Abnormal Psychology Reviewer

(Historical Perspective)
Supernatural Theories : they saw abnormal behavior as a result of demon possession
Treatment used are:
1. Trephination: making a hole in the skull of a living person
2. Exorcism: driving the evil spirits from the body of the suffering person
3. Shamans/ Healers: they would say prayers or incantations so that the evil spirit would
go out in the body
4. Yin and Yang (Ancient China) : the human body was said to contain a positive force
and a negative force. Imbalance of these forces, illnesses including insanity would occur.
Biological Theories:
1. Kahun Papyrus: old document that has a list of number of diseases. It contains the
physician’s judgement and the appropriate treatment.
2. Hysteria: it is primarily experienced by women and it has something to do with their
uterus. But now, the term hysteria is used to refer to physiological complaints that has no
specific root or cause.
3. Papyrus Ebers: combination of physiological interventions and incantations to the gods
to assist in the healing process.
4. Hippocrates: considered as the father of medicine and he believed that our body contains
4 humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

Lethargic or sluggish person: Excess of phlegm

Depression or melancholia: Excess of black bile
Sanguine (cheerful, optimistic, confident) disposition: Excess of blood
Bilious (quick-tempered) people: Excess of yellow bile
(Medieval Times)
5. Witchcraft: women who thought to have an agreement with the devil. They were said to
be insensitive to pain because of the devil’s mark in their body. However, during the
medieval times, the accused witch who is sensitive to pain was caused because of their
poor nutrition and not because of the devil’s mark.
6. Johann Weyer: he argued that people who are accused of being witches were suffering
from melancholy and senility.
7. Reginald Scot: he supported Weyer’s beliefs.
8. Tarantism: people suddenly developed an acute pain, which is attributed to the bite of
tarantula. They jumped around and danced wildly. They have the symptoms of mania.
(Modern Biological Perspective)
1. Wilhelm Greisinger: argued that abnormal behavior was rooted in the diseases of the
brain or explained in terms of brain pathology.
2. Emil Kraepelin: a student of Greisinger. He gives classification to the mental disorders.
3. Dementia Praecox: term given by Kraepelin to the disorder now called Schizophrenia.
4. General Paresis: a disease that leads to paralysis, insanity and eventually death. In the
mid- 1800’s, they believed that syphilis is the cause of paresis.
5. Richard Krafft-Ebing: conducted a daring experiment. He injected paretic patients with
syphilis sores.

Psychoanalytic Theories
1. Franz Anton Mesmer: “Mesmerism” which later on called as hypnosis
2. Jean Charcot: introduces hysteria to Sigmund Freud
3. Joseph Breuer: introduces Catharsis to Freud
4. Studies on Hysteria: book published by Breuer and Freud
5. G. Stanley Hall: founder of American Psychological Association (APA)
(Behaviorism)
1. Wilhelm Wundt: experiments in sensation and memory. Father of Experimental
Psychology
2. Lightner Witmer: studied the cause and treatment of mental deficiency in children
3. Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
4. John B. Watson: studied phobias in terms of classical conditioning
5. B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
(Cognitive Revolution)
1. Albert Bandura: self-efficacy beliefs are crucial in determining the well being of a
person
2. Albert Ellis: people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by the irrational
negative assumptions about themselves and the world
3. Aaron Beck
(ASYLUMS or Madhouses)
1. St. Mary’s of Bethlehem Hospital: the public could buy tickets to observe the antics of
the inmates, much as we would pay to see a circus sideshow or animals at the zoo.
2. Jean Baptiste Pussin and Philippe Pinel: argued that people who behave abnormally
suffer from diseases should be treated humanely
3. Dorothea Dix: a boston school teacher who traveled around the country decrying
deplorable conditions in the jails and almshouses where mentally disturbed people where
placed. As a result of her efforts, 32 mental hospitals devoted treating people with
psychological disorders were established throughout the U.S
(SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS)

Psychosis: a thought disorder characterized by disturbances of reality and perception. A severe

type of psychosis is Schizophrenia. Mood disorder is another type of psychosis because of
delusions and hallucinations.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
Positive Symptoms
1. Delusions: false belief of ideas, situations or how you see yourself.

Persecutory delusion: belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and persecuted.
Referential delusion: belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues and so
forth are directed at oneself.
Grandiose delusion: when an individual believes that he/she has exceptional abilities
Erotomanic delusion: when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love
with him/her
Nihilistic delusion: belief that a major catastrophe will occur (e.g. flashfloods, end of the
world)
Somatic delusion: focus on preoccupation regarding health and organ function.
*Delusion can be bizarre and non-bizarre. Delusions that express a loss of control over mind and
body are generally considered to be bizarre; these include the belief that one thought have been
removed by some outside force (Thought withdrawal), that alien thoughts have been put into
one’s mind (thought insertion) and one’s body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by
some outside force (delusions of control)

2. Hallucinations: perception like experiences that occur without an external stimulus

Auditory Hallucination
Visual Hallucination
Tactile Hallucination: something is happening to the outside of the person’s body
Somatic Hallucination: something is happening inside the person’s body
*Auditory Hallucination is the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders

3. Disorganized Thinking (speech)

Derailment or loose association: the individual switch from one topic to another
Word Salad: speech may be severely disorganized or incoherent to the listener
 4. Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (including Catatonia)

Catatonic Behavior: marked decrease in reactivity to the environment

Negativism: resistance to instructions
Mutism: lack of verbal responses
Stupor: lack of motor responses
Catatonic Excitement: the person becomes wildly agitated for no apparent reason

Negative Symptoms
1. Diminished emotional expression (affective flattening or blunted affect): reduction in
the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact and intonation in speech
2. Avolition: decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities
3. Alogia: reduction in speaking
4. Anhedonia: inability to experience pleasure in normally pleasurable acts
5. Asociality: lack of interest in social interactions

Cognitive Deficits : deficits in basic cognitive processes, including attention and memory

*Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months

Other psychotic disorders:

1. Delusional Disorder: presence of one or more types of delusions with a duration of 1
month or longer
2. Brief Psychotic Disorder: presence of one or more of the ff. symptoms. At least one of
these must be (1), (2), (3)
(1) Delusions
(2) Hallucinations
(3) Disorganized speech
(4) Catatonic Behavior
*Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month,
with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning.
3. Schizophreniform Disorder: same symptoms with Schizophrenia but the episode of the
disorder lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months
*if the disturbance persists beyond 6 months, the diagnosis should be changed to schizophrenia
4. Schizoaffective Disorder: symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorder (mania or major
depressive)
(BIPOLAR and RELATED DISORDERS)
Manic
(1) a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and
abnormally or persistently increased goal-directed activities/energy, lasting at least 1
week and present most of the day, nearly every day.
(2) During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, 3 or more of the
ff. symptoms (4 if the mood is only irritable) are present to a significant degree and
represent a noticeable change from usual behavior:

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

Decreased need for sleep (feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
Distractibility
Increased in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences
Hypomanic
(1) A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4
consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day.
(2) Same symptoms with mania
Major Depressive
(1) 5 or more of the ff. symptoms have been present during the same 2 week period and
represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either
depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

1. Depressed mood
2. markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the
day, nearly every day.
3. Significant weight loss or weight gain
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly everyday
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
8. Diminished ability to think, concentrate, or indecisiveness
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation
without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt
Bipolar I disorder
1. Criteria have been met for manic episode and major depressive episode
Bipolar II disorder
1. For the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder, it is necessary to meet at least one criteria for
hypomanic episode and at least one symptoms of major depressive episode

Note: the hypomanic episodes themselves do not cause impairment. Instead, the
impairment results from major depressive episodes or from persistent pattern of
unpredictable mood changes and fluctuating, unreliable interpersonal or occupational
functioning.
Note: despite the substantial differences in duration and severity between a manic and
hypomanic episode, bipolar II disorder is not a “milder form” of bipolar I disorder.
Compared with individuals with bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder have greater
chronicity of illness and spend, on average, more time in the depressive phase of their
illness, which can be severe/ disabling.

Cyclothymic Disorder
1. For at least 2 years (at least 1 year in children and adolescents) there have been numerous
periods with hypomanic symptoms that do no meet the criteria for diagnosis of
hypomanic episode and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet
criteria for the diagnosis of major depressive episode
2. The diagnosis of Cyclothymic disorder is made only if the criteria for a major depressive,
manic, or hypomanic episode have never been met.

(DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS)
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
1. Chronic, severe persistent irritability
2. Frequent temper outbursts
3. They must occur frequently (on average, 3 or more times per week) over at least 1 year in
at least two settings (home, school, peers, etc.) and severe in at least one of these settings.
4. The mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day,
nearly every day
Major Depressive Disorder
*see symptoms of major depressive in bipolar and related disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
1. Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years, or at
least 1 year for children and adolescents.
 2. Presence, while depressed, of two or more of the following:
a. Poor appetite or overeating
b. Insomnia or hypersomnia
c. Low energy or fatigue
d. Low self-esteem
e. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
f. Feelings of hopelessness

(FEEDING AND EATING DISORDER)

 Feeding and eating disorder is characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or
eating-related behavior that results in altered consumption of absorption of food and that
significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning.
Pica
1. Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month.
2. Nonnutritive, nonfood substances include paper, soap, cloth, hair, wool, soil, chalk, paint,
gum, metal, pebbles, charcoals and etc.
Rumination Disorder
1. Repeated regurgitation of food, over a period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated food may
be re-chewed, re swallowed, or spit out.
2. Previously swallowed food that may be partially digested is brought up into the mouth
without apparent nausea, involuntary retching, or disgust. The food may be re-chewed
and then ejected from the mouth or re-swallowed. Regurgitation in rumination disorder
should be frequent, occurring at least several times per week, typically daily.
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
1. The main diagnostic feature of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is avoidance or
restriction of food intake manifested by persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional
and/or energy needs associated with one or more of the following:
a. Significant weight loss
b. Significant nutritional deficiency
c. Dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements
d. Marked interference with psychosocial functioning
Anorexia Nervosa
1. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body
weight (defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal)
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes
with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight
Bulimia Nervosa
1. Recurrent episodes of binge-eating
2. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, usch as
self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics and other medications, fasting, or
excessive exercise.
3. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at
least once a week for 3 months.
Binge-Eating Disorder
1. Recurrent episodes of binge-eating
2. The binge eating episodes are associated with3 or more of the ff:
a. Eating much more rapidly than normal
b. Eating until feeling uncomfortably full
c. Eating large amount of food when not feeling physically hungry
d. Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating
e. Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed or very guilty afterward
3. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present
4. Occurs at least once a week for 3 months

(ANXIETY DISORDER)
*Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is
anticipation of future threat
*Panic attacks feature prominently within the anxiety disorders as a particular type of fear
response

Separation Anxiety Disorder

1. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from
those to whom the individual is attached
2. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and
adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults.
Selective Mutism
1. Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation
for speaking despite speaking in other situations
2. Duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month

*Children with selective mutism do not initiate speech or reciprocally respond when
spoken to by others
 *Children with selective mutism will speak in their home in the presence of immediate
family members but often not to speak in the presence of close friends or relatives.
Specific Phobia
1. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
2. Typically last for 6 months or more.

a. Animal type: spiders, snakes, dogs

b. Natural Environment: heights, storms, water
c. Blood-Injection-Injury
d. Situational: airplanes, elevators, enclosed spaces

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

1. Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is
exposed to possible scrutiny of others. Examples include social interactions, being
observes, and performing in front of others
2. The individual fears that he or she will act in away or show anxiety symptoms that will
be negatively evaluated (will be humiliated or embarrassed or will lead to rejection)
3. Duration of disturbance is at least 6 months
Agoraphobia
1. Marked fear or anxiety about two or more of the ff. symptoms:
a. Using public transportation
b. Being in open spaces
c. Being in enclosed spaces
d. Standing in line or being in crowd
e. Being outside of the home alone
2. The individual fears or avoids these situations because of thoughts that escape might be
difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic like symptoms or
other incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms

Note: Situational specific phobia may resemble agoraphobia. If an individual fear

only one of the agoraphobia situations, then situational specific phobia may be
diagnosed. If two or more agoraphobic situations are feared, a diagnosis of
agoraphobia is likely warranted.
Panic Disorder
1. Recurrent or unexpected panic attacks. A panic attacks is an abrupt surge of intense fear
or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and during which time 4 or
more of the ff. symptoms occur:
a. Palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate
 b. Sweating
c. Trembling or shaking
d. Sensations or shortness of breath
e. Feelings of choking
f. Chest pain or discomfort
g. Nausea or abdominal distress
h. Feeling dizzy, unsteadiness, light-headed or faint
i. Chills of heat sensations
j. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
k. Derealizations (feelings of unreality) or depersonalizations (being detached from
oneself)
l. Fear of losing control or “going crazy”
m. Fear of dying

(OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE and RELATED DISORDERS)

Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thought, urges, or images, that are experienced as
intrusive of unwanted, whereas, Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an
individual feel driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be
applied rigidly.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
1. Presence of obsessions and compulsions
2. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (take more than 1 hour per day)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
1. Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that
are not observable or appear slight to others
2. At some point during the course of disorder, the individual has performed repetitive
behaviors (mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or
mental acts (comparing his/her appearance to others)
3. Formerly known as dysmorphophobia

Muscle dysmorphia: a form of body dysmorphic disorder occurring almost exclusively in

males, it is a consists preoccupation with the idea that one’s body is too small or
insufficiently lean or muscular.
Hoarding Disorder
1. Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual
value.
 2. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to distress associated with
discarding them
3. Individuals accumulate large number of items that fill up and clutter active living areas to
the extent that their intended use is no longer possible. For example, hindi mo na
magamit yung bed because of the items na hindi mo madiscard.
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
1. Recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss
2. Repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling
3. Hair pulling may occur from any region of the body in which hair grows (scalp,
eyebrows, eyelids, axillary, facial, pubic and pre-rectal regions)
Excoriation Disorder (skin-picking disorder)
1. Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions
2. Repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking
3. The most commonly picked sites are the face, arms, and hands. Individuals may pick at
healthy skin, at minor skin irregularities, at lesions such as pimples or calluses, or at
scabs from previous picking.
4. Individuals with excoriation disorder often spend significant amounts of time on their
picking behavior, sometimes several hours per day.

(TRAUMA and STRESSOR-RELATED DISORDER)

Reactive Attachment Disorder
1. A consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult
caregivers, manifested by both of the ff:
a. The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed
b. The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when distressed
2. A persistent social and emotional disturbance characterized by at least 2 of the ff:
a. Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others
b. Limited positive affect
c. Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident even
during nonthreatening interactions with adult caregivers
3. The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care
4. The disturbance is evident before age 5 years
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
1. A pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar
adults and exhibits 2 of the ff:
a. Reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults
b. Overly familiar verbal or physical behavior
 c. Diminished or absent checking back with adult caregiver after venturing away, even
in unfamiliar settings
d. Willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation
2. The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
1. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence in one of the ff.:
a. Directly experiencing the traumatic events
b. Witnessing in person the event as it occurred to others
c. Learning that the traumatic events occurred to a close family member or friend. In
cases of actual or threatened death of a family member/friend, the events must have
been violent or accidental
d. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic events
(but it does not apply exposure through media, television, movies, or pictures, unless
this exposure is work related.
2. Presence of one or more of the ff.:
a. Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event
b. Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream are
related to traumatic event
c. Dissociative reactions (flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the
traumatic events where recurring
d. Intense or prolonged psychological distress to exposure to internal or external cues
that symbolize or resemble as aspect of the traumatic events
e. Marked physiological reactions to internal/external cues that symbolizes or resemble
an aspect of the traumatic event.
3. Persistent avoidance of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event
4. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event (inability
to remember, persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs, negative emotional state, loss
of interest and etc)
5. Duration of the disturbance is more than 1 month
6. Depersonalization and derealization might occur in PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
1. Same symptoms with PTSD, the only difference is that the duration of disturbance in
ASD is 3 days to 1 month after the trauma exposure.
*if the symptoms persist for more than 1 month and meet the criteria for PTSD, the
diagnosis is changed from ASD to PTSD.
Adjustment disorder
1. The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable
stressor occurring within 3 months
2. These symptoms or behaviors are clinically significant, as evidenced by one or both of
the ff:
 a. Marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor,
taking into account the external context and the cultural factors that might influence
symptom severity and presentation
b. Significant impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

(DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS)
It is characterized by a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of
consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and
behavior. It is frequently found in the aftermath of trauma and many of the symptoms, including
embarrassment and confusion about the symptoms or a desire to hide them, are influenced by the
proximity of the trauma.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as the multiple personality)

1. Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states. The
disruption in identity involves alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory,
perception, cognition and/or sensory-motor functioning.
2. Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or
traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary forgetting

NOTE: Dissociative fugues, wherein the person discovers dissociated travel, are common in
D.I.D
Dissociative Amnesia
1. An inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or
stressful nature, the is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting
2. Localized amnesia: a failure to recall events during a circumscribed period of time. It is
the most common in dissociative amnesia
3. Selective amnesia: the individual can recall some, but not all, of the events during a
circumscribed period of time
4. Generalized amnesia: a complete loss of memory for one’s life history. It is a rare case
for dissociative amnesia.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
1. The presence of persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization, derealization or
both
2. Depersonalization: experience of unreality, detachment or being an outside observerwith
respect to one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body or actions
Derealization: experience of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings
(ELIMINATION DISORDERS)
Enuresis
1. Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, whether voluntary or intentional
2. Duration of disturbance is at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months
3. Nocturnal only (monosymptomatic enuresis): passage of urine during nighttime sleep
4. Diurnal only (urinary incontinence): passage of urine during waking hours
5. Nocturnal and Diurnal (nonmonosymptomatic enuresis): combination of two
subtypes above
Encopresis
1. Repeated passages of feces into inappropriate places (clothing, floor) whether
involuntary or intentional
2. At least such event occurs month for at least 3 months
(DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL AND CONDUCT DISORDERS)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
1. A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative behavior or vindictiveness lasting at
least 6 months
*the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder may be confined to only one setting, and
this is frequently at home.

NOTE: oppositional defiant disorder shares with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
the symptoms of chronic negative mood and temper outbursts. However, the severity,
frequency, and chronicity of temper outbursts are more severe in individuals with
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
Conduct Disorder
1. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or
major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence
of at least three of the following 15 criteria in the past 12 months from any of the
categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:

Aggression to people or animals:

1. Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
2. Often initiates physical fights
3. Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others
4. Has been physically cruel to peoples
5. Has been physically cruel to animals
6. Has stolen while confronting a victim
7. Has forced someone into sexual activity
 Destruction of property
8. Has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage
9. Has deliberately destroyed others’ property (other than fire setting)
Deceitfulness or Theft
10. Has broken into someone else’s house, building or car
11. Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (“cons” others)
12. Has stolen items of nontrival value without confronting a victim ( shoplifting,
forgery)
Serious Violations to rules
13. Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years
14. Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living parental or parental
surrogate home, or once without returning for a lengthy period
15. Is often truant from school, beginning age 13 years
Pyromania
1. Deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion
2. Pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires or when witnessing or participating in
their aftermath.
Kleptomania
1. Recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or
for their monetary value.
2. Pleasure, gratification, or relief at the time of committing the theft

(SOMATIC SYMPTOMS AND RELATED DISORDERS)

Somatic symptom disorder
1. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or results in significant disruption of
daily life
2. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated
health concerns as manifested by at least one of the ff.:
a. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms
b. Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms
c. Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns
3. Duration of disturbance is typically more than 6 months
NOTE: in body dysmorphic disorder, the individual is excessively concerned about and
preoccupied by, a perceived defect in his/her physical features. In contrast, in somatic symptom
disorder, the concern about somatic symptoms reflects fear of underlying illness, not of a defect
in appearance.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
1. Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness
2. Somatic symptoms are not present
3. There is a high level of anxiety about health, and the individual is easily alarmed about
personal health status.
4. The individuals performs excessive health-related behaviors or exhibits maladaptive
avoidance.
5. Illness preoccupation has been present for at least 6 months
6. Formerly known as Hypochondriasis.
Note: Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when significant somatic symptom are present. In
contrast, individuals with illness anxiety disorder have minimal symptoms and are primarily
concerned with the idea they are ill.
Conversion Disorder
1. One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function. Motor symptoms
include weakness or paralysis, abnormal movements such as tremor or dystonic
movements, gait abnormalities and abnormal limb posturing. Sensory symptoms include
altered, reduced, or absent skin sensation, vision or hearing.

(Sorry di ko masyado gets tong conversion disorder, feeling ko kulang yung explanation
AHAHAHA ☹ )
Factitious Disorder
1. Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or inductions of injury or
disease, associated with identified deception.
2. The individual present him/herself to others as ill, impaired or injured.
Factitious Disorder imposed on Another
1. Previously known as Factitious Disorder by Proxy
2. Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or inductions of injury or
disease, in another, associated with identified deception.
3. The individual presents another individual (victim) to others as ill, impaired or injured.

NOTE: Malingering is differentiated from factitious disorder by the intentional reporting of

symptoms for personal gain (money, time off work). In contrast, the diagnosis of factitious
disorder requires the absence of obvious rewards.
(PERSONALITY DISORDER)
Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
1. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted
as malevolent
a. Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving
him/her
b. Preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or
associates
c. Reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will
be used maliciously against him/her
d. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events
e. Persistently bears grudges
f. Perceive attacks in his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others
and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack
g. Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual
partner
Schizoid personality disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of
expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and
present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four or more of the ff.:
a. Neither desire nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family
b. Almost always chooses solitary activities
c. Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person
d. Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities
e. Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives
f. Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others
g. Shows emotional coldness, detachment or flattened affectivity
Schizotypal personality disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with,
and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual
distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a
variety of contexts, as indicated by four or more of the ff.:
a. Ideas of reference
b. Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with
subcultural norms
c. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions
d. Odd thinking and speech
e. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideations
 f. Inappropriate or constricted affect
g. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric or peculiar
h. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first degree relatives
i. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be
associated with paranoid fears rather negative judgements about self.
Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring
since 15 years old, as indicated by 3 or more of the ff.:
a. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated
by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest
b. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for
personal profit or pleasure
c. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
d. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated repeated physical fights or assaults
e. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
f. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent
work behavior or honor financial obligations
g. Lack or remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt,
mistreated, or stolen from another
2. The individual is at least 18 years old
Borderline Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and
affects and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety
of contexts, as indicated by four or more of the ff.:
a. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
b. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by
alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
c. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of
self
d. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging
e. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats or self-mutilating behavior
f. Chronic feelings of emptiness
g. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
h. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Histrionic Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to
negative evaluation
Dependent Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging
behaviors and fears of separation
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
1. A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and
interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency.

(PARAPHILIC DISORDERS)
Voyeuristic Disorder
1. Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is
naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by
fantasies, urges, or behaviors
2. For over a period 6 months
Exhibitionistic Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure
of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or
behaviors
Frotteuristic Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or
rubbing against a nonconsenting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors
Sexual Masochism Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of
being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, as manifested by fantasies,
urges, or behaviors
Sexual Sadism Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical
or psychological suffering of another person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or
behaviors
Pedophilic Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousing fantasies, sexual
urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children
(generally age 13 yrs. Or younger)
2. The individual is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children.
Fetishistic Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from either the
use of nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on nongenital body parts, as
manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors
Transvestic Disorder
1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from
crossdressing, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors