Instructor: Dr.
Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
Instructor: HÀ ANH TÙNG – Department of Heat and
Refrigeration Technology
Duration: 36 hours during 12 weeks (4 teaching units/week)
- Week 1 8 : Thermodynamics
+ Week 4 : Test 1 15%
+ Week 8 : Midterm Exam 20%
- Week 9 12 : Heat Transfer
+ Week 10 : Test 2 10%
- Week 9 13 : Experimental 15%
Final Exam 40%
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Objectives of the course
to provide students with knowledge and skills required to apply
the basic principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer to
perform calculations and explain thermal engineering applications:
Ex: - Thermal power plans
- Refrigeration and air conditioning systems
- Dryers, boilers
- Internal combustion engines
- Heat exchangers, etc.
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Course Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction & Basic concepts
Chapter 2: The First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 3: Basic processes of Ideal gas
Chapter 4: Pure substance
Chapter 5: Vapor power cycle
Chapter 6: Refrigeration cycle
Chapter 7: Atmospheric Air and air conditioning processes
Chapter 8: Basics of Heat transfer
Chapter 9: Heat Conduction
Chapter 10: Heat Convection
Chapter 11: Heat Radiation
Chapter 12: Heat Exchanger Equipments
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Reference Books
1. Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publisher,
2006.
2. Cengel, Y. A., Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd
Edition, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.
3. Hoàng Đình Tín – Bùi Hải: Bài tập Nhiệt động lực học
KT & truyền nhiệt, NXB ĐHQG TpHCM, 2008.
4. Hoàng đình Tín, Nhiệt công nghiệp, NXB Đại học quốc
gia Tp HCM, 2001.
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Part 1: THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 1 : Introduction & Basic concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic concepts
1.3 Properties of substance
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
1.1 Introduction
The objective of Thermodynamics is to:
Determine the PROPERTIES and ENERGY of a
system as well as the ENERGY CHANGE of the
system
m
Ex:
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
1.2 Basic Concepts
1.2.1 Heat and Work
1.2.2 Thermodynamic System
1.2.3 Heat Engine and Refrigerator
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
1.2.1 HEAT & WORK
Heat: The transfer of energy from one body to another as a
result of a difference in temperature or a change in phase.
- Rule: + If the object receives heat: Q (+)
+ If the object releases heat: Q (-)
Work: The transfer of energy in the application of a force to
move a body in a certain direction
- Rule: + If the object produces work: W (+)
+ If the object receives work: W (-)
UNIT: - SI system: 1 J (jun) = 1N.m = 107 erg ; 1 cal (calo) = 4.18 J
- British system: 1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal ; 1 Wh = 3.413 Btu
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Mechanical
Equivalent of
Heat
Joule demonstrated that water
can be heated by doing
(mechanical) work, and showed
that for every 4186 J of work
done, the temperature of water
rose by 1C0 per kg.
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
1.2.2 Thermodynamic System
A thermodynamic system is a region defined by boundaries of
particular natures, together with the physical surroundings of
that region, which determine processes that are allowed
to affect the interior of the region, studied using the principles of
thermodynamics.
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Substance?? Hot source?? Cold sink??
Thermodynamic Heat & Work transferred when the working
System: substance changed its state ??
Boundary between the system and the
surrounding ??
Examples
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Examples of Thermodynamic systems (1)
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Examples of Thermodynamic systems (2)
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Examples of Thermodynamic systems (3)
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Classification of thermodynamic systems
- Closed system: no substance may be transferred in or out of
the system boundaries
- Open system: substance may flow in and out of the system
boundaries
- Thermally isolated system: no heat is exchanged with its
environment.
- Isolated system: it does not interact with its surroundings in
any way. Mass and energy remains constant within the
system, and no energy or mass transfer takes place across the
boundary
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of a “closed system”
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of an “open system”
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of an “isolated system”
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
1.2.3 Heat engine & Refrigerator
A/ Heat Engine:
Hot source
is a system that converts heat
or thermal energy to Q1
mechanical energy W
Heat Engine
( Ex: internal combustion engine, Q2
steam engine, gas engine, etc.
Cold source
According to The law of conservation of energy
Q1 Q2 W
W Q2 q2
Thermal Efficiency: 1 1
Q1 Q1 q1
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of a Heat Engine
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
B/ Heat Pump/ Refrigerator: Hot source
Q1
is a system using external work
to move thermal energy by Heat pump, W
absorbing heat from a cold Refrigerator
space and releasing it to a
Q2
warmer one
Cold source
According to The law of
conservation of energy : Q1 Q2 W
Q1 Q1 q1
COP (Coefficient of 1
performance) of a Heat Pump: W Q1 Q2 q1 q 2
COP Q2 Q2 q2
(Coefficient of
performance) of a Refrigerator: W Q1 Q2 q1 q 2
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Air conditioner
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Refrigerator Animation
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Heat Pump system
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
1.3 Properties of substance
At a specific condition, the state of a substance can be
determined = 2 independent properties
PROPERTIES in thermodynamics:
- Temperature T
- Pressure p
- Specific volume v
- Internal energy u
- Enthalpy i
- Entropy s
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of state property
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Temperature T
a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance
with reference to some standard value
- Mercury, alcohol thermometer: basing on
Temperature the thermal expansion of solids or liquids
measured by using with temperature
Thermometer - Resistance Thermometer: basing on the
resistance change of material with temperature
Units: - Thermocouple: basing on the voltage
change with temperature
- Degree Celsius (oC):
o
C
9
5 o
F 32
- Degree Fahrenheit (oF): o F 1.8 oC 32
- Kelvin (K): o
K oC 273
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Comparison of Temperature Scales
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale
t (oC)
The pressure-temperature relation leads to the design of a
constant-volume gas thermometer.
Extrapolation of measurements made using different gases
leads to the concept of absolute zero, when the pressure
(or volume) is zero.
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Pressure p
is an expression of force exerted on a surface per unit
area - Pressure gauge: to measure the pressure difference
between the absolute pressure of a substance and the
atmospheric pressure
Measuring
instrument: - Barometer: to measure the atmospheric pressure pkt
- Vacumeter: to measure the vacuum pressure pck
pck pkt p
1 Pa (Pascal) = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 105 Pa = 750 mmHg
Units: 1 at = 9.81 x 104 Pa = 0.981 bar = 10 mH2O = 735.6 mmHg
1 mmHg = 133.3 N/m2
1 mmH2O = 9.81 N/m2
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of Pressure (1)
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of Pressure (2)
F1 A1
p1 p 2
F2 A2
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of Pressure (3)
Answer: 111.7 kPa
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of a pressure gauge
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Working principle of a Barometer
Ex: with 1mm H2O
1 mmH2 O gh 1000 x 9.81 x 0.001 9.81 N / m 2 9.81 Pa
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Working principle of a Manometer
Ex: 850 kg / m3 ; h 55 cm; Patm 96 kPa
850 x 9.81 x 0.55
PGas Patm gh 96 3
100.6 kPa
10
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Ex: use a Manometer to measure the pressure difference
between 2 sections of the flow
P1 1 g a h P2 1 ga 2 gh
P1 P2 2 1 gh
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Specific volume v
number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a
particular substance
V
v (m3/kg)
G
1
or: v
where: + G: mass of the substance (kg)
+ V: volume of the substance (m3)
+ : density of the substance (kg/m3)
Attention: specific volume v is a state property, volume V is NOT a
state property
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Example of specific volume
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Internal Energy u
is a property that can not measured directly determined by
calculation
The internal energy of a system consists of:
- Kinetic energy Ud due to the motion of the system’s particles
(translations, rotations, vibrations)
- Potential energy Ut due to the intermolecular forces
U Ud Ut (kJ)
For 1kg of a substance:
u u d ut (kJ/kg)
where: ud is the internal kinetic energy; ut is the internal potential
energy of 1 kg of the substance
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
u u d ut
According to the Thermodynamic Theory:
- Internal kinetic energy ud only dependent on temperature
- Internal potential energy ut dependent on the average
distance between molecules, i.e. dependent on the specific
volume u f (T , v)
For ideal gas: intermolecular forces are zero so the internal energy
of ideal gases is only dependent on temperature
Units: kJ, kcal, kWh (SI system) or BTU (British Thermal Unit)
Note: in thermodynamic problems, we do not have to determine the
absolute value of internal energy; what we need is to determine the
change in internal energy of the substance or the system 41
Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
More about the internal energy U
is the internal energy due to the motion and intermolecular
interaction in the substance.
Ex: - In the case of a solid
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Ex: In the case of a gas
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Enthalpy i
is a property that can not measured directly determined by
calculation
Enthalpy of 1 kg of a substance is calculated by:
i u pv (kJ/kg)
For ideal gas, because u và pv are only dependent on
temperature so i is also dependent only on temperature
Note: in thermodynamic problems, we do not have to determine the
absolute value of enthalpy; what we need is to determine the change in
enthalpy of the substance or the system
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Entropy s
The change in entropy ds of 1 kg of a substance in a
reversible process is calculated by:
q Q
ds or dS (dS = G ds)
T T
in which: - q is the amount of heat transferred in an infinitesimal reversible
process
- T is the absolute temperature (K)
Units: kJ/kg.K, kcal/kg.K
Note: - ds 0 for any cycle
- Q 0 if the cycle is reversible
T
- Q 0 if the cycle is irreversible
T 45
Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
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END OF CHAPTER 1
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