.‫( ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬Pwf) ‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
:‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
.‫ ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/ ‫ ﺑﺎوﻧﺪ‬،‫ = ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ρw

7
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

Simultaneous Gas & Water Coning ‫ ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إن واﺣﺪ‬-٣


ΎѧϤϛ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍ΔϘτϨϣ ϰϟ·Ϧϴό΋Ύ Ϥϟ΍
ϼϛϝϮλ ϭ ΪϨϋ ΪΣ΍ ϭϥ·ϲϓ 
ίΎϐϟ΍ϭ ˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΗϑ ϭήυ

ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ ϝΪѧόϣ ϰѧμ ϗ΄Α΢Ϥѧδϳ ΚѧϴΤΑ(hp) ΐ ѧϴϘΜΘϟ΍
ϊ ѧτϘϣέΎ ϴ
ΘΧ΍ΐ Πϳ Κϴ Σ .(١٩-١) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

ϥ΍ ΰѧΗ ΍
ϞѧΜϣ΍ϰѧϠϋϝϮѧμ Τϟ΍ ΪѧϨϋϝΪѧόϤϟ΍
΍άѧϫϰѧϟ·Ϟλ ϮΘ ϟ΍
ϦϜϤϳϭ .‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻤﺎء‬

ΏΎ ѧδΣ ϢΘѧϳ .(hc) ϝΎѧϤϛϹ΍
ϊ ѧτϘϣϭ (h) ϪϜϤѧγ ϱ άѧϟ΍ϲ ѧτϔϨϟ΍
ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍ ϲ ϓ(D) ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
:‫اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
 O   g  
D  h  (h  h p ) 
 W   g  …(3)
‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻻﻣﺜﻞ‬D ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬


ΎϤϫΪѧѧΣ΍
ˬϦϴϧϮѧѧϜϣϰѧѧϟ·
ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍ 
ϩάѧϬϟ(Qomax)  ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹϝΪѧѧόϣ
ϰѧѧμ ϗ΃
ϥϮѧѧγ ήϴΑ
ϢѧδϗΪѧѧϘϟ

ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍
΍άѧϫϥ· .ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍ ϞѧΧ΍
Ω ϰѧϟ·
˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϥΎ
ϳήΟϥϭΪΑ ςϔϨϟ΍
ΝΎΘϧϹ ϝΪόϣϰμ ϗ΃Ϯϫ ϱ άϟ΍(Qow)
‫ إن‬.ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ ϰѧϟ·ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϝϮѧλ ϭϥϭΪѧΑ
ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ(Zo)ϲ ѧϘϓϷ΍ϯ ϮΘδϤϟ΍
ΖΤΗ 
ϪϧΎϜϣάΧ΄ϳ
:‫ ﺣﯿﺚ إن‬،(Zo) ‫ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮫ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬
  O   g  
ZO  h  
  W   g 
…(4)

:‫إن أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻠﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
Q o max Q Q ow og
….(5)

 
5
Qow  2.5 *10 *

 KO 
  O 

 O   g


2
h 2  hp2  

 O BO W
 W   g  r   (6)
 ln e  
  rw  

 
5
Qog  2.5 *10 *

 K O
 
   g 1   O   g


2
h 2  hp2  

 O BO O     
 ln re 
(7)
  W g 
 r  
  w 

8
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫وﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻠﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫* ‪Qomax  2.5 *10‬‬
‫‪KO h  hp‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ O   g ‬‬
‫‪ O ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪   g ‬‬
‫‪  O   g 1  O‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪O BO  re ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ln ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ W‬‬ ‫‪g ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪g ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ rw ‬‬
‫)‪….(8‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪:(2-1‬اﻓﺮض وﺟﻮد طﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻏﺎزﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬

‫اوﺟﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻠﻮﻟﺔ دون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬إذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪h = 30 ft, ko = 80 Mill Darcy, Bo = 1 RB/STB, μo = 3 cp,‬‬

‫‪ρo = 53 lb/ft³, ρw = 68.7 lb/ft ³, ρg = 18.7 lb/ft ³, rw = 0.5 ft,‬‬
‫‪re = 1320 ft, hc = 7 ft.‬‬
‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ)‪ (D‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (3‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫])‪D = h – (h-hc) [(ρo-ρg) /(ρw-ρg‬‬

‫))‪D = 30 – (30-70) * ((53-18.7)/( 68.7 -18.7‬‬
‫‪D = 14.19 ft‬‬

‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﺗﺰان )‪ (Zo‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(4‬‬

‫] )‪Zo = h [ (ρo-ρg) / ρw-ρg‬‬

‫))‪Zo = 30 * ((53-18.7)/( 68.7 -18.7‬‬
‫‪Zo = 20.63 ft‬‬

‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (Zo‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (6‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫* ‪Qow = 2.5*10 *((68.7-53)/ (ln(1320/0.5))*(80/3*1)*((53-18.7)/( 68.7 -18.7))²‬‬
‫)‪(30² - 7²‬‬
‫‪Qow = 0.522 STB/DAY‬‬

‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻮق ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﺗﺰان )‪ (Zo‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪:(7‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪Qow = 2.5*10 ((53-18.7)/(ln(1320/0.5))*(80/3*1)*(1-(53-18.7)/(68.7-18.7))²*(30² -‬‬
‫)‪7²‬‬
‫‪Qow = 0.237 STB/DAY‬‬
‫وان أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪:(5‬‬

‫‪Qomax = Qow + Qog = 0.759 STB/DAY‬‬

‫إن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺟﺪا ھﻮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻮع ﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

(Craft and Hawkins Method) (‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﺮاﻓﺖ و ھﻮﻛﻨﺰ )ﺗﺮك‬-٢

:‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬

QO max  7 *10 3 *
KO
Pws  Pwf  h
PR  …(9)
 O BO  re 
ln 
 rw 

 1
 ……(10)
 rw  2
PR  f 1 

7  0

 cos 90 * f 


  2 fh 

Where
PR = Productivity ratio
Pws = Static well pressure correct to middle of perforated interval (psi)
Pwf = Flowing well pressure at the middle of perforated interval (psi)
f = Partial penetration (hp/h)
ko = Oil permeability (md)
h = thickness of interval (ft)
ΔPmax = Maximum draw down pressure without water coning.

 Pmax  7 * 10 3 *  w   O  hmax (11)

Δhmax = Vertical distance between lower perforated interval and initial

oil water contact.

11
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

:(2-2)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
From this data:
(ρw-ρo) = 31 lb/ft³,
ko = 1500 md,
h = 16 ft,
μo = 0.3 cp,
Bo = 1.4 RB/STB,
re = 1000 ft,
rw = 0.25 ft,
(Pws-Pwf) = 17 psi
f = 0.3125 (perforated upper part of oil production interval by 31.25
percent).

Calculate maximum production rate without water coning.

Solution:

From eq. (20) calculate (PR)

PR = 0.3125 [ 1+(7)*((0.25)/(2*0.3125*16))½ * cos(0.3125*90) ]

PR = 0.618

Then from eq. (19)

Qomax = 0.00708*((1500*16)/(0.3*1.4))*((17)/(ln(1000/0.25))*(0.618)
Qomax = 512 STB/DAY

Qomax must be reducing below 512 STB/DAY because maximum

flowimg pressure drop without water coning equal:

F=hp/h
0.3125=hp/16
Then hp=5

Then
dHmax=h-hp=16-5=11

ΔPmax = 7*10-3 * (31) *11

ΔPmax = 2.29 psi.

12
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫)‪(Chaney Et AL. Method‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺷﺎﻧﻲ وﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﮫ‬

‫إن أھﻢ ﻣﯿﺰة ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﮭﻨﺪس اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ھﻮ وﺿﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺟﺪا وﺑﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت‪ .‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‪.‬‬

‫إن ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻟﺤﻠﻮل )‪-١)،(٢٤-١)،(٢٣-١)،(٢٢-١)،(٢١-١) (Graphical Solutions‬‬

‫‪ (٢٥‬ﻟﺸﺎﻧﻲ وﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﮫ ھﻮ ﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ ‪ 100,75,50,25,12.5‬ﻗﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 1000‬ﻗﺪم‪.‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ϑ ϭήΤϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΑ‬‬
‫‪ΓήѧηΆϣ.˯ Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ ѧϤϘΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪ϨΤϨϣ‬‬
‫‪ΔδϤΧ‬‬ ‫‪ΩϮΟϭ‬‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϜηϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϩάϫ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬‫‪ϞϜη‬‬ ‫‪Ϟϛ‬‬
‫‪ϲϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪φΣϼϳ‬‬
‫‪ A, B, C, D,‬و ‪،E‬‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺆﺷﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف ‪ a, b, c, d,‬و ‪.e‬‬

‫‬
‫ ‪ϚϤѧγ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ϤϟΎ‬‬‫‪Α10‬‬ ‫‪ΐ ѧϘΜ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϴ‬‬
‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϞϜѧθϳ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϥϼΜ‬‬ ‫‪ A‬و ‪ѧϤϳ a‬‬ ‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴ‬‬‫‪ϨΤϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕϻΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧΤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϞѧѧΜ‬‬
‫‪ϤΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ B‬و ‪ C ،b‬و ‪ D ،c‬و ‪ E ،d‬و ‪ϲ ѧѧϬϓe‬‬ ‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϨΤϨϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ν΍‬‬ ‫΃ ‪ϭί‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧѧϣ· .ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ ‪ 50 ،40 ،30 ،20‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺪاد ھﺬه اﻹﺷﻜﺎل ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ko = 1000 md, μo = 1 cp, Δρo,w = 18 lb/ft³, Δρo,g = 37.44 lb/ft³‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ήѧѧψϨΑ‬‬
‫‪άѧΧ΄Θ‬‬ ‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϬΤϴ‬‬‫‪Τѧѧμ Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ΐ ѧΠϳ‬‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϜѧηϹ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϩάѧϫ‬‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϴ‬‬
‫·‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪Ϟѧѧλ ϮΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ѧϳ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ξ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪Ϩϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϛϟάѧϟ‬‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ واﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(Oil-Water-System‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪ KO ‬‬ ‫‪…(12‬‬

‫‪QO max  5 * 10 5 * ‬‬ ‫‪ *   O , w * QCurve‬‬
‫‪  O BO ‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ان ‪ Qcurve‬ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮاﻣﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﯾﻮم‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϟѧϴ‬‬‫‪ϣ΍‬‬‫‪ήΒϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧγ Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ϙϣ‬‬‫‪ςϔϨѧϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧϹ‬‬‫‪ϝΪѧόϣ‬‬ ‫΃‪ϰѧμ ϗ‬‬‫‬ ‫ ‪Ϯѧϫ Qomax‬‬ ‫‪ˬϝϮѧϠ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧττΨϣ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪ϩΪѧϳΪΤΗ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰوﻧﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Gas-Water-System‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز واﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪ Kg ‬‬
‫‪Qg max  5 *105 * ‬‬ ‫‪ *  g ,w * QCurve‬‬ ‫‪…(13‬‬
‫‪ B ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪Qgmax = Maximum gas production rate (Thousand SCF/DAY‬‬
‫)‪kg = Gas permeability (md‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

μg = Gas viscosity (cp)

Bg = Gas formation volume factor (RB/ Thousand SCF).

(Gas-Oil-System) .‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز‬-٣

 KO  ….(14
QO max  2.7 * 10 5 *   *  O , g * QCurve
  O BO 

(‫ )ﯾﺘﺮك‬Production Capcity ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬-٤


ςϐѧπ ϟΎΑν Ύ ϔΨϧ΍ϰμ ϗ΃ 
ϦϴΒϳϱ άϟ΍
ˬ(٢٦-١) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
0.25 ϩήѧτϗϒѧμ ϧ ϦτΒϣ ήΌΑϲϓ ΔϔϠΘ
ΨϣΐϴϘΜΗ
ϊ ρΎ ϘϤϟϦϴόϣ
ϝΪόϤΑ
ήΌ Βϟ΍
ΝΎΘ
ϧϹϡί ϼϟ΍
‫ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻘﺐ ﯾﺴﺎوي ¼ ﻋﻘﺪة‬،‫ ﺛﻘﻮب ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺪم‬4 ‫ﻗﺪم وﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬

ΕΎѧϴ
ϨΤϨϤϟ΍ 
ϥ· .ϡΪѧϗ1000  ϱ ϭΎѧδϳϒϳήѧμ Θ
ϟ΍
ΔΣΎ ѧδϣ ήѧτϗ
ϒѧμ ϧ
ϥ·ν ΍ ήѧΘ
ϓ΍
ϢѧΗ
ΪѧϘϓ
:‫( ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺎطﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬٢٦-١) ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
،‫ ﻗﺪم‬20 = f ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬30 = e ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬40 = d ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬50 = c ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬60 = b ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬70 = a
.‫ ﻗﺪم‬1¼ = j ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬2½ = i ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬5 = h ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬10 = g

˺ϱ ϭΎѧδΗΔѧΟϭΰϟϭϲ ѧγ έ΍Ω˺ ϱ ϭΎ

ѧδΗΔѧϳΫΎ
ϔϧ αΎѧγ ΃ϰѧϠϋ
ΕΎ ϴϨΤϨϤϟ΍
ϩάϫΩ΍Ϊϋ· ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ‬

ϪΤϴΤѧѧμ Η
ΐ ѧΠϳ (٢٦-١) ϞϜѧθϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ΍
ήѧѧϘϳ
ϱ άѧϟ΍
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν ΎѧϔΨϧ΍
ϥΎѧϓ
ˬϚϟάѧϟ.ΰϳϮΒΘ Ϩѧγ
.‫ﺑﻀﺮﺑﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﺒﻮﯾﺰ وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺘﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪارﺳﻲ‬

o
PCorrected  PCurve *
Ko


Ϧѧϣ
΢Τμ Ϥϟ΍
ςϐπ ϟΎ
Α
ν ΎϔΨϧϻ΍
ϥΎ ϛ
΍Ϋ·
Ϫϧ΍
ϪΘ
ϋΎϤΟϭϲ ϧΎ
ηΡήΘϗ΍ΪϘϓ
ˬΔϣΎ
ϋΓΪϋΎϘϛϭ
،‫( ھﻮ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﯿﺴﺮ‬٢٦-١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
1
Pcorrected  * W .P.D
2
.‫ﻓﯿﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎ أطﻮﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬

(Working Pressure  ϞѧѧϣΎ

όϟ΍
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν ΎѧϔΨϧ΍
ϭ΃
ήѧѧδϴ
ΘϤϟ΍
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν ΎѧϔΨϧ΍
ϥ·

ϊ΋Ύ
ѧϤϟ΍
ΩϮѧϤϋ
ϥί ϭ
Ϧѧϋ
ΞΗΎ
ѧϨϟ΍
ςϐπ ϟ΍ϪϨϣ ΎΣϭήτϣ ήΌ
Βϟ΍
ήόϗϕϼϏ·ςϐο  Ϯϫ Drop)
.‫ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

14
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

:(2-3) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
From this data:
Depth = 12118 to 12134 ft, Oil column thickness = 16 ft,
Perforated zone thickness = 5 ft (from upper oil zone),
μo = 0.3 cp,
ρw = 68.7 lb/ft³ (salt water density, brine),ρo = 37.5 lb/ft³,
ko = 1500 md, Bo( oil formation volume factor) = 1.4 RB/STB.
Determine critical production rate, working pressure drop and oil
ability to produce.

solution
Distance between top perforation to top sand = zero.
Hp/h*100=31.25

˯ ϮѧΠϠ
ϟ΍
ϱ έϭήѧπ ϟ΍
ϦϤϓˬϡΪϗ16 ‫ﺑﻤﺎ اﻧﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
.(interpolation) ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺸﯿﺔ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬31.25 ‫وأﯾﻀﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬
50 ،40 ،30 ،20 ،10 Ύϫέ΍ΪѧѧϘϣ
ΐ ѧѧϴ
ϘΜΗ
ϊ ρΎ
ѧѧϘϤϟ
ΕΪѧѧϋ΃
ϝϮѧѧϠ
Τϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧѧττΨϣϥ· Ύ
ѧѧϤΑϭ
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻠﺠﻮء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺸﯿﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬

-:‫ ﻗﺪم‬12.5 ‫ وﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬،(٢١-١) ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

12.7 RB/DAY Ϯѧϫ
ΝήѧΤϟ΍
ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣϥ·ΪѧΠϧ
ˬΔѧ΋ Ύ
ϤϟΎΑ30 ‫ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
.(C ‫)ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
11.25 
Ϯѧϫ
ΝήѧΤϟ΍
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣϥΎѧϓ
Δѧ΋
ΎϤϟΎΑ40 ϩέ΍ΪѧϘϣΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΗ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ
ΔΒѧδϨϟΎ
ΑΎѧϣ·
.(D ‫ )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬RB/DAY

‫ ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬،‫وﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺸﯿﮫ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج‬
:‫ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬31.25 ‫ ﻗﺪم وﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬12.5

(࢞ − ࢞૚) (࢟ − ࢟૚)
=
(࢞૛ − ࢞૚) (࢟૛ − ࢟૚)

y1 = 12.7

y=?

Q y2 = 11.25

x1 = 30 x = 31.25 x2 = 40

hc

(31.25-30)/(40-30) = (y-12.7)/(11.25-12.7)
y = 12.7 – 0.125 *(12.7-11.25)
.12.5 RB/DAY ‫إذن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ﯾﺴﺎوي‬

15
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

‫ ﻗﺪم‬25 ‫( وﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬٢٢-١) ‫وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب وﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬


Ϧѧϣ) 56 RB/DAY‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤـــﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ‬30 ‫وﺑﻤــﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿـــــﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
.(C ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺘﻲ‬
.50 RB/DAY ‫ ﻓﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬40 ‫وﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬

55.3 RB/DAY
ϮѧϫΝήѧΤϟ΍ ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣϥΎѧΑ
ΪѧΟϭ
ˬϢϴϘΘѧδϤϟ΍
ςѧΨϟ΍
ϪϴѧθΤΗ
Δτѧγ ΍
ϮΑϭ
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬31.25 ‫ وﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬،‫ ﻗﺪم‬25 ‫ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬


ϲϓΎ
ѧμ ϟ
ˬΪѧΟϭˬϩϼѧϋ΃ 
ΎϤϬΑΎѧδΣϢѧΗ
ϦϳάѧϠ
ϟ΍
Ϧϴ ΟήΤϟ΍
ΝΎΘϧϹ΍ϲ ϟΪόϣ
ϦϴΑ
ΔϴϧΎ
ΛΓήϣΔϴθΤΘ ϟΎΑ
31.25 έ΍ΪѧϘϤΑ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍
΍
άѧϫϦѧϣϰѧϠ
ϋϷ΍ 
˯ ΰѧΠϟ΍
ΐϴϘΜ
ΘΑϭϡΪϗ16 ‫ﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
:‫ إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬
Qcurve = 12.5 + (55.3-12.5)*(16-12.5) / (25-12.5) = 24.5 RB/DAY

‫إن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﮫ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ‬
:‫( وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬21) ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
Qomax = 0.00005*(1500)(68.7-37.5)(24.5) / (0.3)(1.4)= 140
STB/DAY


ϝΪѧόϣ
Ϧѧϣ ήѧΜϛ΃
ϱ΃ 
ˬ216 STB/DAY ϝΪѧόϤΑΞΘ ѧϨϳ
ϥΎϛ
ϝΎΜϤϟ΍
΍
άϫ
ϲϓ ήΌΒϟ΍
ϥ·ϊ ϗ΍
Ϯϟ΍ϲϓ

έϭήѧϣΪѧόΑϭ .ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϊ ϣ
ϖϓΪΘ
ϳ˯Ύ
Ϥϟ΍
άΧ΍
ϪΟΎ Θϧ·
˯ ΪΑϰϠϋΔϋΎγ 12 ‫ وﻓﻌﻼ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮج‬
‫( ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬Water cut) ‫ ﻧﻔﻂ وﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬114 STB/DAT ‫ﺷﮭﺮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﺎﻟﺢ‬85

Working Pressure Drop 

ϞѧϣΎ
όϟ΍
ς ϐѧπ ϟ΍
ν Ύ
ϔΨϧ΍

0.4615 lb/in²/ft ‫إن ﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ھﻮ‬

0.434 lb/in²/ft ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺬب ھﻮ‬
0.2691 lb/in²/ft = (0.434) * (ρo = 0.62) ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ھﻮ‬

‫وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺎن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﯿﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻮ‬

D=12118+hp/2=12118+5/2=12120.5 ft
.‫( ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﺪام إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﺜﻘﺐ‬12120.5) ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

Dp = (12120.5)*(0.4615-0.2691) = 2332 Psi


ϦϴѧϨΛ΍
ϰѧϠϋ ήѧδϴ ΘϤϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ν Ύ ѧϔΨϧ΍ϢѧδϘϳϥΎ ѧΑ
ϪѧΘϋΎϤΟϭ ϲ ϧΎѧηϰѧλ ϭ΃ΔϣΎϋΓΪϋΎ
Ϙϛ

ˬήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϑ ϮѧΟ ϝϮѧΣ έήѧπ ΗΙ ϭΪѧΣ ϝΎѧϤΘΣ΍έΎΒΘ ϋϻ΍ ήψϨΑάΧ΄ϳ ϱ άϟ΍
ϞϣΎϋςϐο ΏΎ δΤϟ
.ϦϴѧόϣΝΎѧΘϧ·ϝΪѧόϤϟςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ν Ύ ѧϔΨϧ΍ ϲ ѧϓ
ΓΩΎѧϳί ϰѧϟ·
ϱ ΩϮѧϳ
ϥ· έήπ Θϟ΍
΍άϬϟϦϜϤϳΚϴΣ
.1166 psi ‫إذن ﻓﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
W.P.D.=Dp/2=(2332/2)=1166 psi

17
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺮج ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ RB ‬‬ ‫‪ STB ‬‬ ‫‪ RB ‬‬ ‫‪ RB ‬‬
‫‪Qo ‬‬ ‫‪  140‬‬ ‫‪ * Bo ‬‬ ‫‪  196‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ D ‬‬ ‫‪ D ‬‬ ‫‪ STB ‬‬ ‫‪ D ‬‬

‫ ‪85 Psi‬‬
‫‪ϩέ΍‬‬
‫‪ΪѧϘϣ‬‬
‫‪ςϐѧπ ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪ν Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϔΨϧ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΐ ѧϠ‬‬
‫‪τΘ‬‬‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫‪ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϬΑΝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫·‪ϧϹ΍ϥ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪φѧΣϼϳ(٢٦-١‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬
‫‪PCurve  85 psi‬‬

‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ و ﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﯿﻦ ‪,‬ﯾﺼﺤﺢ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻋﻼه ﺑﻀﺮﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ‪17 Psi.‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫* ‪PCorrection  PCurve‬‬ ‫‪ 17 psi‬‬
‫‪KO‬‬
‫‪.‬وﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ‪(1166 Psi),‬‬
‫‪PCorrection  P.W. D. ‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ إن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺮج‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

:(2-4)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
(Real well)
From this data:

Depth = 11305 – 11366 ft

Initial pressure = 5225 Psi
Thickness of gas interval = 61 ft
Radius of drainage area =1000 ft
Perforation (from upper) = 30 ft
Salt water density = 68.7 lb/ft³
Gas density = 17.4 lb/ft³ ³
Gas viscosity = 0.025 cp
Permeability = 200 md
Gas volume formation factor = 0.68 RB/1000SCF

Determine the critical production rate ,the drop of working pressure

and the well ability on production.

Solution

1- Critical production rate.


ϲ ѧϠϜϟ΍
ϚϤѧδϟ΍
ϦѧϣΔѧ΋Ύ
ϤϟΎ Α49.18 ‫( أو‬30/61)  ϱ ϭΎѧδϳ
ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍ϩάѧϫϲ ѧϓ
ΐ ѧϴϘΜΘϟ΍ϊ τϘϣ

ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍
ΕϻΪѧόϣϥ·ΪѧΠϧ, ϡΪѧϗ50  ϚϤѧδΑίΎ
ѧϏ ϦϳϮѧϜΘϟϭ (1-23)  ϞϜѧθϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ. ί Ύѧϐϟ΍
 ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ
‫ و‬198 RB/DAY ‫ و‬229 RB/DAY  ϲ ѧϫ, Δѧ΋
ΎϤϟΎΑ50 ‫ و‬40  ΔΒѧδϨΑΐ ѧϴϘΜ Ηϊ ρΎ ѧϘϤϟ

ϪѧΘϤϴ ϗ
ΝήѧѧΣ
ΝΎѧΘϧ΍
ϝΪѧѧόϣϰѧѧϠ
ϋϞѧѧμ Τϧ, Δѧ΋
ΎϤϟΎ Α 49.18  ΔΒѧδϨΑΐ ѧϴϘΜΗ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ Δϴ ѧθΤΘ ϟΎ
Α
.200.5 RB/DAY.

ϦѧϋΞΗΎѧϨϟ΍
ΝήѧΤϟ΍ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ϝΪѧόϣϥ· ΪѧΠϧ, ϡΪѧϗ75 ‫( وﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬1-24) ‫وﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬

ϰѧϠ
ϋϞѧμ Τϧ, ϡΪѧϗ61  ϪϜϤѧγ ίΎ ѧϏ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟΔϴѧθΤΘ
ϟΎ
Αϭ 495.7 RB/DAY.  ϮѧϫΔϴѧθΤΘ ϟ΍

ϑ ϭήѧψϟ ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍
΍
άѧϫ
΢ϴ Τѧμ Ηΐ ѧΠϳϭ 330STB/DAY .  ϪѧΘ
Ϥϴϗ
ίΎѧϐϟ΍ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹϝΪόϣ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬
(22). ‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

Qo = [ 0.00005*(200)*(68.7-17.4)*(330)]/[(0.025)*(0.68)]
Qo = 10614 thousandSCF/DAY

2- Working Pressure Drop.

‫ ﻗﺪم‬11320 ‫ﺑﻤﺎ إن اﻟﻌﻤﻖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼــﻒ ﻣﻘﻄــــﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿــــﺐ ھـﻮ‬

0.434 Psi/ft ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤــﺎء اﻟﻌﺬب ھﻮ‬
0.4615 Psi/ft, ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ھﻮ‬
ρg=17.4/62.43=0.279 ‫ﻓﺎن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻮف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ھﻮ‬

19
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫‪Δp = [(0.4615 –(0.434*0.279)] *11320‬‬

‫‪Δp = 3854 Psi‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺛﻨﯿﻦ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪1927 Psi.‬‬

‫‪3- well ability to production.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤــــــﺮج ھــــﻮ ‪ 10614 thousandSCF/DAY‬أي ﻣـــﺎ ﯾﻌـــﺎدل‬
‫‪7224 RB/DAY.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(وﻟﻤﻌﺪل إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 7224 RB/DAY,‬ﻧﺠﺪ إن ﻣﻘﺪار اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ھﻮ ‪ 475 Psi‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺢ ﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Δpc = [(475)*(0.025)/0.2] = 59.5 Psi‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎ إن اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ھﻮ ‪ 1927 Psi‬واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺢ ھﻮ ‪59.5‬‬

‫‪Psi,‬ﻓﻤﺆﻛﺪ إن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدرا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺮج‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Breakthrough Time in Vertical Well‬‬

‫ان ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج واطﺊ وﻟﻼﺳﺒﺎب اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﻻﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺑﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬا اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻻﺑﺎر اﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮج ﻓﺎن اﻟﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﯿﺨﺘﺮق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ھﺬا اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ‪Time‬‬
‫்‪஻‬ݐ ‪to Breakthrough‬‬

‫طﺮق ﺣﺴﺎب زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق‬

‫)‪The Sobocinski-Cornelius Method (1965‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺑﻨﺴﻜﻲ وﻛﻮرﻧﻠﯿﺎس طﻮرو ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﻮء ﺑﺰﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺎس اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻮدﯾﻼت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﯿﻦ رﺑﻄﻮا زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﺑـ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻋﺪﯾﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪:‬‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات )‪ Dimensionless cone height( Z‬‬
‫زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ்‪஽ )஻‬ݐ( ‪ Dimensionless Breakthrough Time‬‬

‫وھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﯾﻌﺮﻓﺎن ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪(ఘೢ ିఘ೚)௄ ೓ ∗௛∗൫௛ି௛೛ ൯‬‬
‫∗ ‪ܼ = 0.492 ∗ 10ିସ‬‬
‫‪ఓ೚஻೚ொ೚‬‬

‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ܾ݈‬
‫‪,‬ݕݐ݅ݏ݊݁݀ = ߩ‬
‫ݐ݂ܿ‬
‫݀ ݉ ‪,‬ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݈ܽݐ݊݋ݖ݅ݎ݋‪௛ = ℎ‬ܭ‬
‫ܤܶܵ‬
‫‪݁,‬ݐܽݎ ݊݋݅ݐܿݑ݀݋ݎ݌݈݅݋ = ‪ܳ௢‬‬
‫ݕܽ݀‬
‫ݐ݂ ‪݈ܽ,‬ݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅ ݀݁ݐܽݎ݋݂ݎ݁݌ = ‪ℎ௣‬‬
‫ݐ݂ ‪,‬ݏݏ݁݊݇ܿ݅‪ℎ‬ݐ ݊ ݉ݑ݈݋݈ܿ݅݋ = ‪ℎ‬‬

‫‪4ܼ + 1.75 ∗ ܼଶ − 0.75 ∗ ܼଷ‬‬

‫்‪஽ )஻‬ݐ(‬ ‫=‬
‫ܼ∗‪7−2‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻮا اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﻮء ﺑﺰﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪-:‬‬

‫∗ ‪20,325‬‬
‫= ்‪஻‬ݐ‬
‫‪(ߩ௪ −‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ݕܽ݀ ‪݃ℎ,‬ݑ݋ݎ‪ℎ‬ݐ݇ܽ݁ݎܾ ݋ݐ݁ ݉݅ݐ = ்‪஻‬ݐ‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬

‫݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎ݂ ‪,‬ݕݐ݅ݏ݋ݎ݋݌ = ߶‬
‫݀ ݉ ‪,‬ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ = ‪௩‬ܭ‬
‫‪:‬ݏܽ ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀ ݀݊ܽ ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅݋ ݈ܱ݉݅ ‪−‬ݎ݁ݐܽ ܹ = ܯ‬
‫‪௥௪ )௦௢௥ ߤ௢‬ܭ(‬
‫‪ =ቈ‬ܯ‬ ‫‪቉൬ ൰‬‬
‫‪௥௢)௦௪ ௖ ߤ௪‬ܭ(‬
‫݊݋݅ݐܽݎݑݐܽݏݎ݁ݐܽݓݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿݐܽ ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݁ݒ݅ݐ݈ܽ݁ݎ݈݅݋ = ‪௥௢)௦௪ ௖‬ܭ(‬
‫݊݋݅ݐܽݎݑݐܽݏ݈݅݋݈ܽݑ݀݅ݏ݁ݎݐܽ ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݁ݒ݅ݐ݈ܽ݁ݎݎ݁ݐܽݓ = ‪௥௪ )௦௢௥‬ܭ(‬

‫‪ = 1‬ܯݎ݋݂ ‪ߙ = 0.5‬‬
‫‪ = 10‬ܯ < ‪1‬ݎ݋݂ ‪ߙ = 0.6‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﺷﻲ )‪ (Joshi 1991‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﺧﺘﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠـ ்‪஽ )஻‬ݐ( ﺑﺎﻧﮫ اذا ﻛﺎن ‪ Z=3.5‬او‬
‫اﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك اﺧﺘﺮاق ‪.‬‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ Z=3.5‬ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج‪:‬‬

‫‪௛ ∗ ℎ ∗ ൫ℎ − ℎ௣൯‬ܭ)‪(ߩ௪ − ߩ௢‬‬

‫∗ ‪ܳ௢௖ = 0.141 ∗ 10ିସ‬‬
‫‪௢‬ܤ‪ߤ௢‬‬

‫)‪EXP (2-5‬‬

‫‪22‬‬