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Raft Foundations - Part 1

The document summarizes the analysis and design of rigid raft foundations, which are used when individual footings cover over 50% of the building area or when variable soil conditions require minimizing differential settlement. The analysis method assumes the raft is rigid to simplify soil pressure calculations. It involves determining load eccentricities and soil pressures, checking pressures don't exceed allowable values, dividing the raft into strips, and calculating shear and moment diagrams for each strip to determine reinforcement requirements. Key steps are load modification between strips, checking diagonal tension shear near columns, and obtaining maximum moments to design reinforcement.

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اسومي الوكح
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149 views15 pages

Raft Foundations - Part 1

The document summarizes the analysis and design of rigid raft foundations, which are used when individual footings cover over 50% of the building area or when variable soil conditions require minimizing differential settlement. The analysis method assumes the raft is rigid to simplify soil pressure calculations. It involves determining load eccentricities and soil pressures, checking pressures don't exceed allowable values, dividing the raft into strips, and calculating shear and moment diagrams for each strip to determine reinforcement requirements. Key steps are load modification between strips, checking diagonal tension shear near columns, and obtaining maximum moments to design reinforcement.

Uploaded by

اسومي الوكح
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wasit University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Geotechnical & Structural Design of


Shallow Foundations

Raft Foundations
1
Mat (Raft) Foundations

1:
(after Bowels, 1997).
Mat foundations are selected when:
❑ The area covered by the individual footings exceeds 50% of the structural plan area. This is usually the case for
buildings higher than 10-stories, and/or on relatively weak soils where q < 150 kPa;

❑ The building requires a deep basement, below the phreatic surface. For example, to build several levels of parking,
for mechanical systems, access to subway stations, etc;

❑ To minimize the differential settlement in variable soils, or if pockets of extremely weak soils are known to be
present;
❑ To take full advantage of the soil’s increasing bearing capacity with depth by excavating basements, and thereby seek
a fully or a partially compensated foundation. For example If zero settlement is desired, the excavated soil weight
will be equal to the weight of the building, that is, the Engineer must excavate to a depth Df,

Df = Q / A g (for a fully compensated foundation)

or Df < Q / A g (for a partially compensated foundation)


Analysis and Design of Rigid Rafts using Conventional Rigid Method.

❑ The analysis of a mat by assuming that it is rigid simplifies the soil pressures to either a uniform condition or varying
linearly. This is attained by not permitting R (the resultant force) to fall outside the kern of the mat.

1) Calculate the total column load, Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3…...;

2) Determine the load eccentricities, 𝑒𝑥 and 𝑒𝑦 , in the x and y


directions by using (𝒙′ , 𝒚′ ) coordinates:

𝑄1 𝑥1′ + 𝑄2 𝑥2′ + 𝑄3 𝑥3′ + ⋯ 𝐵


𝑥′ = 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ -
𝑄 2

Similarly,
𝑄1 𝑦1′ + 𝑄2 𝑦2′ + 𝑄3 𝑦3′ + ⋯ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ -
𝐿
𝑦′ = 2
𝑄
3) Determine the pressure on the soil q, below the mat at points A, B, C, D,……. by using the equation below.

4) Compare the values of the soil pressures determined in 3 with the net allowable soil pressure to determine whether q ≤
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑡) ;

5) Divide the mat into several strips in the x and y directions. (See Figure 6.10). Let the width of any strip be B1

6) Draw the shear, V, and the moment, M, diagrams for each individual strip (in the x and y directions). For example, the
average soil pressure of the bottom strip in the x direction of Figure 6.10a is

where qI and qF pressures at points I and F, as determined from 3

The total soil reaction is equal to 𝑞𝑎𝑣 𝐵1 𝐵. Now obtain the total column load on the strip as 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4 . The sum
of the column loads on the strip will not equal 𝑞𝑎𝑣 𝐵1 𝐵, because the shear between the adjacent strips has not been taken
into account. For this reason, the soil reaction and the column loads need to be adjusted, or
Now, the modified average soil reaction becomes

and the column load modification factor is

So the modified column loads are 𝐹𝑄1 , 𝐹𝑄2 , 𝐹𝑄3 and 𝐹𝑄4 . This modified loading on the strip under consideration is
shown in Figure 6.10b. The shear and the moment diagram for this strip can now be drawn, and the procedure is repeated
in the x and y directions for all strips.

7) Determine the effective depth d of the mat by checking for diagonal tension shear near various columns. According to
ACI Code 318-95 (Section 11.12.2.1c, American Concrete Institute, 1995), for the critical section,

The units of d and bo are in meters. The expression for in terms of d, which depends on the location of the column with
respect to the plan of the mat, can be obtained from Figure 6.10c.

8) From the moment diagrams of all strips in one direction (x or y), obtain the maximum positive and negative moments per
unit width (i.e., 𝑀′ = M/B1).

9) Determine the areas of steel per unit width for positive and negative reinforcement in the x and y directions. We have

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