Circuit Analysis
15EECC201
Unit: II
Chapter No: 05
First Order circuits
Dr Sujata Sanjay Kotabagi
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First Order Circuits
Chapter No. 5. Time and Frequency domain Representation of Circuits
Order of a system, Concept of Time constant, System Governing equation, System Characteristic
equation, Initial conditions, Transfer Functions (Fourier and Laplace domain representation)
Chapter No. 6. First order circuits
Transient response of R-C and R-L networks (with Initial conditions) Concept of phasor, Phasor
diagrams, Frequency response characteristics, R-C , R-L circuits as differentiator and integrator
models, time and frequency domain responses R-C , R-L circuits as Low pass and high pass filters
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V-I Relations
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Concept of Time constant
A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order differential equation.
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System Transients
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RC Circuit-Step Response
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒊 𝟎 =
𝒗 𝟎− = 𝒗 𝟎+ = 𝒗 𝟎 =𝟎 𝑹
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒊 ∞ = 𝟎
𝒗 ∞ =𝑽
𝒕
𝒕 −𝝉
−𝝉 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒊 ∞ + [𝒊 𝟎 − 𝒊 ∞ ]𝒆
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒗 ∞ + [𝒗 𝟎 − 𝒗 ∞ ]𝒆
𝒕 𝑽 𝒕
−𝝉
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽 + [𝟎 − 𝑽]𝒆 −𝝉 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟎 + [ − 0]𝒆
𝑹
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0 + 𝒕
𝒗 𝒕 =𝑽 𝟏−𝒆 −
𝝉 𝒖(𝒕) 𝑽 −𝒕
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒆 𝝉 𝒖(𝒕)
𝑹
𝝉 = 𝑹𝑪 = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
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System Transients
The system response when it transits from one steady state
to another, is known as transient response.
RL Circuit-Step Response
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒊 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒗 𝟎− =𝒗 𝟎+ =𝒗 𝟎 =𝑽
𝑽
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒊 ∞ =
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑹
𝒗 ∞ =𝟎
𝒕
−𝝉
𝒕
−𝝉
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒊 ∞ + [𝒊 𝟎 − 𝒊 ∞ ]𝒆
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒗 ∞ + [𝒗 𝟎 − 𝒗 ∞ ]𝒆
𝑽 𝑽 −𝒕
𝒕
−𝝉
𝒊 𝒕 = + [0 − ]𝒆 𝝉
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟎 + [𝑽 − 𝟎]𝒆 𝑹 𝑹
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0 +
−
𝒕 𝑽 𝒕
−𝝉
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒆 𝝉 𝒖(𝒕) 𝒊 𝒕 = (𝟏 − 𝒆 ) 𝒖(𝒕)
𝑹
𝑳
𝝉 = = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑹
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Examples
1. For the circuit shown, determine expressions for vC and iC. Capacitors are initially uncharged.
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Examples
2. The capacitor shown is initially uncharged. Reduce the circuit to its series equivalent using Thévenin’s theorem:
Close the switch at t = 0 secs.
a. Determine the expression for 𝒗𝒄 .
b. Determine the expression for 𝒊𝒄 .
c. Determine capacitor current and voltage at t = 5 ms
………….…..cont’d
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Examples
EX.2 ………….…..cont’d
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Examples
3. The capacitor of the circuit shown is uncharged. Charging circuit
The switch is moved to position 1 for 10 ms, then
to position 2, where it remains.
a. Determine 𝒗𝒄 during charge.
b. Determine 𝒊𝒄 during charge.
c. Determine 𝒗𝒄 during discharge.
d. Determine 𝒊𝒄 during discharge.
e. Sketch the charge and discharge waveforms.
Since 5𝝉 = 10 ms, charging is complete by the time
the switch is moved to position 2, where discharging
starts. Thus, Vo = 100 V when discharging begins. ………….…..cont’d
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Examples
Ex.3 ………….…..cont’d
where t = 0 sec has been redefined for discharge as noted
Discharging circuit above.
Vo = 100 V at t = 0 secs
Waveforms
Note that 𝝉𝒅 is shorter than 𝝉𝒄 .
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Examples
4. The capacitor of the circuit shown is uncharged. The switch
is moved to position 1 for 5 ms, then to position 2 and left
there.
a. Determine 𝒗𝒄 while the switch is in position 1.
b. Determine 𝒊𝒄 while the switch is in position 1.
c. Compute 𝒗𝒄 and 𝒊𝒄 at t = 5 ms.
d. Determine 𝒗𝒄 while the switch is in position 2.
e. Determine 𝒊𝒄 while the switch is in position 2.
f. Sketch the voltage and current waveforms.
g. Determine 𝒗𝒄 and 𝒊𝒄 at t = 10 ms.
………….…..cont’d
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Examples
Ex.4 ………….…..cont’d
where t = 0 sec has been redefined for position 2.
t =10 ms is 5 ms into the new time scale.
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Examples
5. Determine 𝒊𝑳 for the circuit shown if L = 5 H. Det the time for the current to reach 0.12A
𝑳 𝟓
𝝉= = = 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑺
𝑹 𝟐𝟎𝟎
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Examples
6. Refer to the circuit shown:
a. Close the switch at t = 0 and determine equations for 𝒊𝑳 and 𝒗𝑳 .
b. At t 300 ms, open the switch and determine equations for 𝒊𝑳 and 𝒗𝑳
during the decay phase.
c. Determine voltage and current at t = 100 ms and at t = 350 ms.
d. Sketch 𝒊𝑳 and 𝒗𝑳 . Mark the points from (c) on the sketch.
𝑳 𝟓
𝝉= = = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑺
𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟎
a. Convert the circuit to the left of L to its Thévenin equivalent.
………….…..cont’d
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Examples
Ex.6 ………….…..cont’d
Since 𝟓𝝉 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒔, current is in steady state
Immediately after the switch is opened. KVL yields 𝒗𝑳 = −𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝑽
when the switch is opened at 300 ms.
Thus 𝑰𝒐 = 𝟐 𝑨.
𝒗𝑳 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 × 𝟐 = −𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝑽
voltage and current at t = 100 ms and at t = 350 ms.
When the switch is opened, current decays to zero
through a resistance of 60 + 80 = 140Ω as shown 𝒊𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑 𝑨
𝒗𝑳 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑺) = 𝟐𝟕 𝑽
𝑳 𝟓
𝝉= = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝒎𝑺
𝑹 𝟏𝟒𝟎
𝒊𝑳 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝑨
𝒗𝑳 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑺 = −𝟔𝟗 𝑽
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Examples
Ex.6 ………….…..cont’d
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Examples
7. The circuit shown is in steady state with the switch open.
At t 0 s, the switch is closed.
a. Sketch the circuit as it looks after the switch is closed and
determine 𝝉.
b. Determine current 𝒊𝑳 at t = 0 s. a. When you close the switch, you short out E and R1, leaving
c. Determine the expression for 𝒊𝑳 . the decay circuit . Thus τ = L/R2 = 100 mH/40 = 2.5 ms.
d. Determine 𝒗𝑳 at t = 0 s.
e. Determine the expression for 𝒗𝑳 .
f. How long does the transient last?
g. Sketch 𝒊𝑳 and 𝒗𝑳 .
b. In steady state with the switch open,
iL = I0 = 100 V/50 = 2 A.
This is the current just before the switch is closed. Therefore,
just after the switch is closed, iL will still be 2 A.
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c. iL decays from 2 A to 0.
d. KVL yields
e. vL decays from 80 V to 0. Thus,
f. Transients last 5t = 5(2.5 ms) = 12.5 ms.
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