CIVL6003 – Advanced Reinforced

Concrete Structure Design

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Dr. Ray Su
Department of Civil Engineering

office: HW 6-6, Tel. no.: 2859 2648

Yield Line Theory - 02 Email: [email protected]
Moment on Yield Line
(1) Skewed Reinforced Slab (m1≠m2)
Right-hand rule
m1 for moments
A skewed slab
A
α C
mn
m2 m2In Slide 17

mt β mn = m1 cos2φ1
B
mt = m1 cosφ1 sinφ1

By using the Johansen’s Stepped Yield Criterion, mn and mt can be found

mn = m1 cos2α+ m2 cos2β
mt = m1 cosα sinα+ m2 cos β sin β

2
 In Slide 17
mn = m1 cos2φ1
Moment on Yield Line mt = m1 cosφ1 sinφ1

(2) Orthotropic Reinforced Slab (m1≠m2) φ1=α for m1 or α+90o for m2

m1
sin(90o+α)=cos(α)
m1 cos(90o+α)=-sin(α)
A C
α
mn Right-hand rule
m2 m2 for moments

mt β=α+90o
α B

By using the Johansen’s Stepped Yield Criterion, mn and mt can be found

mn = m1 cos2α+ m2 cos2(90o+α)
mt = m1 cosα sinα+ m2 cos(90o+α) sin(90o+α)
mn = m1 cos2α + m2 sin2α
mt = (m1 – m2) cos α sin α
3
Moment on Yield Line
(3) Isotropic Reinforced Slab (m1=m2)

m1

m2 = m1

m1 = m2 = m
mn = m(cos2α + sin2α) = m mn does not depend on α
mt = 0

4
Moment on Yield Line
(3) Mohr’s Circle for Moments

mt

(mn , mt)
m1 = m2 = m
m2 2α m1 mt = 0
mn

Although for orthotropic slabs, m1 is not equal to m2 and therefore mt is

non-zero, mt does not play an important role in the yield line analysis as
the corresponding twisting rotation between the two slabs adjacent to the
yield line is always equal to zero. (assuming no torsional failure) 5
Notations
Simply support +ve yield line

xxxxxx Continuous support -ve yield line

Beam axis of rotation

Free edge + downward force

Column upward force

Sagging moment is positive

Hogging moment is negative

6
 Assumptions of Yield Line Theory

A square slab subject to uniformly distributed load

θD
Simply Supported
θA θB
Deformed
slab θA +θB X X
θA θB
Yield line (Fracture pattern)
X-X

θC
1. At fracture, the Mu per unit length of yield lines is assumed to be constant

M Mu
The value of Mu depends on the
Idealized parameters of RC section and the
strength of materials
BS8110/ HK Code: Mu = (0.87fy)Asz
θ Code of Practice for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013 can be freely downloaded
from the website of Buildings Department, 7
HKSAR (http://www.bd.gov.hk/)
 Yield line patterns
2. Yield lines are generally straight
and stop at boundaries.

3. The yield line of two adjacent

slab parts must pass through the a b
point b of intersection of their axes
of rotation.

Line of support

Rigid slab parts a 4. Axes of rotation lie along

lines of supports and pass over
b b columns. Slab parts rotate about
those axes.
Axis of rotation
column
5. At fracture, elastic deformations are small compared with the plastic
deformation and are therefore ignored.
Examples of Yield Line Patterns
Simply Supports

UDL UDL

Fixed Support Simply Support

UDL UDL

Fixed Support Fixed Support 9

Energy (Virtual Work) Method
(1) Fracture pattern is assumed, and the slab is deflected in the fractured
state as a mechanism.

(2) Having postulated a valid mechanism, it is given a virtual

displacement. Then,
Total internal virtual work = Total external virtual work
U=W ... E (1)

(3) This equation gives the relationship between the slab strength
(ultimate moment) and the external loads, from which the solution is
found.

10
Energy (Virtual Work) Method
There are three common approaches to find the design moment:
(1) Algebraic process – the fractured pattern is defined by
certain variables (e.g. angles, distances), in terms of which the
virtual work equation is formed. The critical values of these
variables can be found by differential calculus.

(2) Arithmetic (trial-and-error) process – several possible

patterns are solved arithmetically via the virtual work equation.
By comparing the solutions, the most critical answer is
selected.
(3) Practical design process – assume a reasonable yield line
pattern and solve arithmetically via the virtual work equation.
By increasing the design moment by 10% (known as 10% rule)
to cater for the inaccuracy in the assumed yield line pattern.
11
Formulation of Virtual Work
Equation
Virtual work done by external loads:
p = load per unit area
Yield line

δ = unit deflection at yield line (point A)

a b R
n n'
L
A
dx W =  [  p  dx  dy ] R ... E (2)
dy
Axes of
rotation

n δ=1 n'
θn = θa + θb
θa θb
1 1
mn θn = +
a b

12
Formulation of Virtual Work
Equation
Dissipation of internal work:

mn = normal moment/unit length on a yield line

(may vary depending on the reinforcement arrangement)
θn = normal rotation of the yield line at the corresponding point
= a constant along a straight yield line

U =  [  m
n n ds ] L ... E (3)
A yield line
θn
mn
θn
mn
ds

13
 Obtaining θn from support rotations
θn=θA cosαA + θB cosαB
L cosαA Energy dissipation along the yield line
θA
Simply L cosαB θn mn L =(θA cosαA + θB cosαB) mn L
support αA = θA mn (LcosαA) + θB mn (LcosαB)
A αB θn mn L=θA mn (LcosαA) + θB mn (LcosαB)
θn
mn θB
B Projected length of the yield line
onto the axis of rotation
Simply
The energy dissipation in a yield
support
θAcosαA θBcosαB L line is equal to the energy
dissipations from the individual
θn rigid parts connected to the yield
θA
line concerned.
αA
αB
A mn
θA cosαA mn θB
L B
θB cosαB
14
Formulation of Virtual Work
Equation
From Eq. E(1), hence,

 [  p  dx dy] R =  [  m
n n ds ] L ... E (4)

The LHS is the summation of all slab regions, while the RHS is the summation
of all yield lines.

15
 Example: Simply Supported Square
Plate Subject to UDL (isotropic)
Assumed Yield Line
pattern
a b p = u. d. l.
B
A e Let e be given a unit displacement
L=2h

X C X
c.g. For region A: External works =
D
d c  p  dx dy A = [Total Load] A × [δ a ] ... E (5)
h h
h2 1/3 Vertical
ph 2
θA θC  WA = A p δa = deflection at
3 the c.g. of A
1
Similarly: WB = WC = WD = WA
X-X e
4 ph 2
 W = [W] i = ... E (5a)
3

m mn Now consider internal work along the yield lines aed. It has
been shown that (using Johansen’s Stepped Yield Criterion)
the moments along yield line for isotropic slab: mn = m , mt = 0
m 16
 Consider the slab part A, the energy dissipation along
mn
the yield line is
θA A
L

UL = θAmn L=(1/h)m(2h)=2m ... E (6)

mn
Projected length of the yield line

and U = ∑[UL] = 4UL = 8m ... E (6b)

ph 2 pL2 ... E (6c)

From eq. E(5a) and E(6b): m = =
6 24

As the failure moment obtained by the yield line theory may not
correspond to the true collapse mode, the design moment is often
obtained by increasing the failure moment by a factor of 1.1, i.e.
mdesign=1.1×(1/24)pL2=0.045pL2.
In the elastic analysis, the moment at mid-point of slab is pL2/16
(=0.0625pL2) for square plate with free supports.
Class work
A simply supported triangular slab each length 5m is subject to uniformly
distributed load of 10kPa. By adopting the yield line pattern as shown below,
determine the design ultimate moment in the slab.
Assume a unit vertical deflection at point O
h=(5/2)×(1/3) = 5/(23)
External work done =  p×A×δ
=3×{10×[5×h]/2×(1/3)}
=3×{10×[5×5/(23)]/2×(1/3)}
O =125/(2 3)
Internal work dissipation along yield lines
h =  θ×m×L=3{1/h×m×5}
=3{1/[5/(23)]×m×5}
=63 m
5000 Equating external and internal energy
m=125/36=3.47kNm/m
Design moment = 1.1m 18
= 3.82 kNm/m
Example: Isotropic Slab Simply
Supported at 3 sides
1
a b
α θ1 α
m m
x
e m β
m

θ3 3 2 p = u.d.l.
m m θ2
L-x

f
d c
L/2 L/2

Let e be given a unit virtual displacement. The yield-line pattern is

defined by variable x.
19
 The rotation of three parts of the slab:
θ1 = 1/x
θ2 = θ3 = 1/(L/2) =2/L
3
Internal work U =  [ n  mds]
1 n =1

a b =θ1 m L + θ2 m L + θ3 m L
α θ1 α
m m
x =(1/x) m L + (2/L) m L + (2/L) m L
e m β
m
=Lm /x + 4m
θ3 3 2 p = u.d.l.
m m θ2
L-x

f c
d
L/2 L/2

20
 1
a b
α θ1 α
β
x
e

θ3 3 2 p = u.d.l.
θ2
L-x

f c
d
L/2 L/2

Slab part 1 is a (Δ), parts 2 & 3 can be regarded as a( ) +a(Δ)

δ δ δ
External work =
3
1 Lx 1 L 1 Lx
W =  [  p  dA ] = p{[  ] + 2[ ( L − x ) +  ]}
1 3 2 2 2 3 4
L x
= pL ( − )
2 6
21
 L L x
U =W  m ( + 4 ) = pL ( − )
x 2 6
pL ( L 2 − x 6)
m= i.e. m =f(x)
L x+4

dm
For maximum m, the condition is =0 from which the value of x is solved:
dx

x = 0.65L

pL2
Hence the ultimate mu =
moment demand is: 14.1
Comments on the Yield-line method

• Assume a set of admissible mechanisms

• Predicted load capacity P ≥ Pe (True limited load)
• Predicted yield moment m ≤ me (True limited
moment)
• Design based on upper bound theorem is usually
non-conservative
• It is common to increase the failure moment
obtained from the yield-line method by 10% to get
the design moment.

23
Comments on the Yield-line method

In the last example, we have showed that

PL ( L 2 − x 6 )
m = m( x) = …U(1)
L x + 4

m (L x + 4 ) …U(2)
and P = P( x) =
L (L / 2 − x / 6 )

P
True collapse 1
30 m load => a b
Minimizing P α θ1 α
m m
x
e m β
20 m m
P  Pe
Pe=14.1m Eq. U(2) θ3 3 2
m m θ2
L-x
10 m

f c
0 x/L d
24
0.5 0.65 1.0 L/2 L/2
Comments on the Yield-line method

Ultimate moment demand

True design
moment =>
m Maximizing m
Increased
me by 10%
0.071 P
0.06 P m ≤ me Eq. U(1)

1
0.04 P a b
α θ1 α
m m
x
0.02 P e m β
m

x/L θ3 3 2
0 θ2
Assumed 0.5 0.65 1.0 L-x m m

yield line
pattern, f c
e.g. x/L=0.35
d 25
L/2 L/2
To be continued