PRC SOC.

SCI MAJORHIP REVIEWERS FOR MARCH 28, 20221

1. Which words apply to the present Philippine Government?
A. Presidential, military
B. Constitutional, military
C. Constitutional, elective
D. Despotic, civil
Answer: C
Rationalization: The 1987 constitution is the fundamental law of the land and Article V of the
said constitution is suffrage which is about the conduct of election- the process of choosing public officials
in the country.

2. As to extent of powers exercised by the central government, under which category does the
present Philippine governments fall?
A. Unitary
B. Democracy
C. Parliamentary
D. Federal
Answer: B
Rationalization: Article II, section I of the 1987 constitution clearly stated that the Philippines is
a democratic and republican state.

3. Under which category does our present Philippine government fall?

A. Authoritarian
B. Federal
C. Indirect democracy
D. Parliamentary
Answer: C
Rationalization: Article II, section I of the 1987 constitution clearly stated that the Philippines is
a democratic and republican state. Direct democracy is a democracy where the people directly participates
in legislation. The Philippines is an Indirect Democracy because the people elects members of the
Legislative department which creates, alters and repeals a legislation (Articles V- Suffrage and VI-
Legislative Department)

4. Which form of government did the Philippines have under 1935 constitution?
A. Parliamentary
B. Federal
C. Military
D. Commonwealth
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The 1935 constitution of the Philippines served as the fundamental law of the
land from 1935-1972. It stablishes the Commonwealth of the Philippines and provides that upon the
withdrawal of the American sovereignty in the country and the declaration of independence, said
commonwealth shall be known as the Republic of the Philippines.
 5. Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, which was the Filipino form of government?
A. “Ayuntamiento”
B. “Cabildo”
C. Barangay
D. City states
Answer: C
Rationalization: The Malays, the last of the three group of people who migrated to the
Philippines sailed the seas from the island of Borneo in a boat named “balangay”. When the Malays
settled, they named their ancient communities “barangay” with the ‘Datu” as chieftain.

6. Ours is a government of laws and not of men. This means that .

A. a person who does not agree with the wisdom and expediency of the law may not
obey the same
B. all private individuals except foreigners are bound to respect the sovereignty of the
law
C. all officers of the government except the highest are bound to obey the law
D. no one is above the law regardless of who he/she is
Answer: D
Rationalization: Even the President’s immunity from lawsuit is removed the moment he steps
out of the Presidency. Likewise, everybody enjoys the due process of the law.

7. To foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress and promote total human
liberation, the State gives priority to .
A. balanced and healthful ecology
B. education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports
C. role of women in nation building
D. health services
Answer: B
Rationalization: Article II, section 17 of the 1987 constitution. The State shall give priority to
education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism,
accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.

8. Which constitution had a dominant influence on the 1935 constitution?

A. It was applied in a peoples’ plebiscite.
B. It was drawn up by an appointed Constitutional Commission.
C. It was approved by Citizens Assemblies.
D. It was drawn up in a Constitutional Conversion.

9. Which is NOT state policy?

A. Giving priority to education, science, teaching arts, culture and sports
B. Freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory
C. Giving priority to the teaching of the English language.
D. Strengthening of the family as a basic autonomous social institution.
Answer: C.
Rationalization:
ARTICLE 2- STATE POLICIES OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION:
Section 17- The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts,
culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and
promote total human liberation and development.
Section 8- The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a
policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.

ARTICLE XIV, section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves,
it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other
languages. Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the
Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of
official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and
strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution.

10. Which is NOT state policy?

A. Giving priority to education, science, teaching arts, culture and sports
B. Freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
C. Giving priority to the teaching of the English language.
D. Strengthening of the Family as a basic autonomous social institution.
Answer: C.
Rationalization: STATE POLICIES
• Independent Foreign Policy
• Freedom from nuclear weapon
• Promote social order
• Respect human rights
• Sanctity of family
• Youth in nation building
• Promote health
• Protect balanced ecology
• Prioritize education, culture, arts and sports
• Labor is primary social economic force
• National economy controlled by Filipinos
• Recognize role of public sector
• Promote rural and agrarian reform
• Recognize Indigenous Peoples rights
• Encourage creation of organizations not contrary to law
• Ensure autonomy of local government
• Prohibit political dynasties
• Fight graft and corruption
• Full public disclosure
 11. Which reform is introduced in the Bill of Rights of 1987 Constitution?
A. The right of government employees to form associations, unions or societies for
purposes not contrary to law.
B. The right to information on matters of public concern.
C. The right to worship without dictation or interference by any person or power.
D. The right to due process of law.
Answer: B
Rationalization: Article II, Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public
concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining
to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis
for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law.

12. Following from the principle that no man is above the law, which statement about the
President is true?
A. He is not immuned from suit after tenure in office.
B. He is not immuned from suit during and after his lecture of office.
C. He is not immuned from suit during his tenure.
D. He is immuned from suit after tenure in office.
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Even the President’s immunity from lawsuit is removed the moment he steps
out of the Presidency. Likewise, everybody enjoys the due process of the law because ours is a
government of laws and not of men.

13. In whom does sovereignty reside and from whom does all government authority emanate?
A. The Filipino people
B. The elected officials
C. The elected and appointed officials
D. The members of the Cabinet
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Article 2 Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution. The Philippines is a democratic and
republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates
from them.

14. The following are reform in the 1987 Constitution EXCEPT .

A. the separation of church and state
B. Protection and advancing the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology.
C. The equal protection of the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from
conception.
D. The pursuit of a nuclear weapons free policy.
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
15. What was the 1976 amendment to the 1973 constitution?
A. To extend free education to secondary level
B. To allow the incumbent president to hold the position of the Prime Minister and to
exercise legislative powers as well
C. To allow the incumbent president to hold the position of President without limit.
D. To allow the incumbent president to hold the position of president.
Answer:
Rationalization: 1976 amendments to the 1972 constitution:
1. Creation of the Batasang Pambansa
2. Transferring of power from the National Assembly to the Batasang Pambansa
3. The President convenes the Batasang Pambansa until the Prime Minister is selected
4. The president shall continue using legislative powers until martial law is lifted
5. The president may issue decrees which shall form as one of the laws of the land

[Link] does NOT promote social justice?

A. Profit sharing
B. Equitable access to quality education
C. Diffusion of wealth
D. Recognition of the owner’s absolute right over his property
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Article XIII, Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment
of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce
social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing
wealth and political power for the common good. To this end, the State shall regulate the
acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.

17. Property ownership carries with it a social function. What does this mean?
A. The property owner should share his property with others.
B. Ownership of private property should be abolished.
C. Society should be the sole owner of property.
D. The property owner is obliged to use his property not only for his own but also for
other’s benefit.
Answer: D.

18. As a matter of principle, which is renounced by the Philippines as an instrument of national

policy?
A. Civilian authority
B. Nuclear weapons in its territory
C. Autonomy of local governments
D. War
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Article II, Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national
policy.

19. Which is supportive of social justice?

A. Promotion of legal equality
B. Owner’s absolute right over his property
C. Making poverty as an excuse for violating property rights
D. The prohibition against the imposition of literacy as requirement for the exercise of
suffrage.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Social Justice promotes Social Equality. ARTICLE XIII, Section 1. The Congress
shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of
all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove
cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.

20. Which statement holds true to Philippine Congress?

A. It can enact any law even those contrary to the Constitution.
B. In addition to its power to enact law, the Constitution has it powers which are non-
legislative in character.
C. It is unicameral.
D. Its duty is to make laws not to alter nor repeal them.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Aside from the Legislative power- the power to create, alter and repeal a
legislation, the congress also serves the quasi-judicial function during impeachment. The lower
house initiates and the upper house judges the impeachment.

21. Which is a legislative check on the President?

A. Prescription of qualifications of the President
B. Prescription of the qualifications of the President
C. Injury into the wisdom of any pardon given by the President
D. Rejection of appointment/s by the President
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The Commission on Appointments confirms or rejects appointments of the
president. Article VI, section 18 of the constitution states that there shall be a Commission on
Appointments consisting of the President of the Senate, as ex officio Chairman, twelve
Senators, and twelve Members of the House of Representatives, elected by each House on the
basis of proportional representation from the political parties and parties or organizations
registered under the party-list system represented therein. The chairman of the Commission
shall not vote, except in case of a tie. The Commission shall act on all appointments submitted
to it within thirty session days of the Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule
by a majority vote of all the Members.

22. For Check and balance, who prescribe/s the qualifications of judges of the lower courts?
A. The President
 B. Supreme Court
C. The President and the Cabinet
D. Congress
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Article VIII, section 7, no. 2. The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of
judges of lower courts, but no person may be appointed judge thereof unless he is a citizen of
the Philippines and a member of the Philippine Bar.

23. In line with the principle of check and balance, which is an executive check on the legislative
department? The President .
A. may dictate the law for Congress to promulgate
B. may modify the judgment of courts
C. may set aside the judgment of courts
D. may veto bills enacted by Congress
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Article VI, section 27, no. 1. Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it
becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same he shall sign it;
otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the House where it
originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it.

24. In a research conducted, the area most prone to tsunami is the .

A. Moro Gulf area
B. Lingayen gulf sea
C. Western Luzon
D. Eastern Mindanao
Answer: C
Rationalization: Studies done by Filipino geologists reveal that most of the tsunami-generating
earthquakes take place in the western, eastern and southern coasts of the country. Indeed,
these indicate the Philippines’ unfortunate unstable location in the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire.
Our country is actually precariously floating on the earth’s mantle between two subduction
zones on its western and eastern flanks—that is, it is being squeezed by two oceanic plates that
subduct or move down toward the earth’s mantle and, in the process, create oceanic and
terrestrial disturbances as well as crustal deformations.
In a 2003 study funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency and titled “Metro Manila
Earthquake Impact Reduction Study” (MMEIRS), based on the characteristics of the 1677 7.3-
magnitude earthquake that resulted from the subduction tectonics of the Manila Trench, the
location of a possible tsunami event is placed on the subducting Eurasian Plate at a shallow
depth of 40 kilometers and with a magnitude of 7.9. The fault length is 255 km and its width is
68 km. In this condition, the propagation distance is about 200 km from the shore, with the
mean run-up tsunami height calculated at around two meters and the maximum height at
around four meters.
25. It is narrow strip of land in Northern Philippines. There is not much to cultivate so its
adventurous people migrated to other parts of the country and the world. Which region is
described?
A. Palawan
B. Cagayan
C. Ilocos
D. Zamboanga
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Palawan is found west of Philippines, Cagayan is Central and Zamboanga is
south. Ilocos is found in the north and the Ilocos coastal plain is known as a narrow strip of land
facing the West Philippine Sea at the western side of northern Luzon. It is composed of
mountain systems and hills lie close to the sea with sand dunes (hills of sand) which lessens
land areas for cultivation.

26. In this province you walk on gold on its mountains you mine gold. It also supplies most part
of Luzon with fresh flowers and vegetables because of its climate. Which province is this?
A. Benguet
B. Mt. Province
C. Ifugao
D. Kalinga
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The province of Benguet, capital: La Trinidad is known as the salad Bowl of the
Philippines because of its massive production of upland vegetables. Its climate is the main
factor for this production. Likewise, Balatoc in Itogon, Benguet has also been a tourist
destination for Baguio City tourists because of its gold mines.

27. Which one serves as a rice granary in northeast Philippines?

A. Cagayan Valley
B. Nueva Ecija
C. Ilocos Region
D. Cordillera Administrative Region
Answer: B
Rationalization: Specifically, the rice granary of the Philippines according to UNESCO is Nueva
Ecija. However, in general, central luzon supplies much of the country with rice. Central Luzon
Provinces include Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales.

28. Which may be an effect of the island character of our geography?

A. multi-cultural diversity
B. Widespread poverty
C. Indolence
D. Low literacy
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The Philippines is an archipelago- it is composed of various islands. This
topographic characteristic of our country gave way to the development of various cultural
variations among the different regions of the country.

29. Because of its geographical location, Philippines .

A. is commonly poor
B. is not prone to calamities
C. has warm climate
D. has low literacy rate
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The Philippines can be found near the equator making it tropical and humid.
Hence, he warm climate.

30. The Philippines is in the Pacific plate. As a consequence, it is prone to .

A. earthquakes
B. drought
C. typhoons
D. flood
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The Philippines can be found in the Pacific plate and the Pacific Rim of fire
making it more prone to earthquakes through the movement of the plates and more prone to
volcanic eruptions.

31. Which is the second largest island in the Philippine archipelago?

A. Leyte
B. Luzon
C. Palawan
D. Mindanao
Answer: D.
Rationalization: According to world atlas, the ten largest islands in the Philippines are Luzon,
Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu and Bohol.

32. Mt. Everest is to the world, as is to the Philippines.

A. Mt. Apo
B. Mt. Pulag
C. Mt. Arayat
D. Mt. Makiling
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The tallest mountain in the world is Mt. Everest, whereas the largest in the
Philippines is Mt. Apo found in Mindanao.

33. Which is considered the longest river in Luzon?

A. Chico River
B. Agno River
C. Angat River
 D. Cagayan River
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Cagayan River is the longest river in the Philippines whereas the biggest is Rio
Grande which can be found in Mindanao.

34. Which statement/s is/are true to Philippine geography?

I. The Philippine islands are within the tropics.
II. The Philippine archipelago has a remarkable biodiversity.
III. Its coastline are very regular.
A. III only
B. I and II
C. I only
D. I and III
Answer: B
Rationalization: The Philippine coastline is very irregular making it the longest coastline in the
world when all 7k plus islands are combined. However, some islets sink during high tide
periods.

35. Which one of the poorest provinces in the Cordillera Administrative Region is known for its
rich natural resources, but its development is somehow blocked by several factors like tribal
wars?
A. Mt. Province
B. Ifugao
C. Abra
D. Kalinga
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Kalinga is a province in CAR which is composed of various tribes. These tribes,
even to press time declare tribal wars with each other. The ASIANEWS even named Kalinga the
“Land of tribal wars and fragile peace.”

36. Which is the one the smallest island provinces in Visayas which is famous for its sweet
mangoes for export?
A. Antique
B. Bohol
C. Guimaras
D. Southern Leyte
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Guimaras island, found near Ilo-ilo is known as the island where the sweetest
mango in the world is coming from.

37. The marble supply in the country originates primarily from .

A. Biliran
B. Masbate
C. Romblon
 D. Mindoro
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Romblon is known as the marble capital of the Philippines where the best and
refined marbles in the country is coming from. The biggest marble mining companies in the
country is also found in Romblon.

38. To which province will I go if I want to see the Chocolate Hills and tarsiers?
A. Siquijor
B. Bohol
C. Guimaras
D. Masbate
Answer: B.
Rationalization: The chocolate hills is found in Bohol. And the Philippine tarsier, (Tarsius syrichta
or Carlito syrichta) is very peculiar small animal. Growing at about 4-5 inches, it is the worlds
smallest primate found in bohol also.

39. Which big tourist attraction in the Cordillera Administrative Region symbolizes early Filipino
engineering skill, patience and industry?
A. Ivatan homes
B. Hot Springs
C. Rice Terraces
D. Woodcarving
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The rice terraces, carved in the mountains by the Indigenous People of Ifugao
2,000 years ago in the Cordilleras is named one of the greatest engineering wonders created by
man using bare hands. The Ifugao rice terraces is listed in the UNESCO world heritage list in
1995.

40. The Cagayan Valley serves as another rice granary of the Philippines. This is made possible
by the irrigation from the .
A. Cagayan River
B. Agno River
C. Chico River
D. Bued River
Answer: A

41. What statement is true of Mindanao?

A. It is the third largest island in the country.
B. It is here where the smallest deer can be found.
C. It is the biggest island in the country.
D. It is the second biggest island in the country.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: According to world atlas, the ten largest islands in the Philippines are Luzon,
Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu and Bohol.

42. I am in a bus following the treacherous mountain trail in the north. This road is occasionally
damaged by landslides, making the road impassable, and consequently blocking fresh vegetable
supply to the lowlands including Manila. Which province is referred to?
A. Mt. Province
B. Kalinga
C. Ifugao
D. Benguet
Answer: D.
Rationalization: According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Mines and
Geo-Science Bureau (DENR-MGB), the top ten landslide prone provinces in the country are:
Benguet, Mt. Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Kalinga Apayao, Southern Leyte, Abra, Marinduque,
Cebu, Catanduanes and Ifugao. Among the provinces, Benguet supplies much of the country
with vegetables.

43. Which region is dubbed “The Land of Promise” because of its spacious and rich agricultural
lands?
A. Central Plain of Luzon
B. Mindanao
C. Visayas
D. Luzon
Answer: B.
Rationalization:

44. In annexing the Philippines, the Americans adopted the expressed colonial policy of
A. “Divide and Conquer”
B. “God, Glory, and Gold”
C. “Colonial Expansionism and Imperialism”
D. “Philippines for the Filipinos”
Answer: D.
Rationalization: “The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, civilize, educate, and to
train in the science of self-government”- US. Pres. WILLIAM MCKINLEY. Thus the first Civil
Governor to the Philippines, William Howard Taft made the policy “the Philippines for the
Filipinos.”

45. Aside from the Philippines, which countries claim part of the Spratly Islands in the South
China Sea?
A. Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam
B. Malaysia, Brunei, China, Thailand, Vietnam
C. Thailand, Brunei, Malaysia, China, Vietnam
D. China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The countries who claim part of the Spratly’s are Philippines, Malaysia, China,
Vietnam, Taiwan and Brunei. China, Taiwan and Vietnams claim are historic, while the
Philippines’ is based on UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

46. Which group of foreigners in the Philippines, perceived to have been discriminated against
by the Spaniards, supported the British against Spain in the Seven Years’ War by providing the
British laborers and armed men?
A. Americans
B. Japanese
C. Malays
D. Chinese
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Spanish rule was punctuated by periodic revolts, many of them involving
Chinese who were forced to live outside the walls of Manila in a place called the Parian. In
1574, a Chinese pirate named Lin Tao Kien unsuccessfully attacked Manila. In 1574, the
governor of Manila was assassinated by Chinese mutineers on his galley. In 1596, 12,000
chinese were expelled which angered the Chinese more, thus helping the British in the seven
years’ war.

47. Which might be the reason why the Spaniards succeeded in quelling all Filipino revolts?
A. The Filipino natives were docile.
B. The Filipino natives lacked unity.
C. The Spaniards hired soldiers to suppress the revolt.
D. The Spaniards fought the Filipino rebels with strong determination to win.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Reasons for Spain’s successful occupation of the Philippines:
1. The Filipinos were not united
2. The Spaniards have supreme weapon
3. The Spaniards have valiant leaders like Legazpi and De Goiti

48. In which order did the following events take place in Philippine history?
I. The investigation of the political and economic situation of the Philippines by the
Commission headed by Leonard Wood
II. Advocacy of the Tydings-McDuffie Bill by Pres. Quezon and the Philippine Senate
III. Establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth
A. I, II and III
B. II, III and I
C. I, III and II
D. III, II and I
Answer: A.
Rationalization: American Colonial Policy to the Philippines:
1. Benevolent Assimilation- US Pres. Mckinley
2. Taft Commision “Philippines for the Filipinos”- Civil Governor Taft
3. Philippine Assembly- Phil. Bill of 1902
4. The Jones Law
5. The Wood-Forbes Mission
6. The OSROX Mission
7. The Tydings-Mcduffie Law
8. The Commonwealth- Ten Year Transition

49. Which court was conducted by an incoming Governor-General to examine the conduct of an
out-going Governor-General during the Spanish period?
A. Teritorial Audiencia
B. Royal Audencia
C. Residencia
D. Visitador
Answer: C.
Rationalization:
1. RESIDENCIA- A special judicial court which investigates the performance of a governor
general who was about to be replaced
2. VISITA- Council of Indies in Spain who observes the condition of the colony
3. ROYAL AUDENCIA- The highest court and the advisory and auditor of the Governor
General.

50. Which was the first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly which provided for the
appropriation of a million pesos for barrio schools?
A. Tydings-MacDuffie Law
B. Gabaldon Act
C. Jones law
D. Philippine Bill of 1902
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
1. Tydings-Mcduffie Law- Created the commonwealth
2. Gabaldon Act- Act 1801, an act authored by Assemlyman Isauro Gabaldon, also known
as the Gabaldon Act of 1907, which appropriated PhP 1 million between 1907 to 1915
for the construction of schoolhouses of strong materials in barrios with guaranteed daily
attendance of not less than sixty pupils.
3. Jones Law- Philippine Autonomy Act
4. Philippine Bill of 1902- Created the Philippine Assembly

51. Who composed the group of immigrants to the Philippine archipelago after the
Indonesians?
A. Spaniards
B. Chinese
 C. Malays
D. The Indians
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The Wave of Migration according to Otley Beyer:
1. Negritos
2. Indones
3. Malays

52. Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States in return for how many US
dollars?
A. 200 million
B. 30 million
C. 20 million
D. 50 million
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The Treaty of Paris, signed December 10, 1898 between US and Spain in Paris,
France ended the US-Spanish war. The peace treaty includes a $ 20 million payment of US to
Spain so the latter would officially cede the Philippines to US.

53. Which was well accepted by the Filipinos under Spanish rule?
A. Employment of Reduccion
B. The practice of polo
C. Representation of the Cortes
D. Payment of the “buwis”
Answer: C.
Rationalization:
1. REDUCCION- The moving of small groups of Filipino settlements into one, large town.
This was to regulate the Filipinos, and teach them the basics of Christianity.
2. POLO Y SERVICIO- Forced labor of men aged 16-60 for 40 days without payment
3. TRIBUTO- The tax imposed to be paid by Filipinos.

54. Who first named our country Las Islas de Filipinas, now Philippine Islands?
A. Legaspi
B. Salcedo
C. Villalobos
D. Urdaneta
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Names given to the Philippines
1. MAYI “Land of Gold”- Chinese traders
2. MANIOLAS- Ptolemy
3. ARCHIPELAGO DE SAN LAZARO- Ferdinand Magellan
4. LAS ISLAS FELIPINAS- Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in honor of King Phillip II of Spain
5. PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS- Dr. Jose Rizal
55. Which of the following events was the first to occur?
A. The cry of Balintawak
B. The proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite
C. The execution of Rizal at Bagumbayan
D. The trail and execution of Bonifacio
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Important Dates to remember:
1. July 7, 1892- The founding of KKK
2. August 23, 1896- Cry of Balintawak
3. December 30, 1896- The execution of Rizal in Bagumabayan (now Luneta)
4. March 22, 1897- The Tejeros Convention
5. July 10, 1897- The trail and execution of Bonifacio and Procopio in Maragondon, Cavite
6. December 15, 1897- Pact of Biak na Bato
7. June 12, 1898- The declaration of Independence in Kawit, Cavite

56. Who dared to engage the First European intruders in a battle at Mactan resulting in the
death of their leader?
A. Sumakwel
B. Datu Puti
C. Lapulapu
D. Rajah Soliman
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Kalipulako of Mactan or Datu Lapu lapu successfully defeated Magellan and his
men in the infamous battle of Mactan, April 28, 1521, making it the first Filipino successful
resistance aginst Spanish oppression and making Lapu lapu the first Filipino hero.

57. In which order did the following occupy the Philippines?

A. Spaniards, Americans, Japanese, British
B. Spaniards, British, Americans, Japanese
C. British, Spaniards, Americans, Japanese
D. Spaniards, Americans, British, Japanese
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Colonizers of the Philippines:
1. Spain- 333 years
2. Britain- 3 years
3. America- 48 years
4. Japanese- 3 years
58. What is the chronological arrangement of the following historical events in the Philippines?
I. Gen. MacArthur landed in Leyte.
II. Japan attacked the Philippines.
III. Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces.
 A. I, II and III
B. II, III and I
C. II, I and III
D. III, II and I

Answer: C.
Rationalization:
1. December 8, 1941- The attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
2. December 8, 1941- The attack on the Philippine Air bases
3. October 14, 1943- Inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic
4. October 20, 1944- Battle of Leyte Gulf in Palo, Leyte “Leyte Liberation”
5. May 7, 1945- End of war in Europe- V E Day
6. August 6, 1945- Hiroshima Bombing
7. August 9, 1945- Nagasaki Bombing
8. September 2, 1945- The official surrender of Japan

59. For which are Filipinos thankful to Julian Felipe?

A. The tune of our National Anthem.
B. The lyrics of our National Anthem
C. The draft of the Malolos Constitution
D. The making of our National Flag
Answer: A.
Rationalization: June 12, 1989- The declaration of Philippine Independence in Kawit, cavite
Marcela Agoncillo- sewn the Philippine Flag
Marcha National Filipina (Tune of National Anthem)- Julian Felipe
Lyrics of National Anthem- Jose Palma

60. What Philippine historical event do you associate with December 10, 1898?
A. Japan’s invasion of the Philippines
B. Treaty of Paris
C. Philippine Commonwealth
D. Proclamation of the Philippine Republic
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The Treaty of Paris, signed December 10, 1898 between US and Spain in Paris,
France ended the US-Spanish war. The peace treaty includes a $ 20 million payment of US to
Spain so the latter would officially cede the Philippines to US.
61. Who was the “boy general” killed in the Battle of Tirad Pass in the resistance to American
rule?
A. Gen. Antonio Luna
B. Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
C. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
D. Gen. Miguel Malvar
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
Antonio Luna- The greatest general of the first republic. The strategist of
Aguinaldo.
Gregorio Del Pilar- Known as “Goyo”. The youngest general of the first republic.
Sacrificed his life in Tirad Pass (Pasong Tirad) so Aguinaldo can flee the Americans who are after
him.
Emilio Aguinaldo- The “El Presidente”. The President of the first republic
General Miguel Malvar- The last Filipino General to surrender to the Americans
(Agoncillo)

62. Considering subsequent events in Philippine history, what was the significance of
Magellan’s expedition?
A. The Europeans came to know of the existence of our very rich archipelago.
B. It established the Americans which were far away from East Asia.
C. It proved that the Spaniards were better navigators than the Portuguese.
D. It proved that the Spaniards were better navigators than the Portuguese.
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Magellan’s expedition which had proven that the world is round and led to the
discovery of the International date line is an expedition funded by Spain to look for a new
“eastward” route towards “Moluccas”- spice island. Given the fact that the expedition should
directly bring Magellan and his 5 ships (Trinidad, Conception, San Antonio, Santiago and
Victoria) to the seas of the spice island, in march 1521, he saw Samar, thereby discovering a
new territory even the Portuguese had never laid eyes on. Magellan named the lands
“Archipelago de San Lazaro” which later on was renamed by Villalobos as “Las Islas Filipinas” in
honor of King Phillip II of Spain.

63. The Liga Filipina was founded to carry out among others which of the following aims?
A. To work for the separation of the archipelagos from Spain
B. To assassinate abusive and tyrannical governors and friars
C. To discourage the revolutionary ideas and the spread of masonry
D. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Aims of the La Liga Filipina:
1. Union of the Archipelago
2. Mutual protection in all cases
3. Defense against violence and injustice
4. Encourage education, agriculture and commerce
 5. Study and application of reforms

64. Who among the following were the middle educated class during the Spanish era?
A. Insulares
B. Mestizos
C. Ilustrados
D. Creoles

Answer: C.
Rationalization: Spanish Social Class:
PENINSULARES- Pure Spanish born in Spain
INSULARES- Pure Spanish born in the Philippines
CREOLE- Half Spanish, half Indio or Chinese
PRINCIPALIA- Rich or Middle Class Filipino’s
ILUSTRADOS- Son’s of Principalia who were sent to Europe to study
INDIO- Poor Pure Filipino’s

65. In addition to the problem on post-war rehabilitation, which internal problem in Central
Luzon did the new Philippine government face?
A. Iliteracy
B. Epidemic
C. Water Supply
D. The Hukbalahaps
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Aside from the massive hunger brought about by food shortage because of the
total breakdown of the Philippine agriculture after world war two, the new Philippine
Government face much problem with the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon) who
expected recognition and benefits that the USAFFE were enjoying after the war. The
government, however was only able to provide due recognition to the Huks in Southern
Philippines by assimilating them into the armed forces while disarming the others since the
americans look at them as simply armed civilians. This led to many conflicts between the new
government and the Huks.

66. With these words: “There are no tyrants where there no slaves”, who inspired the Filipinos
to work for their freedom?
A. Marcelo H. del Pilar
B. Andres Bonifacio
C. Apolinario Mabini
D. Jose Rizal
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Famous lines of Filipino heroes:
 Marcelo Del Pilar- Insurrection is the last remedy specially when the people have
acquired the belief that the peaceful means to secure the remedies for the evils prove futile.
Andres Bonifacio- Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya sa pagka-dalisay at pagka-
dakila gaya ng pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa? Aling pag-ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala.
Apolinario Mabini- Woe to the revolution, when the day comes, when the
people, overburdened by contributions and consumed by abuses, turn to their enemies for
salvation.
Jose Rizal- Cunsummatum Est

67. What message did Rizal want to put across in these words “There are no tyrants where
there are no slaves” during the Spanish period?
A. The slaves preferred slavery to freedom.
B. The Filipinos needed to reform themselves.
C. There will always be tyrants.
D. There will always be slaves.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: True meaning- Freedom from Spain was in the hands of Filipinos.

68. To whom did Rizal dedicate his second novel, El Filibusterismo?

A. To the other colonies of Spain
B. Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora
C. To the cruel governor-Generals
D. To his fellow propagandists
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Noli Me Tangere “First Novel”- Dedicated to the suffering of the Filipino People
El Filibusterismo “Second novel”- Dedicated to GomBurZa

69. Which is the message of Rizal’s La Indolencia del Filipino?

A. The rich natural resources and favorable climate encourage the Filipino get-by
mentality.
B. Study well. This is the only way to go up.
C. Rise in arms against Spain. Don’t be lazy.
D. The Filipno’s lack of unity will penalize them
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Rizal’s famous writings:
1. Amor Patrio- Love of the country “Longest essay”
2. Sobre La Indolencia De los Filipinos- The Filipino’s are not generally
lazy
3. Sa aking mga Kabata- Love of our native language
4. A la Juventud Filipina- The youth is the hope of our motherland
“Crowning glory as a Young Poet”
5. The young women of Malolos- Importance of Education
6. Mi Ultimo Adios- Die for the country
70. La Solidaridad is to the reformists while is to the Katipuneros.
A. Pahayag
B. Kalayaan
C. The Decalogue
D. La Propaganda
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Philippine’s famous newspapers:
1. La Solidaridad- Propaganda
2. Kalayaan- KKK
3. Del Superioir Govierno- First Newspaper

71. Who, after the capture of Aguinaldo, continued to lead the resistance against the Americans
by establishing the supreme Government of the Tagalog Archipelago and declared himself
President?
A. Mariano Sakay
B. Papa Rios
C. Maximo Hizon
D. Dominador Gomez
Answer: A.

72. Which statement(s) hold(s) true to the Katipunan?

A. Its political objective was the assimilation of the Philippines by Spain.
B. It was founded by Bonifacio upon receiving the news that Rizal would be deported to
Dapitan.
C. Its aim was merely to introduce reforms in the country.
D. Its members belonged to the middle class.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: A, C and D were associated with the Propaganda

73. Where did Rizal and Bonifacio NOT agree?

A. In the manner through which independence from Spain.
B. In the women membership of the Katipunan.
C. In the manner of organizing the Katipunan.
D. In their religious convictions.
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Rizal believes that the Filipino’s are never ready for an armed revolution and
that a peaceful revolution can lead to a consensus to provide Filipino’s equal rights as of a
Spaniard while Bonifacio believed that to end Spanish atrocities, we must gain Independence
and it can only be attained through an armed revolution.

74. Who is remembered as the Visayan “Joan of Arc”?

A. Teresa Magbanua
B. Agueda Esteban
C. Teodora Alonso
 D. Trinidad Tecson
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Teresa Magbanua- Joan of Arc of Visayas
Gabriela Silang- Joan of Arc of Ilocos

75. Which of the great reformists known for his Fray Botod exposed the ignorance, abuses and
immorality of a certain friar?
A. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
B. Diego Silang
C. Graciano Lopez Jaena
D. Apolinario Mabini
Answer: C.
Rationalization:Marcelo Del Pilar- Pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa
Apolinario Mabini- Memorias dela Revolucion Filipinas

76. The affairs of a cooperative are administered by persons elected or appointed in a manner
agreed by the members. This practice complies with the universally-accepted cooperative
principle of

A. division of net surplus

B. democratic control
C. open and voluntary membership
D. limited interest in capital
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Election is the very essence of democracy

77. Which assumption underlies the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?

A. Men always work harder when they work on that which is their own.
B. Land as a natural resource is a public property.
C. It is a sin to be rich and a virtue to be poor.
D. Filipinos’ dependence on landlords is a cultural fact.

Answer: B.
Rationalization: CARP Assumption: Men always work harder when they work on that which is
their own.
AIM: To empower people to help themselves

78. Which do local governments enjoy in terms of taxation?

I. Just share in the national taxes.
II. Equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and development of national wealth
within their respective areas.
III. Proportionate share in custom duties
A. II only
 B. I only
C. I and III
D. I and II
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
Section 5. Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of
revenues and to levy taxes, fees and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the
Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and
charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
Section 6. Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the
national taxes which shall be automatically released to them.
Section 7. Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of
the utilization and development of the national wealth within their respective areas, in the
manner provided by law, including sharing the same with the inhabitants by way of direct
benefits.

79. Your “paluwagan” evolved into a credit cooperative. Together with that credit cooperative,
your school canteen has also become a cooperative. Which type of cooperative would that be?
A. Marketing cooperative
B. Multi-purpose cooperative
C. Credit Cooperative
D. Service Cooperative
Answer: B.
Rationalization: TYPES OF COOPERATIVES:
CREDIT COOPERATIVE – promotes thrift among its members and creates funds in order
to grant loan for productive and provident purposes.
CONSUMER COOPERATIVE – procure and distribute commodities to members and non-
members.
PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE – undertakes joint production whether agricultural or
industrial.
MARKETING COOPERATIVE – engages in the supply of production inputs to members
and markets their products.
SERVICE COOPERATIVE – engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization,
transportation, etc.
MULTIPURPOSE COOPERATIVE – combines 2 or more of the business activities of these
different types of cooperatives.
80. What percentage of the internal revenue taxes is automatically released to local
government units as share of national taxes?
A. 12%
B. 40%
C. 15%
D. 10%

Answer: 40%
Rationalization: Section 284 of Republic Act No. 7160, the law which created the LGUs, states
that provincial, city and municipal governments must receive 40 percent of the total national
internal revenue taxes collected by the central government.

81. Which type of cooperative enables you to ensure loans for procedure and providing
purposes?
A. Credit cooperative
B. Service cooperative
C. Consumers cooperatve
D. Producers cooperative
Answer: A.
Rationalization: TYPES OF COOPERATIVES:
CREDIT COOPERATIVE – promotes thrift among its members and creates funds in order
to grant loan for productive and provident purposes.
CONSUMER COOPERATIVE – procure and distribute commodities to members and non-
members.
PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE – undertakes joint production whether agricultural or
industrial.
MARKETING COOPERATIVE – engages in the supply of production inputs to members
and markets their products.
SERVICE COOPERATIVE – engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization,
transportation, etc.
MULTIPURPOSE COOPERATIVE – combines 2 or more of the business activities of these
different types of cooperatives.

82. What do you call taxes imposed on goods exported from or imported into a country?
A. Smuggled good fees
B. Custom duties
C. Special assessment
D. Poll Taxes
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
Customs Duty- a tariff or tax imposed on goods when transported across international borders.
National taxes - ones paid to the government through the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR).
National Taxes
Capital Gains Tax- tax imposed on the proceeds from sale, exchange, or other disposition of
capital assets located in the Philippines. Examples of sold assets that are subject to capital gains
tax include properties, stocks, pieces of jewelry, and other high-value goods.
Documentary Stamp Tax- imposed on documents, instruments, loan agreements, and papers
that are used as evidence of acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of obligation, rights, or
property. Documentary stamps are usually found on deeds of sale and bank promissory notes,
among others.
Donor’s Tax- levied on a donation or gift for the gratuitous transfer of property between two or
more persons who are both still living at the time of transfer. Even relief goods sent for
donation are charged this type of tax.
Estate Tax- required to be paid before an estate is transferred to the rightful beneficiary or heir
of a deceased person. This is based on a graduated schedule of tax rate.
Excise tax- tax on goods produced for sale and subsequently sold within the country. It is
considered an indirect tax which means the manufacturer is supposed to recover it by adding
the amount to the selling price. Sin tax on tobacco and alcohol is an example of excise tax.
Income tax- imposed on all compensation and income received or earned from practice of
profession, conduct of trade in business, and from properties.
Percentage tax- business tax imposed on businesses not covered by Value Added Tax and
where gross annual receipts for sale of good and services do not exceed Php750,000.
Value Added Tax- indirect tax that is passed on to the end consumer. It is a form of
consumption tax making it the most common tax type because all final sales are almost always
charged this tax.
Withholding tax- tax deducted from salaries of employees and it is the company’s responsibility
to remit the same to the government. Other kinds of withholding tax are Expanded Withholding
Tax, Final Withholding Tax, and Withholding Tax on Government Money Payments.
Local Taxes
Basic Real Property Tax- tax on real properties classed as follows: agricultural, commercial,
industrial, residential, timberland, and mineral.
Franchise Tax- imposed by LGUs on business franchises at a rate not more than 50% of 1% of
the gross annual receipts of the previous taxable year.
Business of Printing and Publication Tax- collected from any business that does printing or
publication of printed materials such as books, cards, pamphlets, posters, or tarpaulins.
Professional Tax- collected from doctors, lawyers, engineers, and other professionals engaged
in the exercise or practice of professions that require government examination or acquisition of
license to practice.
Amusement Tax- tax on all forms of entertainment such as movies, concerts, and plays. This tax
is usually already included in the ticket price.
Community Tax- more commonly called Cedula, is required from individuals from a base fee of
Php5.00 and additional Php1.00 for every Php1,000 income.
Annual Fixed Tax- for Delivery Trucks and Vans amounting to Php500 is collected by the LGU
from trucks and vans which deliver goods such as beer, soda, and/or cigarettes.
Barangay Tax- subjected on sari-sari stores and retailers whose annual gross sales do not
exceed Php50,000 and is accrued on the first day of January of each year.
Barangay Clearance- paid as a legal permission for particular individuals, hosts, or companies to
conduct an event or start a business in a barangay.

83. Do local governments have a share in proceeds of the utilization and development of the
national wealth, like minerals, within their respective areas?
A. Yes, only by the way of direct benefits to local inhabitants.
B. Yes, but only local government units belonging to the fourth and fifth class.
C. Yes, but Congress shall provide by the law the manner by which they shall be entitled
to receive it.
D. No, local government units have already been granted taxing power by the
Constitution.
Answer: A.
Rationalization:
Article 10, Section 7. Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds
of the utilization and development of the national wealth within their respective areas, in the
manner provided by law, including sharing the same with the inhabitants by way of direct
benefits.

84. “Uniformity in taxation” means .

A. equality in amount
B. equality in burden
C. equity in taxation
D. equality in the total of annual tax
Answer: A.
Rationalization:
QUALITIES OF A SOUND TAX SYSTEM:
FISCAL ADEQUACY- Taxes collected by the BIR must be sufficient to fund the necessary
government expenditures and basic services in a fiscal year.
ADMINISTRATIVE FEASIBILITY- Payment of taxes must be taxpayer-friendly.
THEORETICAL JUSTICE- The ability to pay principle. A tax burden must be proportionate
to taxpayers’ income.
UNIFORMITY- all taxable articles or properties of the same class shall be taxed at the
same rate.
EQUITY- the taxpayer’s ability to pay.

85. In an effort to counteract depression or recession, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas may

A. sell government securities
B. increase the reserve equipment
C. decrease the interest rate charged against commercial banks
D. raise the interest rate charged against commercial banks
Answer: C.
Rationalization: FISCAL POLICIES:
TIGHT FISCAL POLICY (expansionary)- The government levies more taxes, tariffs and
increases interest rates.
LOOSE FISCAL POLICY (contractionary)- The government lowers taxes, tariffs and
decreases interest rates.

86. Which applies correctly to Philippine foreign trade?

A. The Philippine expenditure exports and earnings from imports fluctuate.
B. The Philippines spends more on imports than it earns from exports.
C. The Philippines spends less on imports that it earns from exports.
D. The Philippine expenditure on imports is balanced with its earnings from exports.
Answer: B.

87. Which of the following is a peaceful method of setting labor-management disputes?

A. Publicity
B. petroleum
C. coconut products
D. machinery
Answer: A.

88. The following are the leading Philippine imports EXCEPT .

A. transportation equipment
B. petroleum
C. coconut products
D. machinery
Answer: C.

89. Which of the following is NOT one of the component factors that make possible the flow of
production?
A. Land
B. Capital
C. Capitalism
D. Labor
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Productive Resources/Factors of Production: Land, Labor, Capital,
Entrepreneurial ability

90. The total value in pesos of goods and services produced in the Philippine economy during
the year is called .
A. Gross private domestic investment
B. net national income
C. net producer’s domestic gain
D. gross national product
Answer: Gross Domestic Product.
Rationalization: Measurement (determinants) of Productivity:
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT- Total value of goods and services produced in an
economy (inside the country) in a period of time (year).
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT- Total value of goods and services produced by
nationals (citizens) in a period of time (year).

91. Which one best describes social interaction?

A. Ability to join groups easily and mingle with peers.
B. Acting in relation to others and attuning responses to their responses.
C. The ability to confront.
D. Interpersonal relations in an institutional setting.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The capacity of human beings to interact with other people is the capacity of us
human being to become sociable. Social Interaction is an exchange between two or more
individuals and is a building block of society. Social interaction can be studied between groups
of two (dyads), three (triads) or larger social groups.

92. Let us assume that society is characterized by social class conflict. During a period of
National crisis brought about by war, class diminishes. What process is at work?
A. Integration
B. Assimilation
C. Cooperation
D. Accommodation
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Social integration refers to the principles by which individuals or actors are
related to one another in a society; system integration refers to the relationships between parts
of a society or social system. Despite the use of the word integration there is no assumption
that the relationships so described are harmonious. The terms social integration and system
integration can embrace both order and conflict.

93. “Going doing” with the behavior, attitude and belief of a group is .
A. Integration
B. Assimilation
C. transference
D. conformity
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
Transference- psychological phenomenon in which an individual redirects emotions and
feelings, often unconsciously, from one person to another.
Going doing- The conformance of a person to the norms of a particular society
94. By definition, in kinship-based societies, the members of a lineage, clan, or other kin group
are usually descendants of a .
A. dominant female
B. dominant male
C. common ancestor
D. dominant community leader
Answer: C.
Rationalization:
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even
if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized around a founding member or
apical ancestor.
Apical ancestor is a common ancestor from whom a lineage or clan may trace its descent.

95. Which is/are characteristics of a primary group?

A. Members with the same sex and same development stages.
B. Frequent conflict and competition among members.
C. Members with the same place and residence.
D. Small group size and face-to-face relationships.
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
Social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity
and common identity
Primary groups are those that are close-knit. They are typically small scale, include intimate
relationships, and are usually long lasting.
Secondary groups have the opposite characteristics of primary groups. They can be small or
large and are mostly impersonal and usually short term.

96. Which of the following best defines internal migration?

A. The movement of any large group of people as in the Mongol invasion of Europe.
B. The movement of people within a specific country.
C. Movement necessitated by natural disaster.
D. The voluntary movement of any group of peoples such as the emigration of English
colonists to New England in the 17th century.
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
Migration- Movement of people

Internal migration- refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between
states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a
different administrative territory.
International migration- refers to change of residence over national boundaries. An
international migrant is someone who moves to a different country.
97. The concept that different cultural patterns constitute different solutions to problems and
that these patterns should be interpreted in terms of their total context is called

A. assimilation
B. cultural relativism
C. cultural shock
D. cultural lag
Answer: B.
Rationalization: CULTURAL CONCEPTS:
• ETHNOCENTRISM- Ones culture is superior
• XENOSENTRISM- Anything foreign is superior
• TEMPOROCENTRISM- One’s own time is important than of the past or future
• SUBCULTURE- Distinct culture within a general culture
• COUNTER-CULTURE- Subculture which contradicts larger society
• CULTURAL RELATIVISM- Each culture should be judged based on its merits
• CULTURE LAG- Inability to immediately adopt to another culture
• CULTURE SHOCK- Disorientation and frustration when in another culture
• CULTURAL INTEGRATION- Adaption of mass culture
• ISOLATION- A culture continues to develop on it’s own
• DIFFUSSION- Spread of culture

98. Cases where infants were subjected to prolonged isolation show that
A. People are born with most of the traits they exhibit as adults
B. human beings can acquire culture without human contract
C. human beings can not be socialized unless they are brought up among human
D. mental-physical development does not depend upon human contact.
Answer: D.
Rationalization:

99. Traditional Chinese society was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
A. Civil service examinations
B. Practice of Shinto.
C. Patrilineal families.
D. Confucian beliefs.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: The Shinto belief is associated with Japan as the Japanese in their religion
“Shintoism” believes in the way of the “kami” or way of the gods. The Imperial Family is
believed to be a direct descendant of the great sun goddess Amaterasu.

100. The following are results of the Filipino’s deep faith in God EXCEPT
A. Courage
B. Optimism
C. Bitterness in times of Tragedy
 D. Daring
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The Filipinos had always been resilient. We are survivors and we smile even at
times of hardship.

101. “Trabaho lang, walang personalan” is an advice to counteract the Filipino trait of
A. “kanya-kanya” mentality
B. ambivalence
C. extreme personalism
D. sakop-orientedless
Answer: C.
Rationalization: NEGATIVE FILIPINO TRAITS:
Crab mentality- if we cannot win, then no one will.
Procrastination or “Mañana Habit”- Delaying of tasks.
”Bahala na” or “come what may” habit- Too fatalistic
Hypocrisy- being a double-faced person
Ningas Cogon- becoming too lazy to finish what we have started.
Filipino time- tardiness
Gossiping
Blaming others- being irresponsible and too self-righteous
Inconsideration- being thoughtless of others
Ignoring or not following simple rules and instructions
Attention grabbing- being an ‘epal’
Onion-skinned- Becoming too sensitive
Living beyond means- social climbing
Passivity- lack of leadership
Extreme Personalism
Ambivalence- Having conflicting feeligs

102. To which Filipino trait does the German gemeincshaft correspond?

A. Bayanihan spirit
B. Utang-na-loob
C. Pakikisama
D. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
• GEMEINSCHAFT
Rural relationship
Relationship is personal where friendship and kinship is integrated in the relationship
• GESELLSCHAFT
Urban relationship
Relationship is impersonal, specialized and business-like.
POSITIVE FILIPINO TRAITS:
Hospitality
Respectful
Strong Family Ties
Religiousity
Generosity And Helpful
Hardworking
Loving And Caring
Family Oriented
Flexibility, Adaptability, & Creativity
Resilience)
Camaraderie (Pakikisama Or Kapwa –Tao)

103. Hazing rites in schools persist despite their being outlawed. The purpose of such rites is to
A. increase awareness or religious traditions
B. celebrates national holidays and foster patriotism
C. minimize culture shock
D. mark changes in an individual’s status
Answer: D.
Rationalization:

104. Pro-poor programs of the Philippine government are meant to

A. make everyone live in affluence
B. reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor
C. make everyone equal
D. eliminate poverty
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The pro-poor programs of the previous and the present president of the
Philippines is anchored on the goal of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality, and lessen
the gap between the rich and the poor.

105. Philippine society is characterized as “islands of affluence amidst a sea of poverty”. What
social concern is implied?
A. Coercing the rich to share.
B. Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.
C. Penalizing the poor.
D. Working for the economic equality of all Filipino citizens.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The Philippines has a lot of resources. The constitution mandates that these
resources are to be enjoyed by all citizens. Thus, we must work together for an inclusive
economic growth.

106. Which is a hot, most biome near the earth’s equator?

A. Taiga
B. Tropical rain forest
 C. Savannah
D. Deciduous forest
Answer: C.
Rationalization: BIOMES/VEGETATION COVERS:

✓ Dessert- No precipitate
✓ Oasis- Small vegetation in deserts
✓ Savannah- Warm grasslands between deserts and tropical rainforests
✓ Steppe- Warm grassland which is quite cooler than Savannah. Have shallow rooted grass
✓ Prairie- Warm grassland with deep rooted grass which receives greater rain than steppe
✓ Rainforest- Areas where there are very high levels of rainfall.
✓ Deciduous forest- Forests with tress that shed leaves annually
✓ Boreal Forest/Taiga- Rocky mountain with coniferous trees
✓ Tundra- Rocky, icy mountains with few to no trees

107. Which is a hot, moist biome near the earth’s equator?

A. Taiga
B. Tropical rain forecast
C. Savannah
D. Deciduous forest
Answer: C.
Rationalization: BIOMES/VEGETATION COVERS:

✓ Dessert- No precipitate
✓ Oasis- Small vegetation in deserts
✓ Savannah- Warm grasslands between deserts and tropical rainforests
✓ Steppe- Warm grassland which is quite cooler than Savannah. Have shallow rooted grass
✓ Prairie- Warm grassland with deep rooted grass which receives greater rain than steppe
✓ Rainforest- Areas where there are very high levels of rainfall.
✓ Deciduous forest- Forests with tress that shed leaves annually
✓ Boreal Forest/Taiga- Rocky mountain with coniferous trees
✓ Tundra- Rocky, icy mountains with few to no trees

108. What percent of the earth’s surface do the four oceans and the numerous seas cover?
A. 71%
B. 80%
C. 655
D. 75%
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 97 percent of
the Earth's water. Less than 1 percent of the Earth's water is fresh water, and 2-3 percent is
contained in glaciers and ice caps. The oceans contain 99 percent of the living space on the
planet.
109. You are in a small country which is landlocked. In the 19th century, its major city was the
capital of an empire with a vast polyglot population. In which of the following countries are
you?
A. France
B. Switzerland
C. Bolivia
D. Austria
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Landlocked countries in Europe:
Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech
Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San
Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland and Vatican City.
The Empire of Austria founded in 19th century is known as one of the European superpowers
that time.

110. The interior of Australia is largely composed of

A. Humid tropics and lowlands
B. savannah and highlands
C. isolated mountain ranges and grasslands.
D. steppes and dessert
Answer: D.
Rationalization: There are three major Biomes in Australia. Tropical found in the eastern and
southwestern parts, savannah, found in the northern and southern parts while central Australia
is mainly desert.

111. In the dessert, the temperature is high during the day but low during the night because
.
A. there are just a few people in the dessert to absorb and disperse the heat
B. there is no vegetation in the dessert that helps regulate temperature
C. the dessert is at equator
D. there is very little moisture in the air to block the sun’s rays from reaching the earth
and once the sun goes down the heat absorbed during the day quickly escapes back into space.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Deserts daytime temperatures are high due to no cloud or humility to help
block the sun rays. The coldness of the desert at night is due to the cloudless skies which allows
the daytime heat to escape rapidly at nightfall.

112. According to Montesquieu, which continent is said to be the “intellectual center of the
world”?
A. North America
B. Europe
C. Australia
D. Asia
Answer: B.
113. A UN report states ”We could prevent desertification which costs 5.6 billion dollars, an
amount that the world spends on armaments in 2 days.” What does this imply?
A. If the world disarmed, we could prevent desertification.
B. Armaments help a nation develop into a world power.
C. The secret military alliances among the nations of Europe.
D. Desertification is more expensive that armaments used in 2days.
Answer: A.

114. Which was NOT a cause World War I?

A. The desire of nations to gain independence
B. Competition fro colonial and economic power among European nations
C. The secret military alliances among the nations of Europe
D. Japan’s imperialistic ambition
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The alliances and competition among nations in Europe and the assassination
of Archduke Francis Ferdinand were the main reasons for World War I. Japans Imperialistic
ambitions is the cause of the spread of World War II in the Pacific.

115. The industrial revolution had its very first start in .

A. France
B. England
C. Spain
D. the United States
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in
the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This started in Britain with
the invention of the steam engine.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION:
• INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION- Birth of Scientific thinkers- Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes,
Galileo, Isaac Newton
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Birth of Inventions. Replacement of human labor with
machineries
• REFORMATION- Call to reform church beliefs
• AMERICAN REVOLUTION-
• Struggle of the thirteen colonies to be freed from the British rule.
• FRENCH REVOLUTION-
• Deposed the King and started the reign of terror
• Used the Guillotine to execute “aristocrats”
116. In 1991, the Soviet Union split into separate states. Eleven of those states joined in a loose
political and economic organization known as the .
A. Union Republics
B. Commonwealth of Independent States
C. Russian Federation of States
D. Federal Socialist States
Answer: B.
Rationalization: The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially
granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union. It was a result of
the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration
acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created
the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) or the Russian commonwealth.

117. In the history of the United States of America, which event took place on Sept. 11, 2001?
A. President Clinton accused in White House Scandal.
B. Anthrax scare and death of victims.
C. Terrorist attacks on the United States hitting New York City’s World Trade Center and
the Pentagon in Washington D.C.
D. US Supreme Court sealed Bush’s election victory.
Answer: C
Rationalization: The The September 11 attacks(also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four
coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States
on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

118. The Philippines is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Which are the
other members?
A. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Thailand
B. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, China
C. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan
D. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
Answer: C
Rationalization: Countries of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam and Myanmar

119. Which is dubbed as China’s “Window to the West”, where many Filipinos work as domestic
helpers?
A. Taiwan
B. Hongkong
C. Tibet
D. Beijing
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Hongkong, known as Gateway to China is also China’s window to the west.

120. Which is true of the Philippines?

 A. Member of NATO
B. Member of the UN since 1954
C. Founding member of the ASEAN
D. Founding member of APEC
Answer: C.
Rationalization:
The ASEAN Declaration or Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was signed in Bangkok on 8 August 1967 by the five ASEAN
founding members, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand as a display of
solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and communist insurgency within their own
borders.
The five foreign ministers who signed the delaration were: Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R.
Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat
Khoman of Thailand – would subsequently be hailed as the Founding Fathers of ASEAN.

121. In which set up do governments control the major industries such as aircraft, radio and
televison?
A. Laissez faire economics
B. Capitalism
C. Traditional economics
D. Socialism
Answer: D.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS:
1. CAPITALISM- Economic system characterized by private individuals owning and
operating the majority of the businesses that produce goods and services. Also known
as laissez faire (let alone) and free enterprise where the state does not interfere.
2. COMMUNISM- A society in which the government owns all the nation’s resources. This
is the direct opposite of Capitalism.
3. SOCIALISM- The government owns and operates the basic industries like
telecommunications, water services, postal services, banking and selected
manufacturing. Private individuals are allowed to own and operate small enterprise.
4. MIXED ECONOMY- Has an element of more than one economic systems. It contains
both private and state owned enterprises.

122. With economic resources in mind, which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Capital
B. Food and Clothing
C. Natural Resources
D. Labor
Answer: B.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC/PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES: Land (Natural Resources), Labor, Capital,
Entrepreneurial Ability
123. The following economic principles--- laissez faire, free competition, private ownership, and
profit motive---- were promoted by .
A. Robert Engel
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Karl Marx
D. Adam Smith
Answer: D.
Rationalization: PROMINENT PEOPLE IN ECONOMICS:
Adam Smith- Father of Economics
Karl Marx- Father of Communism
John Maynard Keynes- Father of Macroeconomics

124. Which one best describes the period of recession?

A. The extended aftermath of a long depression.
B. A sudden and acute rise in unemployment, business, activity, and industrial output.
C. A limited period when unemployment rises and business activity slows down.
D. A limited period when unemployment rises and business activity slows down.
Answer: C or D.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC PROBLEMS:
 ECONOMIC BOOM
 Abrupt economic growth
 Total rise in spending
 INFLATION
 Sudden rise of price of Goods and Services
 The fall of money’s buying power
 RECESSION
 Temporary Economic Decline
 Fall in GDP in two consecutive quarters
 DEPRESSION
 A long and severe recession

125. Which economic system operates in the Philippines?

A. Fascism
B. Regulated Capitalism
C. Socialism
D. Communism
Answer: B.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS:
1. CAPITALISM- Economic system characterized by private individuals owning and
operating the majority of the businesses that produce goods and services. Also known
as laissez faire (let alone) and free enterprise where the state does not interfere.
2. COMMUNISM- A society in which the government owns all the nation’s resources. This
is the direct opposite of Capitalism.
 3. SOCIALISM- The government owns and operates the basic industries like
telecommunications, water services, postal services, banking and selected
manufacturing. Private individuals are allowed to own and operate small enterprise.
4. MIXED ECONOMY- Has an element of more than one economic systems. It contains
both private and state owned enterprises.

[Link] condition is attained when the maximum possible output of any one good is
produced.
A. Improved technology
B. Economic Growth
C. Economic boom
D. Productive efficiency
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Maximum possible output- production

127. Scarcity of resources in relation to desires on needs occurs

A. only under socialism
B. only under capitalism
C. only under wartime
D. in all societies
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
Scarcity- a naturally occurring limitation on the resource that cannot be replenished.
Shortage- occurs whenever quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied at the market.
Since scarcity is naturally occurring, it is present in all economies, thus in all societies and
communities.

128. Anthropologists characterize their discipline as holistic because

A. they study all kinds of people
B. they conduct ethnographic studies
C. they study the connections among sciences
D. they deal with all forms among sciences
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.
It is concerned with all human beings across times and places, and with all dimensions of
humanity (evolutionary, biophysical, sociopolitical, economic, cultural, psychological, etc.); also
many academic programs following this approach take a "four-field" approach to anthropology
that encompasses physical anthropology, archeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology or
social anthropology.
Thus, Anthropology is interdisciplinary because it bridges various disciplines. Likewise,
Anthropology considers culture, history, language, and biology as equally essential to a
complete understanding of human society.
129. How should anthropologists understand other people’s culture?
A. From the point of view of an outsider for objectivity.
B. From the perspective of an insider.
C. From the point of view of authorities in anthropology.
D. From the perspective of the anthropologist conducting the study to make it more
scientific.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: EMIC AND ETIC approaches in socio-cultural anthropology:
➢ EMIC APPROACH- The native’s or the community’s point of view is focus. The
researcher tries to understand the world from the perspectives of the natives
➢ ETIC- The observer-oriented approach which brings the researcher’s views and
interpretation of the subject to bring a more objective and comprehensive
viewpoint of the study.
Since culture is relative and there is no universal standard in judging any culture,
thus anthropologists must study and understand various cultures in the cultures’
own contexts.

130. Which method makes use of chemical and other types of scientific analysis to determine
the age of buried objects up to million years of age?
A. Dendrochronolgy
B. Potassium argon
C. Serration
D. Dating method
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a
method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the
properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

131. What may be the reason why the highly pigmented, dark skin evolved in the tropics?
A. As protection against intense sunlight.
B. Consequence of mild sunlight.
C. Crucial for the body’s ability to make Vitamin D.
D. For absorption of more light.
Answer: A.

132. Which are the characteristics of humans which other primates do not have?
I. Adorn themselves with clothing
II. Adorn themselves with body markings.
III. Have spare beliefs about the supernatural.
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. I and III
D. I, II and III
Answer: D.
Rationalization: I, II and III are clear proof of culture. Primates do not have culture and that is
the human advantage putting us on top of the food chain.

133. Which tenet of evolution states that the fittest members of species survive to pass on their
genetic information while the weakest are eliminated because they are unable to survive?
A. Mutation
B. Microevolution
C. Natural selection
D. Adapation
Answer: C.
Rationalization: “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” and the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin claims
that all forms of life “evolved” from simple to complex organism. This theory focuses on the
assertion of the “Survival of the Fittest and Elimination of the Unfit” through “natural
selection”- surviving in the changing environment. The following group of animals were the
firsts to live on earth in order; Fishes, Reptiles and Primates.

134. Which technique helps anthropologists understand why people in different cultures live as
they do?
A. Ethnographic study
B. Ethnical relativism
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Cultural relativism
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Ethnography is a holistic approach to research developed by anthropologists in
order to understand people within their social and cultural contexts. Ethnographic methods are
those that have been traditionally used by anthropologists, such as secondary data analysis,
fieldwork, observing activities of interest, recording fieldnotes and observations, participating
in activities during observations (participant observation), and carrying out various activities to
gather data.

135. Which technique should an anthropologist use to get an insider’s view on how and why
other people do what they do?
A. Participant observation
B. Genealogies
C. Unstructed observation
D. Survey Questionnaires
Answer: A.
Rationalization: ANTHROPOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
1. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
➢ The Anthropologist observes and records relevant events, actions, places,
objects, individual and collective behaviors and actions
➢ The Anthropologists take part in many activities and processes in the community
they are studying.
 2. ETHNOGRAPHIC CONVERSATION, INTERVIEWING AND INTERVIEW GUIDE
➢ The Anthropologist records information by starting by even the simplest
conversation with informants
➢ The Anthropologist interview individuals or group on issues relevant to him’
➢ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE- Interview with pre-planned question items (guidelines
for interview)
➢ QUESTIONNAIRES- Structured document which needs responses.
3. GENEALOGICAL METHOD
➢ Method that make use of art, paintings, cemeteries, rituals, etc. to obtain data
from “kin-based societies” to gather information on principles of kinship,
descent and marriage which are the building blocks of small-scale societies
(communities).
4. WELL INFORMED INFORMANTS/ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW
➢ Key informants- Natives of the community who can provide the best and rich
information about particular areas of life in the community
➢ Knowledgeable individuals in the community are identified and the researcher
learns a lot of issues about community life
5. LIFE HISTORIES
➢ The Anthropologist come across with individual or groups who present him/her
with interesting cases.
➢ The researcher conducts in-depth investigation on the life histories of individuals
or groups
6. EMIC AND ETIC RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
➢ EMIC APPROACH- The native’s or the community’s point of view is focus. The
researcher tries to understand the world from the perspectives of the natives
➢ ETIC- The observer-oriented approach which brings the researcher’s views and
interpretation of the subject to bring a more objective and comprehensive
viewpoint of the study.
7. PROBLEM-BASED ETHNOGRAPHY
➢ The Anthropologist will try to record and documents problems in the
society/community
➢ The anthropologists enters the community with specific questions in mind
(focused mainly in social problems), conducts research to derive to
recommendations to solve that problem
➢ More than interview, the anthropologist consult documents, archives, and
measure and record data on other phenomena or variables such as environment,
weather, diet, land use, etc.
8. LONGITUDAL RESEARCH
➢ Research that is not limited to specific locality or time period
➢ Anthropologists conduct longitudal research (with long term study) of a
community, region, society, culture or other variables based on repeated and
long immersions and visits
➢ This research is so “deep” that it will reveal important insights on the dynamic
and complex factors that affect people over “long” period of time
9. SURVEY RESEARCH
➢ Research that involves sampling, impersonal data collection, and sophisticated
statistical analysis
➢ Most visible and pervasive research in the social and behavioral sciences
➢ RESPONDENTS- People who provide information
➢ RANDOM SAMPLING- The respondents were chosen strategically where
all are given chances to be included in the study population

136. Which is NOT supportive of the Filipino pursuit of excellence?

A. “Make-do” mentality
B. Intolerance for opposing views
C. Meritocracy
D. Continuing education
Answer: B.

137. “If Mr. Estrada can become President of the Philippines, I see no reason why you cannot”
commits the fallacy of
A. false cause
B. faulty analogy
C. accident
D. hasty generalization
Answer: B.
Rationalization: FALLACIES:
1. FAULTY CAUSE: (post hoc ergo propter hoc) mistakes correlation or association for causation,
by assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.
example: A black cat crossed Babbs' path yesterday and, sure enough, she was involved in an
automobile accident later that same afternoon.

2. SWEEPING GENERALIZATION: (dicto simpliciter) assumes that what is true of the whole will
also be true of the part, or that what is true in most instances will be true in all instances.
example: Muffin must be rich or have rich parents, because she belongs to ZXQ, and ZXQ is the
richest sorority on campus.

3. HASTY GENERALIZATION: bases an inference on too small a sample, or on an

unrepresentative sample. Often, a single example or instance is used as the basis for a broader
generalization.
example: All of those movie stars are really rude. I asked Kevin Costner for his autograph in a
restaurant in Westwood the other evening, and he told me to get lost.

4. FAULTY ANALOGY: (can be literal or figurative) assumes that because two things, events, or
situations are alike in some known respects, that they are alike in other unknown respects.
example: What's the big deal about the early pioneers killing a few Indians in order to settle the
West? After all, you can't make an omelette without breaking a few eggs.
5. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE: (argumentum ad ignorantiam) attempts to use an opponent's
inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the validity of the conclusion, i.e. "You can't prove
I'm wrong, so I must be right."

example: We can safely conclude that there is intelligent life elsewhere in the galaxy, because
thus far no one has been able to prove that there is not.

6. BIFURCATION: (either-or, black or white, all or nothing fallacy) assumes that two categories
are mutually exclusive and exhaustive, that is, something is either a member of one or the
other, but not both or some third category.
example: Either you favor a strong national defense, or you favor allowing other nations to
dictate our foreign policy.

7. FALSE DILEMMA: (a form of bifurcation) implies that one of two outcomes is inevitable, and
both have negative consequences.
example: Either you buy a large car and watch it guzzle away your paycheck, or you buy a small
car and take a greater risk of being injured or killed in the event of an accident.

8. FAULTY SIGN: (also includes argument from circumstance) wrongly assumes that one event
or phenomenon is a reliable indicator or predictor of another event or phenomenon.
example: the cars driving in the opposite direction have their lights on; they must be part of a
funeral procession.

9. DAMNING THE SOURCE: (ad hominem, sometimes called the genetic fallacy) attempts to
refute an argument by indicting the source of the argument, rather than the substance of the
argument itself.
example: There is no reason to listen to the arguments of those who oppose school prayer, for
they are the arguments of atheists!

10. TU QUOQUE: (look who's talking or two wrongs make a right) pointing to a similar wrong or
error committed by another.
example: Gee, Mom and Dad, how can you tell me not to do drugs when you both smoke
cigarettes and drink alcohol?

11. EQUIVOCATION: allows a key word or term in an argument to shift its meaning during the
course of the argument. The result is that the conclusion of the argument is not concerned with
the same thing as the premise(s).
example: Only man is rational. No woman is a man. Therefore, no woman is rational.

12. BEGGING THE QUESTION: (petitio principii) entails making an argument, the conclusion of
which is based on an unstated or unproven assumption. In question form, this fallacy is known
as a COMPLEX QUESTION.
example: Abortion is murder, since killing a baby is an act of murder.
13. TAUTOLOGY: (a sub-category of circular argument) defining terms or qualifying an
argument in such a way that it would be impossible to disprove the argument. Often, the
rationale for the argument is merely a restatement of the conclusion in different words.

example: The Bible is the word of God. We know this because the Bible itself tells us so.

14. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY: (ipse dixit also called ad verecundiam sometimes) attempts to
justify an argument by citing a highly admired or well-known (but not necessarily qualified)
figure who supports the conclusion being offered.
example: If it's good enough for (insert celebrity's name here), it's good enough for me.

15. APPEAL TO TRADITION: (don't rock the boat or ad verecundiam) based on the principle of
"letting sleeping dogs lie". We should continue to do things as they have been done in the past.
We shouldn't challenge time-honored customs or traditions.
example: Of course we have to play "pomp and circumstance" at graduation, because
that's always been the song that is played.

15. APPEAL TO TRADITION: (don't rock the boat or ad verecundiam) based on the principle of
"letting sleeping dogs lie". We should continue to do things as they have been done in the past.
We shouldn't challenge time-honored customs or traditions.
example: Of course we have to play "pomp and circumstance" at graduation, because
that's always been the song that is played.

16. APPEAL TO THE CROWD: (ad populum or playing to the gallery) refers to popular opinion or
majority sentiment in order to provide support for a claim. Often the "common man" or
"common sense" provides the basis for the claim.
example: all I can say is that if living together is immoral, then I have plenty of company.

17. STRAW MAN: stating an opponent's argument in an extreme or exaggerated form, or

attacking a weaker, irrelevant portion of an opponent's argument.
example: A mandatory seat belt law could never be enforced. You can't issue citations to dead
people.

18. SLIPPERY SLOPE: (sometimes called a snowball argument or domino theory) suggests that if
one step or action is taken it will invariably lead to similar steps or actions, the end results of
which are negative or undesirable. A slippery slope always assume a chain reaction of cause-
effect events which result in some eventual dire outcome.
example: If the Supreme Court allows abortion, next think you know they'll allow euthanasia,
and it won't be long before society disposes of all those persons whom it deems unwanted or
undesirable.

19. APPEALING TO EXTREMES: A fallacy very similar to slippery slope, which involves taking an
argumentative claim or assertion to its extreme, even though the arguer does not advocate the
extreme interpretation. The difference between the two fallacies is that appealing to extremes
does not necessarily involve a sequence of causal connections.
example: Husband to ex-wife: Well, if you want to be completely fair about dividing everything
up, you should get one of my testicles and I should get one of your breasts!

20. HYPOTHESIS CONTRARY TO FACT: This fallacy consists of offering a poorly supported claim
about what might have happened in the past or future if circumstances or conditions were
other than they actually were or are. The fallacy also involves treating hypothetical situations as
if they were fact.
example: If you had only tasted the stewed snails, I'm sure you would have liked them.

21. NON SEQUITAR: (literally means "does not follow") in a general sense any argument which
fails to establish a connection between the premises and the conclusion may be called a non-
sequitar. In practice, however, the label non-sequitar tends to be reserved for arguments in
which irrelevant reasons are offered to support a claim.
example: I wore a red shirt when I took the test, so that is probably why I did so well on the
test.

22. RED HERRING: attempting to hide a weakness in an argument by drawing attention away
from the real issue. A red herring fallacy is thus a diversionary tactic or an attempt to confuse or
fog the issue being debated. The name of the fallacy comes from the days of fox hunting, when
a herring was dragged across the trail of a fox in order to throw the dogs off the scent.
example: accused by his wife of cheating at cards, Ned replies "Nothing I do ever pleases you. I
spent all last week repainting the bathroom, and then you said you didn't like the color."

23. INCONSISTENCY: advancing an argument that is self-contradictory, or that is based on

mutually inconsistent premises.
Example: A used car salespersons says, "Hey, you can’t trust those other car salesman. They’ll
say anything to get you to buy a car from them."

138. The Filipino sense of individualism is more a contribution of the culture.

A. pre-Spanish
B. Japanese
C. Western
D. Hindu
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Filipinos are generally collectivists, we only became Individualists because of
the westerners that conquered us.

139. If the statement is true, so is its .

A. inverse
B. contrapositive
C. negation
 D. converse
Answer: B.
Rationalization: LOGIC:
If the statement is true, then the contrapositive is also logically true. If the converse is true,
then the inverse is also logically true.
Note that the converse and inverse are contrapositives of each other, so if one is true the other
one is. Note too that the converse is the inverse of the contrapositive and the inverse is the
converse of the contrapositive.

140. The Philippines has lesser number of retirement homes and orphanages compared to the
West. To which Filipino value may this be attributed?
A. Social acceptance
B. Strong family loyalty
C. Smooth interpersonal relations
D. Hospitality
Answer: B.

141. The argument, No one has yet proven that God exists; so there is no God” commits the
fallacy of

A. Accident
B. Hasty Generalization
C. appeal ignorance
D. faulty analogy
Answer: C.
Rationalization: See fallacies

142. Social Justice, the “centerpience” of the 1987 Constitution, demands the reduction of the
widening gap between the rich and the poor. This effort leads to the building of
A. A classless society
B. an egalitarian society
C. a society of equals
D. a modern society
Answer: B.
Rationalization: See fallacies
An egalitarian is a person who believes in the equality of all people, and an egalitarian
society gives everyone equal rights. This is a word that means something close to equality and
has to do with fairness. Social Justice in the 1987 constitution is aiming for social equality.

143. What is the negation of the statement: “Some students have part-time jobs?”
A. No student has a part-time job.
B. All students have part-time job
C. Only one student has a part-time job.
D. Some students do not have part-time jobs.
Answer: D.

144. Which is the most predominantly Catholic country in Asia?

A. Philippines
B. Thailand
C. Vietnam
D. East Timor
Answer: A
Rationalization: The major Religions in Asia Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Jainism,
Christianity, Judaism, Shintoism, Sikhism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism.
Asian countries with large Christian populations are Philippines (84 million), China (68
million), India (24 million), Indonesia (23 million), Kazakhstan (16.5 million), South Korea (15
million), Vietnam (7 million), Georgia (4.6 million), Armenia (3.2 million), Malaysia (2.6
million), Japan (2.5 million), Pakistan (2.5 million), Uzbekistan (2.5 million), Syria (1.8
million), Sri Lanka (1.5 million), East Timor (1.2 million) and Taiwan (one million)

145 Which is South Asia’s largest country?

A. Thailand
B. China
C. India
D. Burma
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The countries of South Asia:
Afghanistan- A landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia with land area of
652,000 km2, Afghanistan is the 41st largest country in the world.
Bangladesh- Located in South Asia, Bangladesh is bordered by India to its west, north and east,
Burma to its southeast and to its south, it faces the Bay of Bengal. Along with the neighboring
Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura, it forms part of the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal.
Bhutan- Similar to Afghanistan, Bhutan is also a landlocked country in South Asia, situated at
the eastern end of the Himalayas. It is bordered to the north by China and to the south, east
and west by India.
India- The largest country of South Asia and the seventh-largest country in the world by area.
Because of the vastness of the country and variety of culture within different states, there is no
national language in India.
Maldives- Maldives is an island nation in the Indian Ocean-Arabian sea area. It is the smallest
Asian country in both population and area. The official and common language of the country is
Dhivehi, which is an Indo-Aryan language. The script used to write Dhivehi has changed over
time.
Nepal- Nepal is one of the three landlocked countries in South Asia. It is located in the
Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People’s Republic of China, and to the south, east
and the west by the Republic of India. The mountainous north of Nepal ha eight of the world’s
ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest.
Pakistan- Pakistan is the 36thlargest country in the world in terms of area. It is bordered by
India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast.
More than six languages are spoken in the country, where Urdu is considered as the lingua
franca with the understandability by over 75% of the total population.
Sri Lanka- Sri Lanka is an island country in South Asia with borders to India and Maldives. The
country is home to many religions, ethnic groups and languages. The official languages are
Sinhalese and Tamil and English is the link language.

146. The next century is said to be the Age of the Pacific. One factor that makes it so is
A. Japan, one of the world’s most industrialized nations, will dominate the economic
development of the origin.
B. The nations in the Pacific rim are English-speaking nation.
C. Hongkong, a British colony, was reverted to Chinese rule.
D. In the pacific are many ethnic groups.
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The Pacific Century (and the associated term Asia-Pacific Century) is a term
that has been used to describe the 21st century through analogy with the term American
Century. The implicit assumption underlying the usage of the term is that the 21st century will
be dominated, especially economically, by the states in the Asia-Pacific region, in particular
China, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan, the ASEAN members (particularly Indonesia, Vietnam,
Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore).

147. In which ON specialized agencies is the Philippines a Member?

I. Food and Agriculture Organization
II. World Health Organization
III. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IV. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
A. III and IV
B. I, II and IV
C. I and II only
D. I, II, III and IV
Answer: D.

148. Which one became a crown colony of Great Britain in 1826?

A. Indonesia
B. Malaysia
C. Singapore
D. Taiwan
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
A Crown Colony, also known in the 17th century as royal colony, was a type
of colonial administration of the English and later British Empire. Crown, or royal colonies were
ruled by a governor which is decided by the Monarch.
The Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Singapore were included in the crown colonies
in 1826 which was collectively called as the Straits settlements with capital in Georgetown, now
capital of Malaysian State of Penang.

149. The reversion of Hongkong to China resulted in the loss of colony by .

A. France
B. Britain
C. Germany
D. Holland
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on 25 January 1841 and used it as a
military staging point. China was defeated and was forced to cede Hong Kong to Britain in the
Treaty of Nanking signed on 29 August 1842. British Hong Kong was the period during
which Hong Kong was under British colonial rule, from 1841 to 1997.

150. Which continent is said to be the “birthplace of human species’?

A. Asia
B. Africa
C. South America
D. Europe
Answer: B.
Rationalization: While many scientists would argue that Europe is the place where the fossils of
the missing link could be found, however, the vast evidences of earliest human existence can be
found in the 180 square miles World Heritage site of South Africa. This site is a known labyrinth
of caves and sinkholes that riddle the limestone bedrock where fossils of pre-historic hominids
were discovered.