Poge

chaptea 10
S-block elennents

Cap

- beee

5-ovbital
e entes in
S-block last

G1PT AlKaline Eazsth metas

Alkali meals

C1oup - Alkali metols

s2 (2s)
Na12 25,2p6,3e
2 2 2 ,28o4s
Rb 55
31
Cs
55

Fr
84 s
 elassmate.
Date
Page

ese metals 9Heackuotb uuotes to

Pozo conaesponding
[Link] hydaoxides ane staooglyalalt in natuae
bydaoxide

Paopeaties o Alkali Metals

Hydaation

2Lo melting [Link] boiling point

lamecolouTation.
4 Photo electaic effect

Hydration
The paocess oF dissolving a substance in water 16 tezrned
asHydoation
Deggee of hydnation lollouag the ondes
Li Na>k2>cet Ft

dlecgee oF
LithuroionLit) has Iroaxi muo no-o hydaation dueto sroall
1oning Sze FoT this deacon lithuo salt arse most hyduated
Thot is Licl 241O

Lou meHing pont and boiling point

Eindicates weak metallic bonding due to the pxesente o
Singlevalende eletao0s in thero
 Olme Date

Ruo-stloes
net abeov b Page
b 9lease

3 Fame Colouatioo
Rb Cs
Li Na
Element violet Blue
Red violet Blue
Caimson qellow
9ted
Elame Coloux

chaaocteaettcColouzto the Plar

iAkaline metals
iopat
PlarM _exicte
Outtesmost ele.

because heat Faom the brOUnd e t t t e

enevqy level(CS)6o a highes eneggy levellea

om louoer /000
unstable when the exiceted electaon
Heae t is
gaound state here is a emicsLon oP odid4
back to the
uwhich is the cOrmplementosu olour o?
in visible Tegion
appea as CelDuato-the Elatne
he absonbed light this
1elaa
4 Photoeletaic ePlect
ene Y
Staikes
When a photoo SuPticient oiALAUPOseeOeu

the Suakace oP alkali metals The electaons ave

eected
alkoli metals cosiuro has louwest lonisation enEhalpy

( duc to te lacge size ond hence it shouds photoeleita

C ePPert to the maxirnum extend

19aq Chernicalpaopersties o Alkalise Oetals

tPeactton uoth 0ugen

Reactico uat hydaoqen
3ReaLion with wate
 [Link] haloge

RaactionwithOxugen

CipL
LitO Li,O monoxde Mo)
Nat 0 Na,O Peaoaide M,O,)
Kt0 Ko
Rb+0 PRbo Supea Oxide (MO
Co+O C60

ot
Giacup roetale seacts wtb oxugen to loam 3types
oxides Honoxide, Pezoxide and Supedoxide

Reactio0 uoith Hydrsogen

H+H M H
GapT Mekallic hydaide
CGalt fIonie hydraide)

cedglid
(Oggeo sool L e t e h
eg2Na 4 2NaH
(Sad Hydoide)

Reactior with uate

HHo HOHt H
C9pI)
 elASSMAte
Date
Page

Na HO NaOH

Cne T( MOH Basic

L LiOH stoength
Na NaoH ncaeae
KoH

Rb Rbot
Cs CGOH

Basic staength inuseases as Ghouon aboveS

Reoson- lonisation enthalpy degeases doun the qroup n
M-O bond ol M-0-H becornes ueak Hence Saesi
amoung Litiuro hydaoxideand Coesiuro hydxoxide,Dec-
ydzoxide moze basic than Lthium hydaoxide

Reaction uith holoqenX) Gp T Mx

(Liel- covdlant
aM 2Mx No Nocl
haloge (Metallc hallde) Yel
2K+d, 2 Ke Rbcl
eg 2 Na cl, 2 Nac Co Cscl
(Sodlurnchloside)
Lithiuo halldes One Covalent (Licd)
due to the ollouung keas0n

electcoo dad blw Lithium ond halogen s shiPted tous

moxe elettaoneqatuve Siale atom (halogen X
 elASSMAte
Date
Page
Li-

AKali metals in lieaid Aromonia

M+(t+u NHa
>MCNGD eCN)
eehe Colour

deataAlkali metal6 dissdlve n liqid

aocoonia qioq deep blue colou
uohich Oie Comducting o oo-tome
Blue Coloua ol the Solution is due to
amoniatedeuhich absonb
enemyin the Visible egion o lignt aDd thus
mcozts blue
Colou to the solutioo
Ihis colution is Londucting becouse of acooniated
e which is pasamaqnetic in DotODe wlhich
means paeCeDe
O UOpaited es

mpogtant Coropceess oP Sodiuro

aching sodaNa 9COOHLO)

aoduno chlomide.-Bu Solaz evapouaation df sca Watee
3Sodiuro ydsDxide
Sodium icanbonate
Nashing Soda prepased by Solay PaDLesS)
Arocoonical Baine (N4,acl into 4Lh
6 intaoducedd into
4ion OmmoniCal o ela
anbona Towe7 a t its top as the
desent
t mects an Upuward strseam o COabon
dioxide uohic
uohich
intaoduced a the bottom oP the -touoe a by heatine
ingirre
Stone
As a 9esult oP the intoaction o ne O uOth onmoricol
ico
baime ammornium bicaabonate is poecipitated Arr Thic
interact usith Sodiun chlogide to oato. Codium bicarsbome
onate
NH,+H0+co (NHL),C NH4McO
amaprium blcoabonate
NH4c +Nat0,Nacl

Sodiuro olcasbonate

hes paoduced eodiuro bicasbonate undesoaoes detomposition

i n pmeeence OF heat t o lorco £odium caabonate, C o an

Water
NaHco Naco+(O+H,o
Sodtum caaborate
his cdiuco Cazoonate ie aeated usithexceGs ulaten
ozo Na,co IoHo that 1s Wachlng soda

Naco lOHO Na, co 1OH0

excess Wate askning soda)
 elasSMAte
Date
Page

Arncoonical
Baine

cO

Caco Cao O

Amnonium chloaide paocduced in the 5t step cornoine uotth

oC
Calcium hyda0xide tO \oam ammoniae, Calcium Chlozide and
Wates
Ca0HO ColOH),_
CaloH),lH Cacl, +NH tHo

Pacpetieg oP wWashing Goda

315K
Na,co 1O4,O Na,coH.o > Na,COa
-qH,o C Soda Ash)
2 N e a c t uoith Ho to koam Akaline solutloo
3

CO2 Ho Hco t OH

(alkaline nature)
 ASSMAte
Date
Page

Uses
lGed in paper and paint industay
Used to Temove pe amanent hagdness
SUsedin glass making and soop making etc
aalaa
Sodium HydaoxideCastnex- Kellncz austic
cell method) Caustie sod
Baine solutioo is [Link] using mecUny has_Calh
thod
and caabon has ancde Sodiuro metal ie_dischozqedaat

the Cattnode and Combine uitn meCUTy to fozo Srdie

amalgam at anode chlogine aao i6 basated

Cothode No-le Na-Hg

(Nacl in H-9aine Sadiuo amalgano
aun odle > cathode
Anode ci 2 cl,+e Ccaabon

The Sodiurn-amalgam(Na-Ha) is treated

with uwateg to give NaOH ond H ga6

2 Na-analgaro t 2HO 2NaOH+2 Hg +H1

Sodiuro hudroxide

Uses
LManukhcteing oE soap
2Usedio texile Industay
3:lo petgoleum ndustay
AUed as a Lab VE0genE
 Godiom icagbonate (NaHco
(co)
i6 [Link] passing caaboo dioxide to Na,co Salution
Na,cOcoHo NaHco
Fiac extingvabea
Sodioro Bican bonate)

Biological ImpoztantoP Na k.

A A0 Kq human cont-auns aOq oP sodium and 1A0q o

Pottaceium Sodiucm lon and pottacsium ioo helps o main
taince oE on balance io ouz bodu
AlGo belps io Deve impulse (onduction-

G3oup 2-Alkalioe Eazth Metale

Be 12,2

3
Ba
A Le l e m e n t s oP qetoup 2 expect Berrilyuro sAve
Koouon a s

alkaline earth metals

 opertiesoP Ataliec gioup 2 elerneots

HydaatioD
Hydration enthalpy oP meta ions cecaeaces uitb .

in ionic size
oLse0se
Maanecium k(ugtt) lon has cnoebydatico enthals
S shouan belao
No cat> S2t>Bat
Srnall tonic S i z e

Had, GtHLO High hydmaiion enthaleo

So that Ma can toaohe
hexahydrateith halogen
thot 1 a Uacl H_O
L ao zroGel 2HO)but Na cannnt 7
Small ionic size oP LiTion
2 Hiah ydzndino enabalpy ol on os shown belbw
LiSNa etc

lame Coloumatioo

Bt Ma2t Ca2t S24

Ba2t
Flame Do not impaot Braick Crimcon APple qreeg
Coloug a y Colous Ted 94ed

4lal1a
BeriliyumBe) and Mg1 lon do not inpaat aY Colou

2+
to the lamebecauee oP Small Size oP Be2t and Ma
 elassmate
Date
Page

electraons paesent io Beand Ngase co tightlyheld by

tnucleus. herdekone, the Plaoeeneagy to not SuPticient

t h e nuclevs

Lexit these electons. heaetone,they uoill not loe electnons

a d hecxe, do cot imparatoy colous do the Placne

ChenOLcal paOpea-ties

Reactioo oith aia H.O

Reaction uuith N,

3Reactonuoi to X, Chalogen)

Reactioowith ai 4Ho

O2 H20
Eleme0t Ai Hydooxide
Cne ( Oxlde
Mo M(OH),
e BeO Be(oH), (covalen Amphgsegic
Mg Mao Mg(oH)
ea Cao
CaloH), Basle
CTontc
S SsO Sa(ot),
Ba BaO Balo)
he solubility, theamoal stability and basic chaaactero

these hydacxides incseases uoith intaease in_atormi

numbe sPoo Magnesiorm hydaoide to Baaiuum bydro-
ide.
 ASSMALe
Date
Poge

CaCoHHg(oH)
Basic BaloH) > S(oH)
Stability 21(atomie d i z i n z a
lheamal
fautbs algo inureoss
Solubility

Amphotezic nature oP Besyllium

Bezliuurm hydaoxide is [Link] innatune as it seats
Rare
with aid aad alkali both

Be(oH) + 20H LBeCoH

(acid) Beayllate ico
dmpholeric
t T BeCoH)+ 2 Hel t 2Ho
BeCoH)C
a l ok a l i )

Reaction with N
lhese ometals aeact uoith Nit20gen to foam Nitmdes

egAny metal aom GplT

M+N M MN,2 M
CCnp)
ogBe +N. BeN
Bexyllium nitaid
Mg+N MgN
Mogneslum nitaide
 Caction uoith , Lhalogeo)

M M
oP Xcl,Ba, etc

Hg+ Mgcl,
Co +cl Cacl,

l Prepeaation o Becl, (eny [Link]

Becl is pnepaaaed Paoco [Link] Berylliurm oxide
is heated uaith can [Link] [Link] 600to 200 kelui
tofoao beayllium chloraide

6CO-80o
BeO+C+c Becl + CO

AlL the beaylliuco hallides (adl,BeBr,,2e L,)ade toualent

[Link] Ond othes elernents in npI aal hallidesace
oolc

25tutume ok Bedl,

Be Be
CI C
C C
 lAsSMAe
Date
Page

Reattion uoith Audsoqen

M H MH
Cnpi
eg Mg MgH,
Ca 4 , CaH

epanation oP BeH,

i s prepared by the veaction oP bezqlium chloride

oith lithom aluminium hydaide LiAL)

aBecl LiAIH ae Liel Alcl

Reac tion with Acid

M+Hcl Mel H
Gop 1) Calt

Soalts oP Oxo-acide

H2S04 Be504, Mg504> CasO4 ST604, BabOf

HhNOs
M BcNO) MgNo,) Ca(NO), ,Cr (NO)a
HaCOs Beco, Maco Cacoa SaC0Bats
 elassmate
Date
Page
lioro6uphate Bes04)
Beaylliu
and Maso4 are soluble in uaabe
baay
BeSOqand Mgco4 axe Goluble in H,[Link] -to
Ro

gzeateu
KAnation [Link] Beraylliuro and Nognesiorm

Hetal [Link] g1OupIL eleoeotsundesgo deuoroposition

heat
[Link]
to lonroCommesponding rnetallic
Oxtde, NO, and O
MNO, MOt No+0
Ha(nlo Ma0+
MaO+ NO ,

loopostant Conpaunds oP Ca
(Cao)
HColcium oxide o qpick lime
Calciun Hydnoxide CaloH)slaked lirge
3 Calciuo CabonateCaco
Plaster oP Paris ( CacO4 /H,o)

ICalcium Oxide
Paepecoation
Cas,By heating calciuro combonate Sa
lO40-1210

CaCO Cao + Co
Reoctioo
CaOt Co CatO
Cao+HO Ca(OH)
 SSMALe
Date
Page

slaking oP lime

he poocess o
addinguateg ioto calciumo hyden
dsoxide
oP
calcium hydaoxideis calledslaking lime
o toam

h pooduct
e obtained i6 called slaked line
ceo

Soda lime
to calciuco oxicde this
Adding Sodiuro hydooxide
is
Calld
col

Soda lime
Sodalime NaOHtCao

CaO+Si0 CaSiO
(Silitondioxide Calcium silicate
CaO+Pa0e CaPO4)
dimeroP Calciuro hosphate
pectoxide)
2lal1a Vaes cf Calcioro oxide

For pursilicadioo oP Cugas

. MonuFacteaing d cernent
Monufacteging oP Sodium Carsbonate 8oo NaOH

Calcium Hydrsoxide elaked lime (cao)

By h e process oP slaking o lleme

Cao + HO CaOH)
slaked lime .
 SSMAte
Date
Poge
m e blatez

Aquous
[Link]) s called
licmeuwater
MlkoP ime
cholkpouder in a b
coCaltiumhydraoxlde indnus
SuspensiO0
uwatez
Bleaching powdes
Bu passng chlozine
Qas-to day 4laked lime
CaloH+c Caloc)+ Cacl+ HO
Uses o Calciuro Hydroxide
Pepegation
asokiacesieg oE Bleaching pouudez
aVeed in glass industa
Used toz uhite washing

74 Plastez of Pacis(Cas04
HO

aepersotioo
above 3q3k
Las042H,0 30d Cag04 2 Hotato Cas04
CasO4
(dead buant plastes)
Sypeoo

oland Cement
By Joseph Aspidio.
 heated toooi
wlhenclay and limease stsongly
Ao t o a o C e m e n t
togethes
clinkea
they o6e androeact hi
clinkes i6 mixed uwith 2to 3 l e Caypsuro

42-3lo ypsuo
clay+licme Cement clinke Cecnernt

Role oP Cypsu
Cecnent
Onlyto slow douun the setting oP

>Setting oP cement
Cement ushen mized with HO, selting takes plate t
give a haad mass due to hydaationof molecules in th
CoDstituentsproesent the Cenentand theiageazt
angement

Eiological Impozance o Calciurm and Magneciuo

Ar adult body equines 5qaaro ol magnesiunm

Chlomophyll contains (magnesiurouuhich qive qaeen tolou
he leaveS
Bonesand eeth age made oP calciurn in-thefo m
Colciuo phosphate.
Calctuo place ao impootant 7ule in OeUso mue l a
Ponctions