2 Water

Sectional 2
Exercise
2.1 Water exists in three states

Sectional Exercise
2.2 The water cycle

True-or-false (5 marks)

Circle T for a true statement and F for a false one.

1. Evaporation is the change of states from solid to liquid. T / F remember

Integrated Exercise
2. When water vapour changes into liquid water, it releases energy. T / F remember

3. When water evaporates to become water vapour, its temperature

increases. T / F remember

4. In every stage of the water cycle, water is in liquid state. T / F analyse

5. Water evaporates faster at a higher temperature. T / F analyse

High-order Thinking Question

Fill-in-the-blanks (6 marks)

Write down the missing words on the lines.

6. The three common states of the substance ‘water’ are: remember

• ice: (a) solid state;

• liquid water: liquid state;

• (b) steam or water vapour : (c) gas state.

7. When snow changes into liquid water, it absorbs (absorbs/releases)

energy. analyse

8. Water evaporates faster when the air humidity is (a) lower

(higher/lower) , or the air temperature is (b) higher (higher/lower) . analyse

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Multiple-choice (4 marks)

Choose the best answer for each question.

9. Some water droplets appear on a can of cold drink.

How does the state of the water change? analyse

2 A. From liquid to gas

B. From gas to liquid
C. From solid to liquid
B
D. From solid to gas
Sectional Exercise

10. Which of the following correctly describes the evaporation of water? analyse

A. Steam is produced by evaporation.

B. Evaporation happens at temperatures above 100 °C.
C. Evaporation happens at the water surface.
C
D. When water evaporates, its temperature continues to rise.
Integrated Exercise

11. Unifying concepts The model below simulates the water cycle.

lamp
ice

food wrap

rubber band
High-order Thinking Question

hot water
(with blue colouring added)
sand

Which of the following simulates the formation of ‘cloud’? analyse

A. Water evaporates.
B. Water droplets appear under the food wrap.
C. Water droplets move along the food wrap.
B
D. Water droplets fall from the food wrap.

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 Water

12. Skill (Fair test) To investigate a factor that affects the rate of evaporation of
water, Terry sets up a fair test. analyse

Sun

2
100 cm 3
100 cm 3

of water of water

container P container Q

Sectional Exercise
In this fair test, what factor is Terry investigating?
A. Humidity of the surroundings
B. Temperature of water
C. Speed of air flow
D
D. Exposed surface area of water

Short Questions (20 marks)

Integrated Exercise
13. The following diagram shows the water cycle. Name the processes in it. (4 marks)
remember
(c) cloud movement (d) raining
(b) cloud formation

(through condensation)

High-order Thinking Question

(a) evaporation

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14. (a) The following diagram shows the three states of water. Name the
processes of change of state. (3 marks)
remember

water vapour

2
(i) evaporation

(ii) condensation
Sectional Exercise

liquid water

(iii) melting

(iv) freezing
Integrated Exercise

ice

(b) In the processes in (a), does water absorb or release energy? Put a ‘✓’ in
the appropriate boxes. (2 marks)
analyse

Process Water absorbs energy Water releases energy

High-order Thinking Question

i ✓

ii ✓

iii ✓

iv ✓

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15. Real-life scenario In the following situations, does the circled object in picture I
or picture II dry faster? Give a reason for your answer. (6 marks)
explain
(a) I II
cool hot
wind wind
2

Sectional Exercise
Picture II

Reason: The (air) temperature is higher.

(b) I II cool wind

Integrated Exercise
Picture II

Reason: There is wind / stronger air flow.

(c) I II

High-order Thinking Question

water

Picture I

Reason: The humidity is lower.

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16. Skill (Graph) James heats some ice. He records its temperature change, and
collects the following data.

Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature (°C) –5 0 1 4 12 17 25
2
On the graph paper below, draw a graph to show these data. Give your
graph a suitable title. (5 marks)
analyse
Title: Temperature change of ice when heated /
Sectional Exercise

Temperature of ice vs time (or any other reasonable title)

temperature (°C)
Marking:
• Correct title (1)

30 • All points correctly plotted (3)

(Deduct 1 mark for each wrong point)
• Join the points with a curve / with
broken lines (1)
20
Integrated Exercise

10

0
time (min)
2 4 6
High-order Thinking Question

–10

Long Question (10 marks)

17. Skill (Graph) Chris heats some ice, and measures its temperature changes. He
plots the results as the following graph.

F At point F, the water

has all become steam.
D
temperature (°C)

100
E

B
0
C
A

time
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(a) In the following periods, is the water in gas state, liquid state or solid
state? (2 marks)
analyse
(i) Between A and B : in solid state
(ii) Between C and D : in liquid state

(b) Consider the period from D to E. 2

(i) What process of change of states is happening? (1 mark)
analyse
Boiling

(ii) From what form to what form is the water changing?

Sectional Exercise
(2 marks)
analyse
From Liquid water to steam
(ice / liquid water / steam) (ice / liquid water / steam)

(c) From the graph, find the measured melting point and boiling point of
water. (2 marks)
analyse
Melting point : 0 °C

Boiling point : 100 °C

Integrated Exercise
(d) Chris repeats the experiment. He stops
heating the water at point R, and lets 100
D R
temperature (°C)

it cool down to room temperature.

B
(i) At point R, in what state(s) does 0
C
A
water exist? (1 mark)
analyse
Water vapour and liquid water

High-order Thinking Question

time

(ii) Complete the graph to show how the temperature of water changes
when it is cooled, starting from point R. (2 marks)
analyse

D R
temperature(°C)

100

To be more realistic,
B
0
C the graph should curve
A
downwards. At this stage, a
straight line is acceptable.
time

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2.3 Dissolving and solubility

True-or-false (5 marks)

Circle T for a true statement and F for a false one.

2 1. Water can act as a solvent for many substances. T / F remember

2. If sugar and water are mixed to become a solution, the sugar acts as the
solute. T / F remember
Sectional Exercise

3. 10 g of sugar powder takes shorter time to dissolve in water than 10 g of

large pieces of sugar does. T / F remember

4. Sugar dissolves at the same rate in water at any temperature. T / F remember

5. Stirring can increase the solubility of table salt in water. T / F analyse

Fill-in-the-blanks (5 marks)
Integrated Exercise

Write down the missing words on the lines.

6. Some copper sulphate powder dissolves in water. The copper sulphate acts as
the (a) solute , and the water acts as the (b) solvent . remember

7. Some substances can dissolve in water; we say they are (a) soluble

in water. Some substances cannot dissolve in water; we say they are

High-order Thinking Question

(b) insoluble in water. remember

8. A substance dissolves in cold water. If we use hot water instead, its solubility
increases (increases / decreases / does not change) . analyse

Multiple-choice (5 marks)

Choose the best answer for each question.

9. Which of these substances is/are soluble in water? remember

(1) pepper (2) table salt (3) chalk powder

A. (2) only C. (1) and (2) only
A
B. (3) only D. (1) and (3) only

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10. Maggie prepares a sauce（醬汁）. She mixes sugar, table salt, pepper, vinegar
and water. analyse

sugar table
salt
pepper 2
vinegar water

In the sauce, which of the following substances acts as a solvent?

A. Sugar

Sectional Exercise
B. Table salt
C. Pepper
D
D. Water

11. Some jelly powder dissolves in 100 cm3 of cold water. If we use 200 cm3 of
cold water to dissolve the same amount of jelly powder, how will its rate of
dissolving be?

Integrated Exercise
analyse

A. It will dissolve faster.

B. It will dissolve slower.
C. It will dissolve at the same rate.
A
D. The rate of dissolving cannot be determined.

12. Experiment In which of the following set-ups does the sugar dissolve most

High-order Thinking Question

quickly? (All beakers carry the same amount of water.) analyse

A. C.

hot water hot water

sugar powder sugar cubes

(10 g) (10 g)

B. stir D. stir

hot water cold water

sugar powder sugar cubes

(10 g) (10 g) B

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13. Skill (Fair test) To compare the solubility of sugar in different situations, Henry
builds the following set-ups. He keeps adding sugar, until no more sugar can
be dissolved. (Both set-ups are stirred at the same rate.)

stir stir

2
100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
water at 20 °C water at 75 °C
Sectional Exercise

set-up A set-up B

In this investigation, what is the dependent variable? Which one is a

controlled variable? analyse

Dependent variable Controlled variable

A. temperature of water amount of sugar dissolved
B. amount of sugar dissolved temperature of water
Integrated Exercise

C. rate of stirring amount of sugar dissolved

D
D. amount of sugar dissolved rate of stirring

Short Questions (20 marks)

14. To wash away some dried stains

A: oil stain
（污漬）on a plate, Amy puts the B: dried
sugar
plate under running water.
High-order Thinking Question

stain

(a) Why is water often used for

C: red food colouring
cleaning? (1 mark)
explain
Many substances can dissolve in water.

(b) Which stain(s) can be washed away by water? Explain why. (2 marks)
explain
B and C. Sugar and red food colouring are soluble in water.

(c) Which stain(s) cannot be washed away by water? Explain why. (2 marks)
explain
A. Oil does not dissolve in water.

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15. Skill (Graph) Skill (Fair test) James prepares the following set-ups. He wants to
investigate a factor affecting the rate of dissolving. All other variables are kept
constant.

100 cm3 of 150 cm3 of 200 cm3 of

water at 60 °C water at 60 °C water at 60 °C
stir stir stir
2

sugar sugar sugar

powder powder powder

Sectional Exercise
set-up A set-up B set-up C

(a) What factor is he investigating? (1 mark)

analyse
Volume of water

(b) Besides the variables shown above, state one variable that should be kept
constant in all set-ups. (1 mark)
analyse
Amount of sugar / size of sugar pieces (any one or other reasonable answers)

Integrated Exercise
(c) He plots the experimental data on a graph paper.
time taken for all sugar to dissolve (s)

50

40

30

High-order Thinking Question

20

10

0
100 150 200
3
volume of water used (cm )

(i) Complete the following table. (2 marks)

analyse

Set-up A B C
Time taken to dissolve (s) 42 32 20

(ii) Draw a conclusion from the data. (1 mark)

analyse
The larger volume of water used, the faster the sugar dissolves.

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16. Skill (Graph) Sodium sulphate is soluble in water. At different temperatures, its
solubility in water changes, as shown in the graph below.

mass of sodium sulphate that can

60

2
NOT INCLUDED dissolve in 100 cm3 of water (g)
50

40

IN EXAM
30
Sectional Exercise

20

10

0
50 100 150
temperature of water (°C)

(a) In the following ranges, how does the solubility of sodium sulphate
change?
Integrated Exercise

(i) From 10 °C to 30 °C (1 mark)

analyse
Its solubility increases.

(ii) From 50 °C to 100 °C (1 mark)

analyse
Its solubility decreases.

(b) (i) According to the graph, what is the maximum amount of sodium
sulphate that can dissolve in 100 cm3 of water? (1 mark)
High-order Thinking Question

analyse
50 g

(ii) What is the corresponding temperature of water? (1 mark)

analyse
35 °C

(iii) Calculate the solubility of sodium sulphate at that temperature. (2 marks)

analyse
mass of sodium sulphate added (g)
Solubility of sodium sulphate =
100 cm3
( 50 )g
=
( 100 ) cm3
= 0.5 g/cm3

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17. Real-life scenario Glucose（葡萄糖）is a type of sugar. We

can dissolve it in water to make a drink. The drink is
useful for quick absorption of sugar into our body.

(a) Which substance is the solvent?

Which substance is the solute? (2 marks)
2
analyse
Solvent : water Solute : glucose

(b) Melissa adds some glucose to a glass of water to make a drink. It takes a

Sectional Exercise
long time for the glucose to dissolve.
What can she do to make the glucose in her glass dissolve faster?
Suggest two ways. (2 marks)
analyse
• Stir the solution with a glass rod / a spoon. • Add more water to the glass.

• Heat the water in the glass. (any two or other reasonable answers)
(Does not accept: Use warmer water.)

Integrated Exercise
Long Question (10 marks)

18. Skill (S.I.) Natalie is designing a scientific investigation. She wants to study
how the rate of stirring affects sugar’s rate of dissolving in water. She uses
a magnetic stirrer for her investigation.

High-order Thinking Question

stir bar containing
a magnet

rotating magnet
inside the base
rate of stirring
can be adjusted

(a) In the first step of this scientific investigation, she makes a hypothesis.
What should her hypothesis be? (2 marks)
analyse
The rate of dissolving of sugar in water (increases / decreases / does not change) with the

rate of stirring. OR Sugar dissolves (faster / slower / at the same rate) in water when the

stirring rate (increases / decreases).

(any one or other reasonable hypothesis)

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(b) In the second step, she identifies some of the variables.

(i) Name the independent variable. (1 mark)
analyse
Rate of stirring

(ii) Name two controlled variables. (2 marks)

analyse
2 Temperature of water / Rate of stirring / Amount of sugar used

(any two or other reasonable answers)

(iii) Name the dependent variable, and suggest how she can measure it. (2 marks)
analyse
Rate of dissolving of sugar / Time taken for all sugar to dissolve
Sectional Exercise

Use a stopwatch.

(c) She builds two set-ups for this investigation.

set-up X 50 cm3 of set-up Y 50 cm3 of

water at 80 °C water at 65 °C
Integrated Exercise

20 g of 20 g of
sugar sugar

60 stirs per minute 40 stirs per minute

She records the following results.

High-order Thinking Question

Set-up X Y
Time taken for all sugar to dissolve (s) 9.0 9.1

(i) What conclusion can she draw? (1 mark)

analyse
No conclusion can be drawn.

(ii) How can she modify her set-ups, so that she can investigate the
effect of stirring rate on the dissolving rate of sugar? (2 marks)
create
Use water at 65 °C in set-up X. / Use water at 80 °C in set-up Y.

(any one or other reasonable answers)

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2.4 Water purification

True-or-false (5 marks)

Circle T for a true statement and F for a false one.

1. Humans need clean water for cooking and drinking. T / F remember

2
2. Water collected from a well is free from impurities. T / F remember

3. Sedimentation can remove soluble impurities from water. T / F remember

Sectional Exercise
4. Distillation can remove micro-organisms from water. T / F remember

5. When water evaporates from the seas and oceans, soluble impurities in the
water also evaporate. T / F analyse

Fill-in-the-blanks (5 marks)

Write down the missing words on the lines.

Integrated Exercise
6. Water purification is the removal of impurities from water. remember

7. Some insoluble impurities in water can be removed by the method of

(a) sedimentation . They settle to the bottom, and are known as
(b) sediment . remember

8. After water is treated with filtration, the water we get is known as the

High-order Thinking Question

(a) filtrate . The substance trapped in the filter is known as the
(b) residue . remember

Multiple-choice (5 marks)

Choose the best answer for each question.

9. Which of the following methods can be used to remove heavy sand from
water? analyse

(1) Sedimentation (2) Distillation (3) Filtration

A. (1) only C. (2) and (3) only
D
B. (2) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

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Read the information below, and answer Questions 10–11.

Some water contains the following types of impurities:

(1) insoluble impurities

(2) soluble impurities
2 (3) micro-organisms

The water is purified by the following method.

heat cool
water containing the condensed water
Sectional Exercise

steam
impurities is collected

Flask A Flask B

10. Which types of impurities are removed by this purification method? analyse

A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (2) and (3) only
Integrated Exercise

D
D. (1), (2) and (3)

11. At the end of this purification method, what has happened to

the micro-organisms? analyse

A. They are alive in Flask A.

B. They are alive in Flask B.
High-order Thinking Question

C. They are killed in Flask A.

C
D. They are killed in Flask B.

12. During sedimentation, alum is sometimes

alum
added. What is the function of adding alum? analyse

A. It kills micro-organisms.
B. It speeds up sedimentation.
C. It makes more impurities soluble in
water to
water. be purified
B
D. It makes impurities float on water.

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13. A filter has pores 0.05 mm wide. It is used to purify water containing the
following impurities. Which impurities may remain in the filtered water? analyse

(1) insoluble impurities larger than 0.05 mm

(2) bacteria
(3) dissolved salt
2
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only

Sectional Exercise
C
D. (1), (2) and (3)

Short Questions (20 marks)

14. Some people collect water from a lake for daily use.

Integrated Exercise
(a) How is water important for human body functions? State two ways. (2 marks)

High-order Thinking Question

analyse
Water helps remove waste from the body (helps excretion). / Water helps regulate body

temperature. / Water is an important component of blood.

(any two or other reasonable answers)

(b) Besides body needs, how is water important for human activities?
State two uses. (2 marks)
remember
Farming / Washing / Transport / Putting out fire / Recreation
(any two or other reasonable answers)
(c) Is it safe to drink water directly from a lake? Briefly explain your answer. (1 mark)
analyse
No. The water contains a lot of impurities / micro-organisms.

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15. To remove the following impurities from water, what methods can we use?
Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes. (The first one has been done for you.) (5 marks)
analyse

(a) Sand in water (b) Dissolved salt in water

2
Sectional Exercise

✓ sedimentation sedimentation

✓ filtration filtration

✓ distillation ✓ distillation

(c) Dead insects floating on water (d) Tea leaves in tea

Integrated Exercise

In (c) and (d),

some impurities
float on water,
as seen in the
sedimentation sedimentation pictures.

✓ filtration ✓ filtration

✓ distillation ✓ distillation
High-order Thinking Question

(e) Bacteria in water (f) Large stones in water

sedimentation ✓ sedimentation

filtration ✓ filtration

✓ distillation ✓ distillation

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16. Experiment Some natural water contains sand and mineral salts. Karen tries to
filter it with the following set-up.

natural
water
funnel

Sectional Exercise
brown
substance

collected paper (with many tiny pores)

liquid

(a) In this set-up, which part is analyse

(i) the filter? (1 mark)

Integrated Exercise
The paper

(ii) the filtrate? (1 mark)

The collected liquid

(iii) the residue? (1 mark)

The brown substance

(b) Karen replaces the paper with medical gauze (紗布), and repeats the

High-order Thinking Question

filtration.

with large
pores

Will the filtrate contain more or less impurities? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
explain
More impurities

The holes of the medical gauze are larger, so more insoluble impurities can pass through.

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17. Experiment Anna collects a water sample from a river. Anna lets the water
stand still for a while. She sees the impurities in it separate into two layers.

light brown layer:

2 cloudy liquid

dark brown layer:

with solids

(a) Describe the nature of the impurities in the following layers:

Sectional Exercise

analyse

(i) The upper layer (1 mark)

The impurities are less dense. They suspend in water.

(ii) The lower layer (1 mark)

The impurities are denser. They sink to the bottom.

(b) Anna adds some alum to the water.

Integrated Exercise

(i) Predict（預測）what she will observe. (1 mark)

analyse
The upper layer becomes clearer. / More impurities sink to the bottom. / The lower layer
increases in thickness. (any one or other reasonable answers)
(ii) Explain your prediction. (2 marks)
explain
Alum gathers impurities together, and makes them sink faster.
(or other reasonable answers)

Long Question (10 marks)

High-order Thinking Question

18. Experiment Thomas uses the following set-up to purify water.

apparatus P

round-bottomed
flask

Bunsen conical
burner flask

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(a) Name this method of water purification. (1 mark)

analyse
Distillation

(b) (i) Name apparatus P. (1 mark)

analyse
Condenser

(ii) What is its function? (1 mark)

analyse
2
To cool down the steam.

(iii) On the diagram below, draw and label arrows to indicate ‘water in’
and ‘water out’ at apparatus P. (2 marks)

Sectional Exercise
analyse

water out

apparatus P

round-bottomed

Integrated Exercise
flask

conical
water in flask
Bunsen
burner

(c) Thomas collects some liquid in the conical flask.

(i) Describe the appearance of the liquid. (1 mark)
analyse
It is colourless / transparent / clear.

High-order Thinking Question

(ii) Briefly explain the formation of the liquid. (2 marks)
explain
In the round-bottomed flask, the water boils

and becomes steam .

In apparatus P, the steam is cooled down

and becomes water .

The water is collected in the conical flask.

(d) Is the liquid safe for drinking? Why? (2 marks)

analyse
Yes; it contains no impurities. / all impurities are left behind.

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2.5 Further treatment of drinking water

2.6 Water conservation and pollution

2 True-or-false (5 marks)

Circle T for a true statement and F for a false one.

1. Micro-organisms in natural water make it not suitable for direct

drinking. T / F
Sectional Exercise

remember

2. Micro-organisms in water can be killed by shining UV light at

the water. T / F remember

3. The product of water treatment in Hong Kong is distilled water. T / F analyse

4. Adding fluoride to water is a method of sterilization. T / F remember

5. Treatment of waste water needs a lot of energy and resources. T / F

Integrated Exercise

remember

Fill-in-the-blanks (5 marks)

Write down the missing words on the lines.

6. Algae, E. coli and cholera bacteria all belong to a type of impurities. This type
of impurities is called micro-organisms . remember
High-order Thinking Question

7. The process of killing micro-organisms in water is known as

sterilization . remember

8. To kill micro-organisms in water, we can add chemicals to it. Two

examples of these methods are (a) chlorination and
(b) ozonation . (any order) remember

9. In Hong Kong, waste water is usually treated in a sewage treatment plant / sewage

treatment works , before it is discharged into the sea. remember

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Multiple-choice (5 marks)

Choose the best answer for each question.

10. How should we handle micro-organisms in drinking water? Why? explain

Action Reason
A. We should kill them. They may change the colour of
2
water.
B. We should kill them. Micro-organisms may cause
diseases.

Sectional Exercise
C. We may leave them alone. They have no effect on the our
body.
D. We may leave them alone. The cost of killing them is high. B

11. Which of the following statements about chlorine is correct? remember

Integrated Exercise
A. Chlorine has a pungent smell.
B. After adding chlorine to water, we should boil the water to make
chlorine work.
C. Chlorine can help protect our teeth.
A
D. Chlorine must be used together with UV light.

12. Many toothpastes contain fluoride.

High-order Thinking Question

What is the purpose of adding fluoride? remember

A. To make impurities sink faster in water

B. To make teeth white
C. To kill micro-organisms
D
D. To prevent tooth decay

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13. Which of the following flowcharts correctly shows the processes in

Hong Kong’s water treatment plants? remember

A. sedimentation filtration chlorination fluoridation

B. filtration sedimentation chlorination fluoridation

2
C. sedimentation chlorination filtration fluoridation

D. fluoridation filtration sedimentation chlorination

B
Sectional Exercise

14. Which of the following are methods of water conservation? analyse

(1) Machine-wash clothes as soon as they get dirty.

(2) Wash dishes in basins of water, instead of under running water.
(3) Repair a dripping tap.

A. (1) and (2) only

Integrated Exercise

B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only
C
D. (1), (2) and (3)

Short Questions (20 marks)

15. In some swimming pools, chlorine is added to the water.

High-order Thinking Question

chlorine

(a) Why is chlorine added? (1 mark)

remember
To kill micro-organisms in the water. / To sterilize the water.

(b) If chlorine is added to a swimming pool, we can easily notice it.

Explain why. (1 mark)
analyse
Chlorine has a pungent smell.

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(c) Another chemical is now commonly used for the same purpose in
swimming pools.
(i) Name this chemical. (1 mark)
remember
Ozone

(ii) How is this chemical better than chlorine for this purpose? State two 2
advantages. (2 marks)
remember
Ozone does not have a pungent smell. / Ozone does not cause irritation to skin. /

Ozone does not cause irritation to eyes. (any two or other reasonable answers)

Sectional Exercise
16. Mrs Wong boils some tap water. The water is for drinking by her family.

Integrated Exercise
(a) What is the purpose of boiling the tap water? (1 mark)
remember
To kill micro-organisms in the water. / To sterilize the water.

High-order Thinking Question

(b) Tap water has been treated in water treatment plants. Why is it still
necessary to boil it before drinking? (2 marks)
explain
Some water pipes and storage tanks may be dirty.

(c) If the following impurities are present in tap water, they cannot be
removed by boiling the water. Suggest how to remove them.
(i) Soluble mineral salts (1 mark)
analyse
Distil the water.

(ii) Large sand grains (1 mark)

analyse
Distil the water. / Filter the water. / Sedimentation, then decantation (any one)

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17. Pollution causes much harm to the sea.

(a) Name the three major causes of water pollution. (3 marks)

remember
1 sewage ： 2 solid waste ： 3 oil spills

waste water from rubbish thrown

2 farms, homes and into the sea
factories
Sectional Exercise

(b) Match the following harmful effects of water pollution with their causes.
Write 1 to 3 in the spaces below. (There may be more than one cause
Integrated Exercise

for each effect.) (2 marks)

analyse
Harmful effect of water pollution Cause(s)
(i) Sea birds are trapped, so they cannot
look for food. 3

(ii) Micro-organisms in the sea grow

abnormally fast. 1, 2
High-order Thinking Question

18. Real-life scenario In many places, waste water from homes and factories can be
recycled. The following is a simplified scheme of recycling water:

Step 3
Step 1
addition of alum,
sedimentation
filtration, sterilization

Step 2 treated water

waste water
biological treatment for use

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(a) Waste water may contain the following impurities. In which step(s) are
the they removed? What processes are involved?
(The first one is done for you as an example.) (2 marks)
analyse
(i) Organic matter (有機物質): Step 2 (biological treatment)

(ii) Large pieces of stones: Step 1 (sedimentation) 2

(iii) Small impurities that suspend in water:
Step 3 (addition of alum and filtration)

Sectional Exercise
(b) Some effects of waste water recycling are listed below. What are their
advantages?
(i) Less sewage is discharged into the sea. (1 mark)
analyse
This reduces water pollution.

(ii) Less consumption of fresh water. (1 mark)

analyse
This saves energy and resources for water treatment. / This helps conserve fresh water.

Integrated Exercise
(any one)
(c) Recycled water is not used for direct drinking. Suggest one way to use
recycled water. (1 mark)
create
Toilet flushing / putting out fire / washing streets / cooling / irrigation
(any one or other reasonable use that does not involve drinking water)

Long Question (10 marks)

19. STEM In her STEM project, Maggie tries to build a model for the treatment of

High-order Thinking Question

natural water. She makes the following plan for her set-up.

? ?
1 2 3

let impurities sink

wire gauze addition of alum
in a large container

4 5 6

passing water distribution of

sterilization
through a cloth treated water
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(a) What process(es) of water purification is/are involved in the following

steps? (3 marks)
analyse
(i) Step 1: Filtration

(ii) Step 3: Sedimentation

2 (iii) Step 4: Filtration

(b) Skill (Drawing) Maggie will do steps 2 and 3 with one set-up. Draw a
possible set-up, and show the expected results after step 3. (3 marks)
create
Sectional Exercise

clear upper layer

impurities that sink

Integrated Exercise

(c) The following impurities may be present in the natural water. In which
step will they be removed? (2 marks)
analyse
(i) Large stones: Step 1

(ii) Bacteria: Step 5

High-order Thinking Question

(d) Maggie’s plan has a shortcoming (弱點): a certain type of impurities

cannot be removed.
State what this type of impurities is, and suggest how to change her
plan. (2 marks)
create
Soluble impurities

Add a distillation step / Use special filters that can remove dissolved impurities

(or other reasonable answers)

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Integrated
Exercise
Multiple-choice (10 marks)
2
Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Real-life scenario Joseph runs in the rain, and his clothes

s. 2.1
become wet. He feels cold. analyse

Sectional Exercise
Why does he feel cold?

A. When water evaporates, it takes away energy.

B. When water evaporates, it releases energy.
C. Rain condenses on his body, and absorbs energy.
A
D. Rain condenses on his body, and releases energy.

Integrated Exercise
2. Which of the following clowcharts correctly shows the steps of the water
s. 2.2
cycle? remember

A. Cloud C. Cloud
movement movement

Cloud Cloud
Condensation Raining
formation formation

High-order Thinking Question

Evaporation Raining Condensation Evaporation

B. Cloud D. Cloud
movement movement

Cloud Cloud
Evaporation Raining
formation formation

Condensation Raining Evaporation Condensation

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3. Real-life scenario A packet of orange juice has the following label. s. 2.3
analyse

Ingredients（成分）: Water, sugar, orange pulp（橙肉）

,
flavourings, vitamin C, food colouring.

2 Which of the following ingredients is insoluble in water?

A. Sugar
B. Orange pulp
C. Vitamin C
Sectional Exercise

B
D. Food colouring

4. Skill (Fair test) Jerry wants to investigate how water temperature affects the
s. 2.3
dissolving rate of sugar. One of his set-ups is: analyse

stir
Integrated Exercise

100 cm3 of 30 g of
water at 60 °C sugar

Which of the following set-ups should be paired with the above for doing a
fair test?

A. C.
stir stir
High-order Thinking Question

200 cm3 of 30 g of 30 g of
100 cm3 of
water at 20 °C sugar sugar
water at 60 °C

B. D.
stir stir

200 cm3 of 30 g of 30 g of
100 cm3 of
water at 60 °C sugar sugar
water at 20 °C

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5. Maggie has a mixture of sand, salt and water. s. 2.4

analyse

2
She wants to remove the sand from the water, but keep the salt in the water.
She tries the following methods one by one.

Sectional Exercise
Method 1: Sedimentation, then decantation
Method 2: Filtration
Method 3: Distillation

Which of these methods can remove the sand from the water?

A. Methods 1 and 2 only

B. Methods 1 and 3 only

Integrated Exercise
C. Methods 2 and 3 only
A
D. Methods 1, 2 and 3

6. The properties of three substances are listed below. s. 2.4

analyse

Substance Behaviour in water Does it float or sink in water?

P dissolves —

High-order Thinking Question

Q does not dissolve float

R does not dissolve sink

Peter adds small amounts of P, Q and R to water. Then he filters it with filter
paper. Which of these substances will he collect in the filtrate?

A. P only
B. Q only
C. P and Q only
A
D. P and R only

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7. Real-life scenario Mr Chan has a fish tank. It is connected to a UV unit. s. 2.5

analyse

UV unit

water to water into

2 be treated fish tank

What is the function of the UV unit?

Sectional Exercise

A. Provide oxygen for the fish

B. Makes filtration more effective
C. Heats up the water
D
D. Kills bacteria in water

8. Study the following simplified schemes of water treatment and sewage

s. 2.5
treatment.
Integrated Exercise

analyse

Water treatment

large tank for many layers of adding chlorine

water treated water
impurities to sink filter and fluoride

Sewage treatment
High-order Thinking Question

large tank for many layers of biological

sewage treated sewage
impurities to sink filter treatment

How are these two processes similar?

A. In both processes, treated water is discharged into the sea.

B. Both processes involve sedimentation and filtration.
C. Both processes involve addition of fluoride.
B
D. Both processes produce water that is safe for drinking.

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9. Which of the following is not a source of water pollution? s. 2.6

analyse
A. Dyes（染料）from factories
B. Animal waste from farms
C. Evaporated water in the water cycle
C
D. Harmful gases dissolved in rain
2
10. In some cold places, when rain falls
and reaches the ground, it freezes at
once. This phenomenon is known as
s. 2.1

Sectional Exercise
‘freezing rain’. rain that
analyse
freezes on
What change of states takes place the road

when ‘freezing rain’ happens?

A. From ice to liquid water

B. From liquid water to ice
C. From water vapour to liquid water

Integrated Exercise
B
D. There is no change of states.

Short Questions (15 marks)

11. Real-life scenario To save water, we can reduce shower time. Take a 15-minute
shower as example:

Shower is on all Shower is on

High-order Thinking Question

Way of use
the time only when necessary
Time of water flow 15 minutes 8 minutes

The shower supplies 6 L of water per minute.

(a) How much water is used in the following ways? s. 2.6 analyse

(i) The shower is on all the time: 6 L× 15 = 90 L (1 mark)

(ii) The shower is on only when necessary: 6 L× 8 = 48 L (1 mark)

(b) How much water is saved if the shower is turned off when not necessary? (1 mark)
s. 2.6 analyse
90 L − 48 L = 42 L

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 Water

(c) Most water taps are adjustable: we can control how fast water is flowing
out of the tap.
adjust the water
temperature

adjust the size

2 of water flow
Sectional Exercise

From this information, think of one way to conserve water when having a
shower. (2 marks)
s. 2.6
Do not use the maximum water flow for shower. / Use a weaker flow of water for shower. analyse
(or other reasonable answers)

12. Skill (Drawing) Skill (Experiment) Andrew has a beaker of sandy water. He wants to
Integrated Exercise

filter the sand. He has the following apparatus and materials.

funnel 1 thermometer 1
food wrap 1 piece glass rod 1
filter paper 1 conical flasks 2

Choose some apparatus and materials from the list above, and design a
set-up for filtration. Draw your design in the space below. (Note that some
High-order Thinking Question

apparatus or material may not be useful.) (5 marks)

s. 2.4
create

glass rod
sandy water

funnel

filter paper

conical flask

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13. modified from WJEC 2016 Skill (Reading) Read the passage below, and answer the
questions that follow.

Desalination
Desalination is a process 2
that removes minerals from
salt water (e.g. sea water).
Salt water is desalinated

Sectional Exercise
to produce fresh water for
drinking, or for farming. waste water
fresh water
This process is expensive
sea water
compared to other ways of
obtaining drinking water, such as water recycling.

In 2015, 1% of the world’s population used desalinated water, but this

Integrated Exercise
is expected to rise due to the world’s growing population.

(a) (i) What is ‘desalination’? (1 mark)

s. 2.5
The process of removing minerals from sea water remember

(ii) From the passage, suggest two uses of desalinated water. (2 marks)
s. 2.5
Drinking water, farming remember

High-order Thinking Question

(iii) Why will the world be more dependent on desalinated water in future? (1 mark)
s. 2.5
Growing population
remember

(b) The apparatus shown on the (1 mark)

s. 2.4
right is used for purification remember
of sea water in the laboratory.
Name this purification process. sea water
Distillation
(WJEC Entry Level Certificate, Science,
Unit 2, Topic 2 test: Obtaining Resources,
pure water
Sample Assessment Materials, Q3)

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 Water

Long Questions (20 marks)

14. Experiment Kenny has a mixture of fine（幼細）sand and table salt.

2
Sectional Exercise

(a) Describe the appearance of the mixture. (1 mark)

s. 2.4
The mixture is a light brown powder. (or other reasonable answers) analyse

(b) He adds the mixture to water, and then collects sand from the liquid
using a certain method.
(i) What is that method? (1 mark)
s. 2.4
Integrated Exercise

Filtration analyse

(ii) Write the procedures of the method. (3 marks)

s. 2.4
Fit a filter paper into a funnel. create

Pour the liquid into the funnel.

Collect the sand left on the filter paper.

(iii) He collects some wet sand. How can he make it dry? (1 mark)
s. 2.1
High-order Thinking Question

Let the water evaporate. / Heat the wet sand on a evaporating dish. analyse
(or other reasonable answers)
(c) After collecting the sand, he gets a clear solution.
(i) What is this solution? (1 mark)
s. 2.3
(Table) Salt solution analyse

(ii) How can he get the salt from the solution? Write the procedures of
your method. (3 marks)
s. 2.4
1. Put the solution on an evaporating dish. create

2. Heat the evaporating dish.

3. Collect the salt after all water has evaporated.

(or other reasonable methods)

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15. The diagram below shows a 3-step process in a water treatment plant, before
the water reaches a public drinking fountain.

2
natural Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: drinking
water sinking tank layers of filter storage tank fountain

(a) Why is it necessary to treat natural water, before it is supplied to

Sectional Exercise
drinking fountains? (2 marks)
s. 2.4
Natural water contains many impurities / micro-organisms. explain

We must remove them from water, so that the water is safe for drinking.

(b) In each step, what purification/sterilization method is used? What is its

ss. 2.4, 2.5
effect on the water? analyse
(i) Step 1:

Integrated Exercise
sedimentation (2 marks)

It removes heavy, insoluble impurities from water.

(ii) Step 2: filtration (2 marks)

It removes small, insoluble impurities from water.

(iii) Step 3: chlorination (2 marks)

It kills micro-organisms in the water.

High-order Thinking Question

(c) (i) After the above processes, the water from the drinking fountain may
still contain impurities, e.g. micro-organisms.
Why does this happen? (1 mark)
s. 2.5
Pipes / storage tanks / the water fountain may be dirty. explain

(ii) Device X is installed at the drinking fountain. It is used for killing

micro-organisms. Suggest what sterilization method may be used in
device X. (1 mark)
s. 2.5
Using UV light (or other reasonable answers) remember

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High-order Thinking
Question
Experiment Skill (Graph) Peggy sets up the following experiment. She fills two
2 containers with the same volume of water, and measures the drop in water
temperature.

100 cm3 of
Sectional Exercise

water 100 cm3 of

water

100 cm3 of
water

A: beaker B: plate C: boiling tube

(a) Explain why, in the set-ups above, the temperature of water drops. (2 marks)
Integrated Exercise

s. 2.1
Some water evaporates, and absorbs heat from the remaining water. explain

(b) Peggy collects the following data.

100

90
High-order Thinking Question

80
temperature of water (°C)

boiling tube
70

60
beaker
50
plate
40

30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50
time (min)

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 Water

(i) Complete the following table. (4 marks)

(Hint: Initial temperature = Temperature at the start of the experiment

Final temperature = Temperature at the end of the experiment) s. 2.1
analyse

Initial Final Temperature

Container
temperature (°C) temperature (°C) drop (°C) 2
Beaker 100 59 41

Plate 100 46 54

Sectional Exercise
Boiling tube 100 66 34

(ii) Which container causes the largest drop in temperature? (1 mark)

s. 2.1
The plate analyse

(iii) Explain why the largest temperature drop happens in that container. (3 marks)
ss. 2.1, 2.3
The plate has the largest exposed surface area of water, explain

Integrated Exercise
so water evaporates most quickly from it,

and energy is taken away from the remaining water most quickly.

High-order Thinking Question

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