GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, AURANGABAD

LAB POWER ELECTRONICS

(EE3017)

NAME : Akshay N. Matsagar

CLASS: TY(B-tech) EEP
ROLL NO.: BE19S03F007

Guide - Santosh Yadav Sir

1
Expt.no Experiment Name Page no. sign

1 To plot Static V-I Characteristics of SCR, IGBT, MOSFET and 3

measure IL, IH, VBO.

To plot Transient Characteristics of SCR/MOSFET 9

2

Construct SCR using two transistors. 12

3

To draw waveforms of load voltages by varying firing angles for R, 15

4
R-C, UJT Triggering Methods of SCR.

Draw waveforms of load voltages using Forced Commutation 19

5
methods of SCR.

To draw waveforms of load voltages for single phase half wave and 28
6 full wave Converter with R, RL loads.

To draw waveforms of load voltages for single phase half and fully 32
7 controlled converter with R, RL loads.

To draw waveforms of load voltages for three phase fully converters 39

8
with R, RL, RLE load.

To observe the operation of Series/parallel Inverters and measure 44

9
associated voltage

2
EXPERIMENT NO 1

Aim: To plot Static V-I Characteristics of SCR, IGBT, MOSFET and measure IL, IH, VBO.

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink

Theory:

1. SCR: The full form of SCR is “Silicon Controlled Rectifier”. It is a three terminal
semi conducting device. The three terminals are anode (A), cathode (K) and gate
(G). SCR is used as static switches in relay control, motor control, phase control,
heater control, battery chargers, inverter, and regulated power supplies. SCR
characteristic is drawn between anode to cathode voltage (VAK) vs. anode current
(IA) for different values of gate current (IG).
2. MOSFET: MOSFET is a three terminal semi conducting device. Its conductivity
can be controlled by gate signal. The three terminals are gate (G), source (S) and
drain (D). It can be operated as an amplifier or as a switch. Static output
characteristic curve is drawn between drain current (ID) and drain to source
voltage (VDS) for the given value of gate to source voltage (VGS). Transfer
characteristic is drawn between drain current (ID) vs. gate to source voltage
(VGS).
3. IGBT: IGBT is a three terminal semi-conductor device. The device is turned ON
by applying positive voltage greater than threshold between gate and emitter. The
three terminals are base (B) or gate (G), collector (C) & emitter (E). It can be
operated as an amplifier or as a switch. Static output characteristic curve is drawn
between collector current (IC) and collector to emitter voltage (VCE) for a given
value of base/gate to emitter voltage (VGE).

Procedure:
1) Start the MATLAB software.
2) Open a new simulation window by clicking on Simulink button.
3) Window that appears in Simulink library browser the window contains component that
can be plotted into Simulink or design window.
4) Drag & drop the components from library.
5) Run the simulation.

3
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1.1 Simulink Model of SCR to plot static V-I characteristics

Fig.1.2 Waveform of SCR for supply voltage, switching pulse, output voltage output current and
average output voltage

4
 Fig.1.3 Simulink model of MOSFET for static characteristics

Fig.1.4 Simulink model of IGBT

Fig.1.5 Waveform of IGBT for supply voltage, switching pulse, output voltage, output current
and average output voltage.

5
Results:

Fig.1.6 V-I characteristics of SCR

Fig.1.7 Output characteristics of MOSFET

6
Fig.1.8 Transconductance characteristics of MOSFET

Fig.1.9 transconductance characteristics of IGBT

7
 Fig.1.10 collector characteristics of IGBT

Conclusion:
From above experiment we have observed the static characteristics of SCR,
MOSFET and IGBT.

8
EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: To plot Transient Characteristics of SCR/MOSFET

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink

Theory:
SCR:
A forward biased thyristor is usually turned on by applying a positive gate voltage between gate
and cathode. There is, however, a transition time from a forward off state to forward on state.
This transition time called thyristor turn-on-time is defined as the time during which it charges
from forward blocking state to final ON state. Total turn ON time can be divided into three
intervals. 1.Delay time 2. Rise time 3. Spread time
Thyristor turn off means it has changed from on to off state and is capable of blocking the
forward voltage. This dynamic of SCR from conduction state to forward blocking state is called
commutation process. Turn off time of a thyristor is defined as the instant at which anode current
becomes zero and the instant SCR regains forward blocking capability.
MOSFET:
The switching characteristics of power MOSFET are influenced to the large extent by the
internal capacitance of the device and internal impedance of the gate drive circuit. Turn on time
is divided into turn on delay time and rise time. During delay time the input capacitance charges
to gate threshold voltage and drain current to zero. In rise time drain current rises from zero to on
state current.
MOSFET is majority carrier device and turn off process is initialised soon after removal of
gate voltage. Turn off is divided into turn off delay time and fall time. During turn off delay
time drain current is constant and during fall time, Id decreases to zero and the input capacitance
discharges fully.

Procedure:
1) Start the MATLAB software.
2) Open a new simulation window by clicking on Simulink button.
3) Window that appears in Simulink library browser the window contains component that can be
plotted into Simulink or design window.
4) Drag & drop the components from library.
5) Run the simulation.

9
Figure:

Fig.2.1 Simulink model of SCR

Fig.2.2
Simulink model of MOSFET

10
Results:

Fig.2.3 Waveform of SCR w.r.t pulse,anode current and anode to cathode voltage.

Fig.2.4. Waveform of MOSFET w.r.t pulse, drain current, drain to source voltage.

Conclusion:
From this experiment we observed the transient (switching) characteristics of SCR
and MOSFET.

11
EXPERIMENT NO.3

Aim: Construct SCR using two transistors.

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink installed on PC

Theory:
Two transistor analogy of SCR is a method of representing SCR in the form of two transistor
model. This represents SCR is the combination of PNP and NPN transistor SCR or thyristor is a
three terminal semiconductor device which having P-N-P-N structure. The basic operating
principle of SCR can understand by two transistor method of SCR.As per figure you can see two
transistors equivalent circuit of SCR. From the figure, you can see the base of the transistor T 1 is
work as the collector of the transistor T2 and collector of the transistor T1 work as the base of the
transistor T2. Now here we find the expression for anode current of SCR.

As per transistor leakage current equation,

Collector current is expressed as,
𝐼𝑐 = 𝛼𝐼𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶𝐵𝑂

Where α is the current gain of transistor and Icbo is the leakage current of the common base
transistor.
For transistor T1 emitter current = anode current Ia and collector current Ic = Ic1

IC1=α1Ia+ICBO1
12
Where α1 is the current gain of transistor T1.

Similarly, for transistor T2,𝐼𝑐2 = 𝛼2 𝐼𝑘 + 𝐼𝑐𝑏02

Where α2 is the current gain of transistor T2. And emitter current of transistor T2 = cathode current
Ik.
Hereby figure, you can see anode current Ia is the sum of two collector current: Ic1 and Ic2

By putting Ik = Ia + Ig, anode current Ia will be,

SCR working with two transistor model

13
Woking of the SCR can be easily explained by two transistor model of SCR. As per figure you
can see with supply voltage V and load resistance R is applied to SCR. Here first Assume the
supply voltage V is less than break over voltage as is usually the case. When the gate is open (i.e.
switch S open), there is base current Ib=0. For the base of the T2 is connected with the collector
of The T1. Therefore, no current flows in the collector of T2 and hence that of T1. So for this
condition, SCR is in OFF condition.
Whenever switch S is closed, a small gate current will flow through the base of T2 which means
its collector current will increase. The collector of the transistor T2 is connected with transistor
T1. So, the collector current of T2 is the base current of T1. Therefore, the collector current of
T1 increases. But collector current of T1 is the base current of T2. This action is accumulative
since an increase of current in one transistor causes an increase of current in the other transistor.
As a result of this action, both transistors are driven to saturation, and heavy current flows
through the load RL. Under such conditions, the SCR closes.

Conclusion:
SCR using two transistors id constructed.

14
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim: To draw waveforms of load voltages by varying firing angles for R, R-C, UJT Triggering
Methods of SCR.

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink

In power electronic applications SCR is used as switching device to control power flow from
source to load. SCR is a semi-controlled device and has three modes of operation forward
blocking, forward conduction and reverse blocking mode. In order to bring SCR to ON state, a
minimum gate current (latching current) is required. This experiment shows simple method of
obtaining gate current for triggering the SCR using R, RC and UJT to control SCR
.
R-Triggering:
It includes few fixed resistor, variable resistor, diode, SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier), Load resistor. Fig. 4.1 shows a very simple variable resistance half-wave circuit. It
provides phase retard from essential zero (SCR full “on”) to 90 electrical degrees of the anode
voltage wave (SCR half “on”). Diode D1 blocks reverse gate voltage on the negative half-cycle
of anode supply voltage.

RC-Triggering:
It includes variable resistor, two diodes, SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier),
Capacitor, Load resistor. The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 4.2. On the positive half-cycle of
SCR anode voltage, the capacitor charges to the trigger point of the SCR in a time determined by
the RC time constant and the rising anode voltage. The top plate of the capacitor charges to the
peak of the negative voltage cycle through diode D2 on the negative half-cycle, resetting it for
the next charging cycle.

UJT Triggering
A unijunction transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has only one junction.
The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by
lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. The emitter is of p-type and it is heavily doped. Initially the
capacitor charges through R whose voltage is applied to the emitter of UJT. When the capacitor
voltage reaches peak point voltage of UJT. The UJT will switch to on condition. Now the
capacitor discharges through the output resistance. Thus the pulse is generated in the circuit. RC
firing circuit and UJT firing circuit controls firing angle of SCR from 0-180 degree.

Procedure:
1) Start the MATLAB software.
2) Open a new simulation window by clicking on Simulink button.
3) Window that appears in Simulink library browser the window contains component that can be
plotted into Simulink or design window.
4) Drag & drop the components from library.
5) Run the simulation.

15
Figure:

Fig.4.1 Simulink model of R triggering

Fig.4.2 Simulink model for RC triggering

Fig.4.3 Circuit diagram of UJT triggering of SCR

16
Result:

Fig.4.4a Waveform of R triggering for higher resistance 5000ohms

Fig.4.4b
Fig.4.4b Waveform of R triggering for higher resistance 5000ohms

17
 Fig.4.5a Waveform of RC triggering for high value of resistance

Fig.4.5b Waveform of RC triggering for low value of resistance

Conclusion:
From this experiment we studied the R, RC and UJT triggering techniques of SCR

18
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Aim: Draw waveforms of load voltages using Forced Commutation methods of SCR.

Software used: MATLAB

Theory:

Commutation is a critical process used in the turn OFF of SCR

commutation methods are classified into two major types. They are:

• Natural Commutation
• Forced Commutation

Natural Commutation

In natural commutation, the source of commutation voltage is the supply source itself. If the
SCR is connected to an AC supply, at every end of the positive half cycle, the anode current
naturally becomes zero (due to the alternating nature of the AC Supply). As the current in the
circuit goes through the natural zero, a reverse voltage is applied immediately across the SCR
(due to the negative half cycle). These conditions turn OFF the SCR.

This method of commutation is also called as Source Commutation or AC Line Commutation

or Class F Commutation. This commutation is possible with line commutated inverters,
controlled rectifiers, cyclo converters and AC voltage regulators because the supply is the
AC source in all these converters.

Fig. Natural commutation

19
During the positive half cycle of the AC Supply, the load current flows normally. But, during the
negative cycle, the SCR will turn OFF (due to momentary zero current and immediate negative
polarity). For successful natural commutation, the turn OFF time tOFF must be less than the
duration of half cycle of the supply.

Forced Commutation

In case of DC circuits, there is no natural current zero to turn OFF the SCR. In such circuits,
forward current must be forced to zero with an external circuit (known as Commutating Circuit)
to commutate the SCR. Hence the name, Forced Commutation.

This commutating circuit consist of components like inductors and capacitors and they are called
Commutating Components. These commutating components cause to apply a reverse voltage
across the SCR that immediately bring the current in the SCR to zero.

Depending on the process for achieving zero current in the SCR and the arrangement of the
commutating components, Forced Commutation is classified into different types. They are:

• Class A – Self Commutation by Resonating the Load

• Class B – Self Commutation by Resonating the Load
• Class C – Complementary Commutation
• Class D – Auxiliary Commutation
• Class E – Pulse Commutation
such as class A, B, C, D, and E. This commutation is mainly used in chopper and inverter
circuits.

Class A commutation

This is also known as Self Commutation by Resonating the Load or simply the Resonant
Commutation. In this commutation, the source of commutation voltage is in the load. The
commutating components are L and C and the Capacitor can be connected either in parallel or in
series with the load resistance RL as shown below.

There are also waveforms of SCR current, voltage and capacitor voltage.

20
The value of load resistance and the commutating components are selected in such a way that
they form an under-damped RLC resonant circuit. When the circuit is applied with a DC Source,
the forward currents starts flowing through the SCR and during this period, the capacitor is
charged up to the value of Vdc. The current in the circuit will be either of the two waveforms
shown below, depending on how the load is connected to the capacitor (parallel or series).

21
When conducting, the current in the SCR is the charging current of the capacitor. From the
waveforms, it is clear that the current becomes zero at the point ‘K’. At this point, the SCR turns
OFF.

The resonant frequency of the circuit, which depends on the Commutation Components L and C
and also on the load resistance, determines the time for switching OFF the SCR.

Class A Commutation method is simple and reliable and is usually used in high frequency
operations i.e., frequencies in the range of 1000 Hz and above due to the high values of L and C
components (as they carry the full load current). This type of commutation is generally used in
Series Inverters.

Class B Commutation

This is also a self commutation circuit in which commutation of SCR is achieved by a resonating
LC Circuit. But the main difference between Class A and Class B Commutation is that the LC
resonant circuit is connected across the SCR but not in series with the load as in case of Class A
Commutation. As a result, the commutating circuit and the L and C components in it doesn’t
carry the load current.

The following image shows the Commutating Circuit and also the waveforms associated with
Class B Commutation.

22
When a DC supply is applied to the circuit, the capacitor charges up to Vdc, with an upper plate
positive and lower plate negative. When the SCR is triggered, the current flows in two
directions: one is through Vdc+ – SCR – R – Vdc– and the another one is the commutating current
(IC) through L and C components.

When the SCR is turned ON, the capacitor starts discharging in the path C+ – L – SCR – C–.
When the capacitor is fully discharged, it starts charging with a reverse polarity. As a result of
the reverse voltage, a commutating current IC, will flow in the opposite direction of the load
current IL.

When the commutating current IC becomes higher than the load current, the SCR will
automatically turn OFF and the capacitor charges with its original polarity (through Inductor and
Load).

From the above explanation, we can understand that the SCR is turned ON for some time and
then automatically turned OFF for some time. This is a continuously repeating process. The
frequency of ON/OFF state depends on the values of L and C in the commutating circuit. This
type of commutation is mostly used in chopper circuits.

Class C Commutation

In this commutation method, the main SCR (which is to be commutated) is connected in series
with the load and an additional or complementary SCR is connected in parallel with the main
SCR. Hence, this method is also called as Complementary Commutation.

In this, SCR turns OFF with a reverse voltage of a charged capacitor. The figure below shows
the complementary commutation with appropriate waveforms.

23
Initially, both SCRs are in OFF state so the capacitor voltage is also zero. When the SCR1 or
main SCR is triggered (by applying a pulse to its gate), current starts flowing in two paths: one is
the load current IL through Vdc+ – RL – SCR1 – Vdc– and the other is the charging current of the
capacitor IC through Vdc+ – R1 – C+ – C– – SCR1 – Vdc–. Therefore, the capacitor starts charging
up to the value of Vdc, with the polarity as shown in the above image.

When the SCR2 is triggered (by applying a pulse to its gate), it is turned ON. As a result, the
negative polarity of the Capacitor is applied across the anode of SCR1 and the positive polarity is
applied to cathode of SCR1.

This will cause a reverse bias across the main SCR (SCR1) and hence, it turns OFF. Now, the
capacitor charges through the load and the path is Vdc+ – RL – C+ – C– – SCR2 – Vdc–. The
polarity of the capacitor is now reversed.

If the SCR 1 is triggered once again, the discharging current of the capacitor turns OFF the SCR2
and the process repeats.

This commutation is mainly used in single phase inverters with a center tapped transformers. The
McMurray Bedford inverter is the best example of this commutation circuit. This is a very
reliable method of commutation and it is also useful even at frequencies below 1000 Hz.

Procedure:
1. Open a new model window in MATLAB and Simulink.
2. Take the entire component according to requirements.

24
 3. Connect them according to circuit.
4. Set the values of input DC source.
5. Set the value of Pulse Generator.
Simulation Diagram

Fig.5.1 Simulink model of class A commutation

Fig.5.2 Simulink model of class B commutation

25
 Fig.5.3 Simulink model of class C commutation

Results:

Fig.5.4 Waveform of class A commutation

26
 Fig.5.5 Waveform of class B commutation

Fig.5.6 Waveform of class C commutation

Conclusion:
From above experiment we studied A, B and C commutation techniques of forced
commutation and observed the waveforms respectively.

27
EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Aim: To draw waveforms of load voltages for single phase half wave and full wave Converter
with R, RL loads.

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink installed on pc.

Theory:

single phase half wave and full wave Converter with R loads.
A Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier circuit consists of SCR / thyristor, an AC voltage
source and load. The load may be purely resistive, Inductive or a combination of resistance and
inductance. For simplicity, we will consider a resistive load. A simple circuit diagram of Single
Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier is shown in figure below.

v0 = Load output voltage

i0 = Load current
VT = Voltage across the thyristor T
Following points must be kept in mind while discussing controlled rectifier:
• The necessary condition for turn ON of SCR is that, it should be forward biased
and gate signal must be applied. In other words, an SCR will only get turned ON
when it is forward biased and fired or gated.
• SCR will only turn off when current through it reaches below holding current and
reverse voltage is applied for a time period more than the SCR turn off time.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Give the firing pulses accordingly at a suitable firing angle from the firing circuit.
3. Observe the load voltage on the screen and note down the firing angle
4. Draw the waveforms and calculate the average and rms value of output voltage.

28
Figure:

Fig.6.1.Simulink model of single-phase half wave converter with R load.

Fig.6.2.Simulink model of single-phase half wave converter with RL load.

Fig.6.3.Simulink model of single-phase full wave converter with R load.

29
 Fig.6.4.Simulink model of single-phase full wave converter with RL load.

Result:

Fig.6.5. Output waveform of single-phase half wave converter with R load.

30
 Fig.6.6 Output waveform of single-phase half wave converter with RL load

Conclusion:
The waveforms of load voltages for single phase half wave and full wave Converter with
R, RL loads are drawn.

31
EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Aim: To draw waveforms of load voltages for single phase half and fully controlled converter
with R, RL loads.

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink installed on pc

Theory:
Single phase half-controlled converter:
Single phase fully controlled bridge converters are two quadrant converters having
unidirectional current with both positive and negative voltage polarity. Thus, they can be operated
either as a controlled rectifier or an inverter. But for some applications that do not utilize the
inverter mode operation, a fully controlled converter with four thyristors and their associated
control and gate drive circuit makes the system unnecessarily complicated. In such situations, two
of the thyristors of a single phase fully controlled converter has to be replaced by diodes as shown
in figure 1. The resulting converters are called single phase half-controlled converters. Half
controlled convertors are single quadrant converters having one polarity of voltage and current at
the DC terminals.

Single phase fully-controlled converter:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with RL load
with freewheeling diode during positive half cycle T1 and T11 are forward biased. When T1 and
T11 fired at wt=α, the load is connected to the input supply through T1 and T1 1 during period
α≤wt≤π. During the period from π≤wt≤(π+α), the input voltage is negative and freewheeling
diode DF is forward biased, DF conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive
load. The load current is transferred from T1and T1 1 to DF and thyristor are turned off at wt=π.
During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 and T2 1 are forward biased, and the
firing of T2 and T2 1 at wt=π+α will reverse bias DF. The diode is turned off and the load
connected to the supply through T2 and T2 1. This conversion has better power factor due to the
freewheeling diode.
The average output voltage can be found from
Vdc (average) = (1/π) α∫πVm SinӨ dӨ
= (Vm /π) [-cosӨ]α π Vdc (average)
= (Vm /π) [1+cosα]

32
 Circuit Diagram of Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Converter with R load

Circuit Diagram of Single Phase fully Controlled Bridge Converter with R load

Procedure:
1.Make the connections as per circuit diagram with elements taken from the MATLAB library
for both R & RL load.
2.Simulate them.
3.Observe the waveform carefully on scope.

Figure:

33
 Fig.7.1 Simulink model of single-phase half-controlled converter with R load

Fig.7.2 Simulink model of single-phase half-controlled converter with RL load

Fig.7.3 Simulink model of single-phase half-controlled converter with RL load freewheel diode

34
 Fig.7.4 Simulink model of single-phase fully-controlled converter with R load.

Fig.7.5 Simulink model of single-phase fully-controlled converter with RL load.

Fig.7.6 Simulink model of single-phase fully-controlled converter with RL load free wheel
diode.

35
Result:

Fig.7.7 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of Single-
phase half controlled with R Load.

Fig.7.8 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of Single-
phase half controlled with RL Load.

Fig.7.9 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of Single-
phase half controlled with RL Load free wheel diode.

36
Fig.7.10 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of Single-
phase fully controlled with R Load

Fig.7.11 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of Single-
phase fully controlled with RL Load

Fig.7.12 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of Single-
phase fully controlled with RL Load free wheel diode.

37
Conclusion:

From above experiment we observed the waveforms of load voltages for single phase half and
fully controlled converter with R, RL loads.

38
EXPERIMENT NO. 8

Aim: To draw waveforms of load voltages for three phase fully converters with R, RL, RLE
load.

Software used: MATLAB/Simulink installed on pc

Theory:

three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge controlled rectifier using six thyristors
connected in the form of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors are controlled
switches which are turned on at a appropriate times by applying suitable gate trigger signals.

The three phase full converter is extensively used in industrial power applications upto about
120kW output power level, where two quadrant operations is required. The figure shows a three
phase full converter with highly inductive load. This circuit is also known as three phase full
wave bridge or as a six pulse converter.

The thyristors are triggered at an interval of (∏/3) radians (i.e. at an interval of 30°). The
frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fs and the filtering requirement is less than that of three
phase semi and half wave converters.

At ωt=(∏/6 +α) , thyristor is already conducting when the thyristor is turned on by applying the
gating signal to the gate of . During the time period ωt=(∏/6 +α) to (∏/2 +α), thyristors and
conduct together and the line to line supply voltage appears across the load.

At ωt=(∏/2 +α), the thyristor T2 is triggered and T6 is reverse biased immediately and T6 turns
off due to natural commutation. During the time period ωt=(∏/ +α) to (5∏/6 +α),
thyristor T1 and T2 conduct together and the line to line supply voltage appears across the load.

The thyristors are numbered in the circuit diagram corresponding to the order in which they are
triggered. The trigger sequence (firing sequence) of the thyristors is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12,
23, and so on. The figure shows the waveforms of three phase input supply voltages, output
voltage, the thyristor current through T1 and T4, the supply current through the line ‘a’.
39
We define three line neutral voltages (3 phase voltages) as follows

Procedure:
1. Open a new model window in MATLAB and Simulink.
2. Take the entire component according to requirements.
3. Connect them according to circuit.
4. Set the values of input DC source.
5. Set the value of Pulse Generator.

40
Figure:

Fig.8.1 Simulink model of three phase fully converters with R load.

Fig.8.2 Simulink model of three phase fully converters with RL load.

Fig.8.3 Simulink model of three phase fully converters with RL load free wheel diode.

41
Result:

Fig.8.4 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of three-
phase fully controlled with R Load.

Fig.8.5Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of three-phase
fully controlled with RL load.

42
 Fig.8.6 Waveforms of input voltage, gate pulses, output voltage and output current of three-
phase fully controlled with RL load free wheel diode.

Conclusion:
The waveforms of load voltages for three phase fully converters with R, RL, RLE load are
drawn.

43
EXPERIMENT NO. 9

Aim: To observe the operation of Series/parallel Inverters and measure associated voltages.

Apparatus:
Series Inverter kit, Rheostat-50 ohms, CRO, Connecting wires. Parallel inverter kit,
Inductor, Transformer

Theory

A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage and
frequency is called an inverter. If the thyristor commutation circuit of the inverter is in
series with the Load, then the inverter is called “Series inverter. In this circuit, it is possible
to turn-on thyristor Tp before the current through thyristor Tn has become zero and vice-
versa. Therefore, the Modified Series Inverter can be operated beyond the resonance
frequency (fr) of the circuit. Inverter is operated at the resonance frequency (fr) if the load
current waveform has low frequency and should not have zero current interval. The
inverter’s resonance frequency depends on the values of L, R and C in the circuit. The
inverter unit consists of a power circuit and a firing circuit.

Firing Circuit

This part consists two pairs of alternate isolated trigger drive signal to fire two
SCR’s alternatively. ON/OFF switch is provided for the trigger pulses which can be used
to switch ON the inverter. Frequency of the inverter can be varied from 100 Hz to 1 KHz
approximately.

Power Circuit

This part consists of two SCR’s, two diodes a center tapped inductor with tapings
and 4 capacitors. Input supply terminal is provided with aON/OFF switch and a fuse. All
the devices in this unit are mounted with proper heat sink, snubber circuit for dv/dt
protection and a fuse in series with each device for short circuit protection.

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Fig.9.1 Modified Series Inverter

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 Fig.9.2 Voltage and Current Wave forms

Parallel Inverter
The circuit shown in Fig 1 is a typical class C Parallel inverter. Assume SCR 2 to be
ON and SCR1 to be OFF. The commutating capacitor C is charged to twice the supply
voltage and remains at this value until SCR1 is turned on. When SCR1 is turned on, the
current flows through upper half of the primary SCR1 and commutating inductance L.
Since voltage across C cannot change instantaneously, the common SCR cathode point
rises approximately to 24V dc and reverses biasesSCR2. Thus SCR2 turns off and C
discharges through L, the supply circuit and then recharges in the reverse direction. The
autotransformer action makes C to charge making now its upper point to reach +24V dc
volts ready to commutate SCR1, When SCR2 is again turned on and the cycle repeats.

Fig.9.3 Parallel Inverter

Freewheeling diodes Dp and DN assist the inverter in handling a wide range of loads and the
value of C may be reduced since the capacitor now does not have to carry the reactive current.
To dampen the feedback diode currents within the half period, feedback diodes are connected
to tapping of the transformer at 25V tapping.

This module consists of two units – (1) Firing circuit and (2) Power circuit.

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 Firing Circuit:

This unit generates two pairs of pulse transformer isolated trigger pulses to
trigger two SCR’s connected in center tapped transformer type parallel inverter.
Frequency of the inverter can be varied from 75Hz to 200 Hz approximately.

Power Circuit:

This unit consists of two SCR’s, two freewheeling diodes, commutation

inductor, commutation capacitor and a center tapped transformer to be inter connected
to make parallel inverter. All the points are brought out to the front panel. A switch and
fuse is provided for input DC supply. All the devices are mounted on proper heat sink.
Each device is protected by snubber circuit.

Fig.9.4 Voltage and Current Wave forms for parallel invert

Conclusion:
Thus, Series and parallel Inverters are studied.

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