SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR- 621212

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT CODE: EC2302

SUBJECT NAME: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

PREPARED BY

REKHA.M

PRIYA

ASST.PROFESSOR

DEPT OF ECE
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

TWO MARKS WITH ANSWER

UNIT : I
1. What is a continuous and discrete time signal?
Ans:
Continuous time signal: A signal x(t) is said to be continuous if it is defined for
all time t. Continuous time signal arise naturally when a physical waveform such as
acoustics wave or light wave is converted into a electrical signal. This is affected by
means of transducer. (e.g.) microphone, photocell.
Discrete time signal: A discrete time signal is defined only at discrete instants
of time. The independent variable has discrete values only, which are uniformly
spaced. A discrete time signal is often derived from the continuous time signal by
sampling it at a uniform rate.

2. Give the classification of signals?

Ans:
Continuous-time and discrete time signals
Even and odd signals
Periodic signals and non-periodic signals
Deterministic signal and Random signal
Energy and Power signal

3. What are the types of systems?

Ans:
Continuous time and discrete time
systems Linear and Non-linear
systems
Causal and Non-causal
systems Static and
Dynamic systems
Time varying and time in-varying systems
Distributive parameters and Lumped parameters
systems stable and Un-stable systems.

4. What are even and odd signals?

Ans:
Even signal: continuous time signal x(t) is said to be even if it satisfies the
condition x(t)=x(-t) for all values of t.
Odd signal: The signal x(t) is said to be odd if it satisfies the condition
x(-t)=-x(t) for all t. In other words even signal is symmetric about the time origin or the
vertical axis, but odd signals are anti-symmetric about the vertical axis
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

5. What are deterministic and random signals?

Ans:
Deterministic Signal: Deterministic signal is a signal about which there is no
certainty with respect to its value at any time. Accordingly we find that deterministic
signals may be modelled as completely specified functions of time.
Random signal: Random signal is a signal about which there is uncertainty
before its actual occurrence. Such signal may be viewed as group of signals with each
signal in the ensemble having different wave forms
.(e.g.) The noise developed in a television or radio amplifier is an example for
random signal.

6. What are energy and power signal?

Ans:
Energy signal: signal is referred as an energy signal, if and only if the total
energy of the signal satisfies the condition 0<E<∞. The total energy of the continuous
time signal x(t) is given as
2
E=limT→∞∫x (t)dt, integration limit from –T/2 to +T/2

Power signal: signal is said to be powered signal if it satisfies the condition

0<P<∞. The average power of a continuous time signal is given by
P=limT→∞1/T∫x2(t)dt, integration limit is from-T/2 to +T/2.

7. What are the operations performed on a signal?

Ans:
Operations performed on dependent variables:
Amplitude scaling: y (t) =cx (t), where c is the scaling factor, x(t) is the continuous
time signal.
Addition: y (t)=x1(t)+x2(t)
Multiplication y (t)=x1(t)x2(t)
Differentiation: y (t)=d/dt x(t)
Integration (t) =∫x(t)dt

Operations performed on independent variables:

Time shifting
Amplitude scaling
Time reversal

8. What are elementary signals and name them?

Ans:
The elementary signals serve as a building block for the construction of more
complex signals. They are also important in their own right, in that they may be used
to model many physical signals that occur in nature.
There are five elementary signals. They are as follows,
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Unit step function

Unit impulse function
Ramp function
Exponential function
Sinusoidal function

9. What are the properties of a system?

Ans:
Stability:
A system is said to be stable if the input x(t) satisfies the condition(t)₃≤Mx<∞
and the output satisfies the condition ₃y(t)₃≤My<∞ for all t.
Memory:
A system is said to be memory if the output signal depends on the present and
the past inputs.
Invertibility:
A system is said to be invertible if the input of the system can be recovered from
the system output.
Time invariance:
A system is said to be time invariant if a time delay or advance of the input
signal leads to an identical time shift in the output signal.
Linearity:
A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the super position
Principle i.e.) R(ax1(t)+bx2(t))=ax1(t)+bx2(t)

10. What is memory system and memory less system?

Ans:
A system is said to be memory system if its output signal at any time depends on
the past values of the input signal. Circuit with inductors capacitors are examples of
memory system..
A system is said to be memory less system if the output at any time depends on
the present values of the input signal. An electronic circuit with resistors is an example
for memory less system.

11. What is an invertible system?

Ans:
A system is said to be invertible system if the input of the system can be
recovered from the system output. The set of operations needed to recover the input as
the second system connected in cascade with the given system such that the output signal
of the second system is equal to the input signal applied to the system.

H-1{y(t)}=H-1{H{x(t)}}.

12. What are time invariant systems?

Ans:
A system is said to be time invariant system if a time delay or advance of the
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

input signal leads to an idenditical shift in the output signal. This implies that a time
invariant system responds idenditically no matter when the input signal is applied.
It also satisfies the condition
R{x(n-k)}=y(n-k).

13. Is a discrete time signal described by the input output relation y[n]= rnx[n] time
invariant.
Ans:
A signal is said to be time invariant if R{x[n-k]}= y[n-k]
R{x [n-k]} =R(x[n]) / x[n]→x[n-k]
=rnx [n-k] ---------------- (1)
Y [n-k] =y[n] / n→n-k
=rn-kx [n-k] ------------------- (2)
Equations (1) ≠Equation (2)
Hence the signal is time variant.

14. Show that the discrete time system described by the input-output relationship
Y[n] = nx[n] is linear?

Ans:
For a sys to be linear R{a1x1[n]+b1x2[n]}=a1y1[n]+b1y2[n]
L.H.S:R{ a1x1[n]+b1x2[n] }=R{x[n]} /x[n] → a1x1[n]+b1x2[n]
= a1 nx1[n]+b1 nx2[n] ------------------- (1)
R.H.S: a1y1[n]+b1y2[n]= a1 nx1[n]+b1 nx2[n]-------------------- (2)
Equation(1)=Equation(2)
Hence the system is linear

15. What is SISO system and MIMO system?

Ans:
A control system with single input and single output is referred to as single
input single output system. When the number of plant inputs or the number of plant
outputs is more than one the system is referred to as multiple input output system. In
both the case, the controller may be in the form of a digital computer or
microprocessor in which we can speak of the digital control systems.

16. What is the output of the system with system function H1 and H2 when
connected in cascade and parallel?
Ans:
When the system with input x(t) is connected in cascade with the system H1 and
H2 the output of the system is
y(t)=H2{H1{x(t)}}
When the system is connected in parallel the output of the system is given by
y(t)=H1x1(t)+H2x2(t).

17. What do you mean by periodic and non-periodic signals?

Ans:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

A signal is said to be periodic if

x(n+N)=x(n)
Where N is the time period.
A signal is said to be non-
periodic if x(n+N)≠x(n)
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

18. Determine the convolution sum of two sequences x (n) = {3, 2, 1, 2} and

h (n) = {1, 2, 1, 2}
Ans:
y(n) = {3,8,8,12,9,4,4}
19. Find the convolution of the signals
x(n) = 1 n=-2,0,1
=2 n=-1
=0 elsewhere.
Ans:
y(n) = {1,1,0,1,-2,0,-1}

20. Detemine the solution of the difference equation

y(n) = 5/6 y(n-1) – 1/6 y(n-2) + x(n) for x(n) = 2n u(n)
Ans:
y(n) = -(1/2)n u(n) + 2/3(1/3)n u(n)+8/5 2nu(n)

21. Determine the response y(n), n>=0 of the system described by the second
order difference equation y(n) – 4y(n-1) + 4y(n-2) = x(n) – x(n-1) when the
input is x(n) = (-1)n u(n) and the initial condition are y(-1) = y(-2)=1.
Ans:
y(n) = (7/9-5/3n)2n u(n) +2/9(-1)n u(n)

22. Differentiate DTFT and DFT

Ans:
DTFT output is continuous in time where as DFT output is Discrete in time.

23. Differentiate between DIT and DIF algorithm

Ans:
DIT – Time is decimated and input is bi reversed format output in natural
order
DIF – Frequency is decimated and input is natural order output is bit
reversed format.

24. How many stages are there for 8 point DFT?

Ans:
8

25. How many multiplication terms are required for doing DFT by
expressional method and FFT METHOD?
Ans:

Expression –n2 FFT N /2 log N

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UNIT - II
26. Distinguish IIR and FIR filters
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Ans:
FIR IIR
Impulse response is finite Impulse Response is infinite

They have perfect linear phase They do not have perfect linear
phase
Non recursive Recursive

Greater flexibility to control the Less flexibility

shape of magnitude response

27. Distinguish analog and digital filters

Ans:

Analog Digital
Constructed using active or Consists of elements like adder,
passive components and it is subtractor and delay units and it is
described by a differential described by a difference equation
equation
Frequency response can be Frequency response can be
changed by changing the changed by changing the filter
components coefficients
It processes and generates Processes and generates digital
analog output output
Output varies due to external Not influenced by external
conditions conditions

28. Write the expression for order of Butterworth filter?

Ans:
The expression is N=log (λ /€) 1/2/log (1/k) ½

29. Write the expression for the order of chebyshev filter?

Ans:
N=cosh-1(λ /e)/cosh-1(1/k)

30. Write the various frequency transformations in analog domain?

Ans:
LPF to LPF:s=s/♠c
LPF to HPF:s=♠c/s
LPF to BPF:s=s2xlxu/s(xu-xl)
LPF to BSF:s=s(xu-xl)?s2=xlxu. X=♠

31. Write the steps in designing chebyshev filter?

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Ans:

Find the order of the filter.

Find the value of major and minor axis. λ
Calculate the poles.
Find the denominator function using the above poles.
The numerator polynomial value depends on the value of n.
If n is odd: put s=0 in the denominator polynomial.
1/2
If n is even put s=0 and divide it by (1+e2)

32. Write down the steps for designing a Butterworth filter?

Ans:
1. From the given specifications find the order of the
Filter
2. Find the transfer function from the value of N
3. Find ♠c
4. Find the transfer function ha(s) for the above value of ♠c by su s by that value.

33. State the equation for finding the poles in chebyshev

filter.

Ans:

sk=acos¢k+jbsin¢k,where ¢k=∏/2+(2k-1)/2n)∏

34. State the steps to design digital IIR filter using bilinear method
Ans:

Substitute s by 2/T (z-1/z+1), where T=2/Ώ (tan (w/2) in h(s) to get h (z)

35. What is warping effect?

Ans:

For smaller values of w there exist linear relationship between w and .but for
larger values of w the relationship is nonlinear. This introduces distortion in the
frequency axis. This effect compresses the magnitude and phase response. This effect is
called warping effect

36. Write a note on prewarping.

Ans:

The effect of the non linear compression at high frequencies can be compensated.
When the desired magnitude response is piecewise constant over frequency, this
compression can be compensated by introducing a suitable rescaling or prewar ping the
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

critical frequencies.

UNIT-III
37. Give the bilinear transform equation between s plane and z

plane.

Ans:

s=2/T (z-1/z+1)

38. Why impulse invariant method is not preferred in the design of IIR filters
other than low pass filter?
Ans:

In this method the mapping from s plane to z plane is many to one. Thus there are
an infinite number of poles that map to the same location in the z plane, producing an
aliasing effect. It is inappropriate in designing high pass filters. Therefore this method is not
much preferred.

39. By impulse invariant method obtain the digital filter transfer function and
the differential equation of the analog filter h(s) =1/s+1
Ans:
-T -1
H (z) =1/1-e z

Y/x(s) =1/s+1
Cross multiplying and taking inverse lap lace we get,
D/dt(y(t)+y(t)=x(t)

40.What is meant by impulse invariant method?

Ans:

In this method of digitizing an analog filter, the impulse response of the resulting
digital filter is a sampled version of the impulse response of the analog filter. For e.g. if
the transfer function is of the form, 1/s-p, then
pT -1
H (z) =1/1-e- z

41.What do you understand by backward difference?

Ans:

One of the simplest methods of converting analog to digital filter is to

approximate the differential equation by an equivalent difference equation.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

d/dt(y(t)/t=nT=(y(nT)-y(nT-T))/T

42. What are the properties of chebyshev filter?

Ans:

1. The magnitude response of the chebyshev filter exhibits ripple either in the stop
band or the pass band.
2. The poles of this filter lies on the ellipse

43. Give the Butterworth filter transfer function and its magnitude characteristics
for different orders of filter.
Ans:

The transfer function of the Butterworth filter is given by

H (jΏ) =1/1+j (Ώ/Ώc) N

44.Give the magnitude function of Butterworth filter.

Ans:

The magnitude function of Butterworth filter is

2N 1/2
|h(jΏ)=1/[1+(Ώ/Ώc) ] ,N=1,2,3,4,….

45. Give the equation for the order N, major, minor axis of an ellipse in case of
chebyshev filter?
Ans:

-1 .1αp .1αs -1
The order is given by N=cosh (((10 )-1/10 -1)1/2))/cosh Ώs/Ώp
1/N -1/N
A= (µ -µ )/2Ωp
1/N -1/N
B=Ωp (µ + µ )/2

46.Give the expression for poles and zeroes of a chebyshev type 2 filters
Ans:

The zeroes of chebyshev type 2 filter SK=jΏs/sink₃k, k=1….N

The poles of this filter xk+jyk

2 2
xk= Ώsσk/ Ώs +σk
2 2
yk=ΏsΏk/ Ώs +σk σk=acos₃k

47.How can you design a digital filter from analog filter?

Ans:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Digital filter can de designed from analog filter using the following methods
1. Approximation of derivatives
2. Impulse invariant method
3. Bilinear transformation

48.List the Butterworth polynomial for various orders.

Ans:

N Denominator polynomial
1 S+1
2
2 S +.707s+1
2
3 (s+1)(s +s+1)
2 2
4 (s +.7653s+1)(s +1.84s+1)
2 2
5 (s+1)(s +.6183s+1)(s +1.618s+1)
2 2 2
6 (s +1.93s+1)(s +.707s+1)(s +.5s+1)
2 2 2
7 (s+1)(s +1.809s+1)(s +1.24s+1)(s +.48s+1)

49. Differentiate Butterworth and Chebyshev filter.

Ans:

Butterworth dampimg factor 1.44 chebyshev 1.06

Butterworth flat response damped response.

50.What is filter?
Ans:

Filter is a frequency selective device , which amplify particular range of

frequencies and attenuate particular range of frequencies.

51.What are the types of digital filter according to their impulse response?
Ans:

IIR (Infinite impulse response) filter

FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter.

52.How phase distortion and delay distortion are introduced?

Ans:

The phase distortion is introduced when the phase characteristics of a filter is

nonlinear within the desired frequency band.
The delay distortion is introduced when the delay is not constant within the
desired frequency band.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

53. What is mean by FIR filter?

Ans:

The filter designed by selecting finite number of samples of impulse response

(h(n) obtained from inverse fourier transform of desired frequency response H(w))
are called FIR filter
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

54.Write the steps involved in FIR filter design

Ans:

Choose the desired frequency response Hd(w) Take the

inverse fourier transform and obtain Hd(n)
Convert the infinite duration sequence Hd(n) to h(n)
Take Z transform of h(n) to get H(Z)

55.What are advantages of FIR filter?

Ans:

Linear phase FIR filter can be easily designed .

Efficient realization of FIR filter exists as both recursive and non-recursive
structures.
FIR filter realized non-recursively stable.
The round off noise can be made small in non recursive realization of FIR filter.

56. What are the disadvantages of FIR FILTER

Ans:

The duration of impulse response should be large to realize sharp cutoff filters. The
non integral delay can lead to problems in some signal processing
applications.

57. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for the linear phase characteristic of
a FIR filter?
Ans:

The phase function should be a linear function of w, which inturn requires

constant group delay and phase delay.

58.List the well known design technique for linear phase FIR filter design?
Ans:

Fourier series method and window method

Frequency sampling method.
Optimal filter design method.

59. Define IIR filter?

Ans:

The filter designed by considering all the infinite samples of impulse response are
called IIR filter.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

60. For what kind of application , the antisymmetrical impulse response can be used?
Ans:

The ant symmetrical impulse response can be used to design Hilbert transforms
and differentiators.

61. for what kind of application, the symmetrical impulse response can be used?
Ans:

The impulse response, which is symmetric having odd number of samples can be
used to design all types of filters, i.e, lowpass, highpass, bandpass and band reject. The
symmetric impulse response having even number of samples can be used to design lo pass
and bandpass filter.

62. What is the reason that FIR filter is always stable?

Ans:

FIR filter is always stable because all its poles are at the origin.

63. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed n order that this filter
can be called a liner phase filter?
Ans:

The conditions are

o Symmetric condition h(n)=h(N-1-n)
o Antisymmetric condition h(n)=-h(N-1-n)

64. Under what conditions a finite duration sequence h(n) will yield constant group
delay in its frequency response characteristics and not the phase delay?
Ans:

If the impulse response is anti symmetrical ,satisfying the condition

H(n)=-h(N-1-n)
The frequyncy response of FIR filter will have constant group delay and not the
phase delay.

65. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable?
Ans:

A digital filter is causal if its impulse response h (n) =0 for n<0.

A digital filter is stable if its impulse response is absolutely summable.

66. What are the properties of FIR filter?

Ans:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

FIR filter is always stable.

A realizable filter can always be obtained.
FIR filter has a linear phase response.

67. When cascade from realization is preferred in FIR filters?

Ans:

The cascade from realization is preferred when complex zeros with absolute
magnitude less than one.

68.What are the disadvantage of Fourier series method ?

Ans:

In designing FIR filter using Fourier series method the infinite duration impulse
response is truncated at n= (N-1/2).Direct truncation of the series will lead to fixed
percentage overshoots and undershoots before and after an approximated discontinuity in
the frequency response .

69. What is Gibbs phenomena?

OR
What are Gibbs oscillations?
Ans:

One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates H(ejω)would be to

truncate the infinite Fourier series at n= (N-1/2).Abrupt truncation of the series will lead
to oscillation both in pass band and is stop band .This phenomenon is known as Gibbs
phenomenon.

70. What are the desirable characteristics of the windows?

Ans:

The desirable characteristics’ of the window are

The central lobe of the frequency response of the window should contain
most of the energy and should be narrow.
The highest side lobe level of the frequency response should be small.
The side’s lobes of the frequency response should decrease in energy
rapidly as ω tends to π.

71. Compare Hamming window with Kaiser Window.

Ans:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Hamming window Kaiser window

1.The main lobe width is equal to8π/N The main lobe width ,the peak side lobe
and the peak side lobe level is –41dB. level can be varied by varying the
parameter α and N.
2.The low pass FIR filter designed will The side lobe peak can be varied by
have first side lobe peak of –53 dB varying the parameter α.

72.What is the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics
in FIR filter?
Ans:

The necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR filter
is the impulse response h(n) of the system should have the symmetry property,i.e,
H(n) = h(N-1-n)
Where N is the duration of the sequence.
73. What are the advantage of Kaiser widow?
Ans:

1. It provides flexibility for the designer to select the side lobe level and N.
2. It has the attractive property that the side lobe level can be varied
Continuously from the low value in the Blackman window to the high value in the
rectangle window.

74.What is the principle of designing FIR filter using frequency sampling method?
Ans:

In frequency sampling method the desired magnitude response is sampled and a

linear phase response is specified .The samples of desired frequency response are defined
as DFT coefficients. The filter coefficients are then determined as the IDFT of this set of
samples.

75. For what type of filters frequency sampling method is suitable?

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Ans:

Frequency sampling method is attractive for narrow band frequency selective

filters where only a few of the samples of the frequency response are non-zero.

76.What is meant by autocorrelation?

Ans:

The autocorrelation of a sequence is the correlation of a sequence with its shifted

version, and this indicates how fast the signal changes.
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UNIT -IV
77.Define white noise?
Ans:

A stationary random process is said to be white noise if its power density

Spectrum is constant. Hence the white noise has flat frequency response
2
spectrum. SX(w) = σx , -π ≤ wπ

78.what do you understand by a fixed-point number?

Ans:

In fixed point arithmetic the position of the binary point is fixed. The bit to the
right represents the fractional part of the number & those to the left represent the integer
part. For example, the binary number 01.1100 has the value 1.75 in decimal.

79.What is the objective of spectrum estimation?

Ans:

The main objective of spectrum estimation is the determination of the power

spectral density of a random process. The estimated PSD provides information about the
structure of the random process which can be used for modeling, prediction or filtering of
the deserved process.

80.List out the addressing modes supported by C5X processors?

Ans:

1. Direct addressing
2. Indirect addressing
3. Immediate addressing
4. Dedicated-register addressing
5. Memory-mapped register addressing
6. Circular addressing

81.what is meant by block floating point representation? What are its

advantages?
Ans:

In block point arithmetic the set of signals to be handled is divided into blocks.
Each block has the same value for the exponent. The arithmetic operations within the
block uses fixed point arithmetic & only one exponent per block is stored thus saving
memory. This representation of numbers is more suitable in certain FFT flow graph & in
digital audio applications.

82.what are the advantages of floating point arithmetic?

Ans:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

1. Large dynamic range

2. Over flow in floating point representation is unlike.

83.what are the three-quantization errors to finite word length registers in digital filters?
Ans:

1. Input quantization error

2. Coefficient quantization error
3. Product quantization error

84.How the multiplication & addition are carried out in floating point
arithmetic?
Ans:

In floating point arithmetic, multiplication are carried out as follows,

Let f1 = M1*2c1 and f2 = M2*2c2. Then f3 = f1*f2 = (M1*M2) 2(c1+c2)
That is, mantissa is multiplied using fixed-point arithmetic and the exponents are
added.
The sum of two floating-point numbers is carried out by shifting the bits of the mantissa
Of the smaller number to the right until the exponents of the two numbers are equal
and then adding the mantissas.

85.What do you understand by input quantization error?

Ans:

In digital signal processing, the continuous time input signals are converted into
digital using a b-bit ACD. The representation of continuous signal amplitude by a fixed
digit produce an error, which is known as input quantization error.

86.List the on-chip peripherals in 5X.

Ans:

The C5X DSP on-chip peripherals available are as follows:

1. Clock Generator
2. Hardware Timer
3. Software-Programmable Wait-State Generators
4. Parallel I/O Ports
5. Host Port Interface (HPI)
6. Serial Port
7. Buffered Serial Port (BSP)
8. Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) Serial Port
9. User-Maskable Interrupts
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87.what is the relationship between truncation error e and the bits b for
representing a decimal into binary?
Ans:

For a 2's complement representation, the error due to truncation for both
positive and negative values of x is 0>=xt-x>-2-b
Where b is the number of bits and xt is the truncated value of x.
The equation holds good for both sign magnitude, 1's complement if x>0
If x<0, then for sign magnitude and for 1's complement the truncation error satisfies.

88.what is meant rounding? Discuss its effect on all types of number

representation?
Ans:

Rounding a number to b bits is accomplished by choosing the rounded result as

the b bit number closest to the original number unrounded.
For fixed point arithmetic, the error made by rounding a number to b bits satisfy the
inequality
-2-b 2-b
-----<=xt-x<= --------
2 2

For all three types of number systems, i.e., 2's complement, 1's complement & sign
magnitude.

For floating point number the error made by rounding a number to b bits satisfy the
inequality
-2-b<=E<=2-b where E=xt-x
--------
x

89.what is meant by A/D conversion noise?

Ans:

A DSP contains a device, A/D converter that operates on the analog input
x(t) to produce xq(t) which is binary sequence of 0s and 1s.
At first the signal x(t) is sampled at regular intervals to produce a sequence x(n) is of
infinite precision. Each sample x(n) is expressed in terms of a finite number of bits given the
sequence xq(n). The difference signal e(n)=xq(n)-x(n) is called A/D conversion noise.

90.what is the effect of quantization on pole location?

Ans:

Quantization of coefficients in digital filters lead to slight changes in their value. These
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changes in value of filter coefficients modify the pole-zero locations. Sometimes the pole
locations will be changed in such a way that the system may drive into instability.

91.which realization is less sensitive to the process of quantization?

Ans: Cascade form.

92.what is meant by quantization step size?

Ans:
Let us assume a sinusoidal signal varying between +1 and -1 having a dynamic
range 2. If the ADC used to convert the sinusoidal signal employs b+1 bits including
sign bit, the number of levels available for quantizing x(n) is 2b+1. Thus the interval
between successive levels

q= 2 =2-b
--------
2b+1
Where q is known as quantization step size.

93.How would you relate the steady-state noise power due to quantization and the b
bits representing the binary sequence?
Ans:
Steady state noise power
Where b is the number of bits excluding sign bit.

94.what is overflow oscillation?

Ans:
The addition of two fixed-point arithmetic numbers cause over flow the sum
exceeds the word size available to store the sum. This overflow caused by adder make
the filter output to oscillate between maximum amplitude limits. Such limit cycles have
been referred to as over flow oscillations.

95.what are the methods used to prevent overflow?

Ans:
There are two methods used to prevent overflow
1. Saturation arithmetic 2. Scaling

96.what are the two kinds of limit cycle behavior in DSP?

Ans:
1.zero input limit cycle oscillations
2.Overflow limit cycle oscillations
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97.Determine "dead band" of the filter

Ans:
The limit cycle occur as a result of quantization effect in multiplication. The
amplitudes of the output during a limit cycle are confined to a range of values called the
dead band of the filter.

98.Explain briefly the need for scaling in the digital filter implementation.
Ans:
To prevent overflow, the signal level at certain points in the digital filter
must be scaled so that no overflow occurs in the adder.

UNIT- V
99. List down the various advantages of multirate signal processing.

a) Computational requirements is less.

b) Storage for filter coefficient is less.

c) Finite arithmetic effect is less.

d) Filter order required in multirate application is low.

100. Define sampling theorem.

According to the sampling theorem, a band limited signal x(t) having finite
energy, which has no frequency comp[onents higher than fh hertz, can be completely
reconstructed from its samples taken at the ratet of 2fh samples per sec. ( fs ≥ 2fh ).

fs --- samplinf frequency ; fh --- highest signal frequency.

101. what is multirate signal processing?

The theory of processing signals at different sampling rates is called multirate
signal processing.
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Part B
UNIT-I
1. Determine the DFT of the sequence

x(n) =1/4, for 0<=n <=2

0, otherwise

Ans: The N point DFT of the sequence x(n) is defined as

N-1
-j2πnk/N
x(k)= ∑ x(n)e K=0,1,2,3,…N-1
n=0

x(n) = (1/4,1/4,1/4)
-j2πk/3
X(k) = ¼ e [1+2cos(2πk/3)] where k= 0,1,……….,N-1

2. Derive the DFT of the sample data sequence x(n) = {1,1,2,2,3,3}and compute
the corresponding amplitude and phase spectrum.

Ans: The N point DFT of the sequence x(n) is defined as

N-1
-j2πnk/N
X(k)= ∑ x(n)e K=0,1,2,3,…N-1
n=0
X(0) = 12
X(1) = -1.5 + j2.598
X(2) = -1.5 + j0.866
X(3) = 0
X(4) = -1.5 – j0.866
X(5) =-1.5-j2.598
X(k) = {12, -1.5 + j2.598, -1.5 + j0.866,0, -1.5 – j0.866, -1.5-j2.598}
|X(k)|={12,2.999,1.732,0,1.732,2.999}
∟X(k)={0,- π/3,- π/6,0, π/6, π/3}

3.Given x(n) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} find X(k) using DIT FFT

algorithm.
Ans: Given N = 8
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

WN0k = e-j(2π/N)k
W8 =1
1
W8 =0.707-j0.707
2
W8 = -j
3
W8 = -0.707-j0.707

Using butterfly diagram

X(k) = {28,-4+j9.656,-4+j4,-4+j1.656,-4,-4-j1.656,-4-j4,-4-j9.656}

4.Given X(k) = {28,-4+j9.656,-4+j4,-4+j1.656,-4,-4-j1.656,-4-j4,-4-j9.656} ,find

x(n) using inverse DIT FFT algorithm.
Ans:

W0Nk = ej(2π/N)k
W8 =1
1
W8 =0.707+j0.707
2
W8 =j
3
W8 = -0.707+j0.707

x(n) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

5.Find the inverse DFT of X(k) = {1,2,3,4}

Ans: The inverse DFT is defined as

N-1
j2πnk/N
x(n)=(1/N ) ∑ x(k)e n=0,1,2,3,…N-1
k=0
x(0) = 5/2
x(1) = -1/2-j1/2
x(2) = -1/2
x(3) = -1/2+j1/2
x(n) = {5/2, -1/2-j1/2, -1/2, -1/2+j1/2}
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UNIT-II
6.Design an ideal 0 otherwise low pass filter with a
frequency response
Hd(e jw) =1 for –∏/2<=w<=∏/2

Find the value of h(n) for N=11 find H(Z) plot

magnitude response

a. Find h(n) by IDTFT

b. Convert h(n) in to a fine length by truncation
c. H(0)=1/2, h(1)=h(-1)=0.3183 h(2)=h(-2)=0 h(3)=h(-3)= -
0.106 h(4)=h(-4)=0 h(5)=h(-5)=0.06366
d. Find the transfer function H(Z) which -(N-1/2)
is not realizable
conver in to realizable by multiplying by z -2
e. H’(Z)
8
obtained
-
is 0.06366-0.106z +.3183Z-4+.5Z-5+.3183Z-6-.106Z-
+0.06366Z
10
f. Find H (e jw) and plot amplitude response curve.

7. Design an ideal low pass filter with a frequency response

Hd(e jw) =1 for – ∏/4<=|w|<=∏
0 otherwise
find the value of h(n) for N=11 find H(Z) plot magnitude response

g. Find h(n) by IDTFT

h. Convert h(n) in to a fine length by truncation
i. H(0)=0.75
h(1)=h(-1)=-.22
h(2)=h(-2)=-.159
h(3)=h(-3)= -
0.075 h(4)=h(-
4)=0 h(5)=h(-
5)=0.045
j. Find the transfer-(N-1/2)
function H(Z) which is not realizable conver in to realizable by
multiplying by z
is 0.045-0.075z-2 -.159 Z-3-0.22Z-4+0.75Z-5-.22Z-6 -0.159Z-7 -.
k. H’(Z)-8obtained-10
075Z +0.045Z
l. Find H (e jw) and plot amplitude response curve.

8. Design band pass filter with a frequency response

Hd(e jw) =1 for –∏/3<=|w|<=2∏/3
0 otherwise
find the value of h(n) for N=11 find H(Z) plot magnitude response
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

m. Find h(n) by IDTFT

n. Convert h(n) in to a fine length by truncation
o. Find the transfer function H(Z) which is not realizable conver in to realizable by
-(N-1/2)
multiplying by z
jw
p. H’(Z) obtained Find H (e ) and plot amplitude response curve.
UNIT-III
jw
9. Design band reject filter with a frequency response Hd(e ) =1 for ∏/4<=|w|<=3∏/4
0 otherwise
find the value of h(n) for N=11 find H(Z) plot magnitude response

q. Find h(n) by IDTFT

r. Convert h(n) in to a fine length by truncation
s. Find the transfer function H(Z) which is not realizable conver in to realizable by
-(N-1/2)
multiplying by z
jw
t. H’(Z) obtained Find H (e ) and plot amplitude response curve.

10. Derive the condition of FIR filter to be linear in phase.

Conditions are
Group delay and Phase delay should be constant
And show the condition is satisfied
UNIT-IV
11.Derive the expression for steady state I/P Noise Power and Steady state O/P
Noise Power.
Write the derivation.

12 Draw the product quantatization model for first order and second order
filter Write the difference equation and draw the noise model.

13.For the second order filter Draw the direct form II realization and find the
scaling factor S0 to avoid over flow
Find the scaling factor from the formula
1+r2
I= ---------------------------------------
(1-r2)(1-2r2cos2ø =r4)

14 Explain Briefly about various number representation in digital computer.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

1 Fixed point
2 Floating point
3 Block floating point

Signed magnitude represenation

1’s Complement
2’s Complement
etc

15. Consider the transfer function H(Z)=H1(Z)H2(Z) where H1(Z) =1/1-

a1Z-1 H2(z) =1/ 1-a2Z-1
Find the o/p Round of noise power Assume a1=0.5 and a2= 0.6 and find
o.p round off noise power.

Draw the round of Noise Model.

By using residue method find σ01
By using residue method find σ
02 = σ 01 2+ σ 02 2

2 –2b (5.43)
Ans:__________________
12

17.what is meant by A/D conversion noise. Explain in detail?

A DSP contains a device, A/D converter that operates on the analog input x(t)
to produce xq(t) which is binary sequence of 0s and 1s.
At first the signal x(t) is sampled at regular intervals to produce a sequence x(n) is of infinite
precision. Each sample x(n) is expressed in terms of a finite number of bits given the sequence
xq(n). The difference signal e(n)=xq(n)-x(n) is called A/D conversion noise.

+ derivation.
18.Consider the transfer function H(Z)=H1(Z)H2(Z) where H1(Z) =1/1-
a1Z-1 H2(z) =1/ 1-a2Z-1
Find the o/p Round of noise power Assume a1=0.7 and a2= 0.8and find o.p round
off noise power.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

19.Given X(k) = {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,} ,find x(n) using inverse DIT FFT algorithm.

WNk = ej(2π/N)k
Find x(n)

20.Find the inverse DFT of X(k) = {3,4,5,6}

Ans: The inverse DFT is defined as

N-1
j2πnk/N
x(n)=(1/N ) ∑ x(k)e n=0,1,2,3,…N-1
k=0

21. Derive the expression for steady state I/P Noise Variance and Steady state
O/P Noise Variance and Write the derivation also.
UNIT-V
22. a) what do you mean by down sampling?
b) Obtain the spectrum (expression) of the down sampled signal.
c) Plot the spectra of any signal x(n) and its down sampled version.

23. a) discuss on efficient transversal structure for decimator and interpolator.

b) Describe the features of QMF bank.

24. Describes and derive sampling rate conversion by a rational factor I/D in
multirate signal processing.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

PERAMBALUR- 621212

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR- 621212

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR- 621212

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR- 621212

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

PERAMBALUR- 621212

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE