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Practical Research 2
QUARTER 2
ACTIVITY SHEETS
Practical Research 2- Senior High School Grade 12
Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 2
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
QUARTER 2 WEEK 1
QUARTER
Lesson 1:4Quantitative
WEEK 8Research Design and Sample
“Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data”
Name: _________________________ Grade Level: 12 Section: _____________
Activity Sheet No. 1 Date Answered: ____________
Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of quantitative research
designs and description of sample.
Learning Competency: Chooses appropriate quantitative research design (CS_RS12-
II-a-1). Describes sampling procedure and sample (CS_RS12-II-a-
2).
Quantitative research is basically more systematic and controlled than
qualitative research. However, both research methods have statement of the
problem to investigate. At this point, it is assumed that you are already done stating
your research problem, background of the study, scope and delimitation, hypothesis,
conceptual framework, and review of related literature and studies. Each type of
research has unique design to follow that will also lead the direction of sampling
procedure, data gathering, and data analysis. Each research type also aims to
answer specific research questions, how it will be answered is determined by its
design.
Important considerations also are the variables of the study. The type of
variables provides paradigm (your conceptual framework) which helps researcher
decides on what will be the design of the study.
LET’S KICK IT OFF!
Activity 1. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct. Write False if the
statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
TRUE 1. Quantitative research is replicable.
TRUE 2. Simple Random Sampling is a way of choosing individuals in which all
members of the accessible population are given equal chance to be selected.
FALSE 3. The data of quantitative research can’t be used to predict future outcomes
or forecast.
TRUE 4. In quantitative research, statistical treatment is utilized to determine how
significant the relationships or differences between and among variables.
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TRUE 5. Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be
analyzed inARE
the YOU TAKING
research study.IT?
Activity 2. Directions: Define the following terms.
1. Quantitative Research: A process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It
can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
2. Population: A particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in an
area or country.
3. Sample: A group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger
population for measurement.
4. Cluster Sampling: A probability sampling technique in which all population
elements are categorized into mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups called
clusters. Clusters are selected for sampling, and all or some elements from selected
clusters comprise the sample.
5. Research Design: An overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way , thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collecti
on, measurement, and analysis of data.
HERE’S HOW IT IS!
Meaning of Quantitative Research Designs
When a man decides to build a house, does not he draw first the blueprint
before he will start to do the work? Same with the conduct of research, the
blueprint for collection, measurement, and data analysis is drawn as a pattern to
follow. Furthermore, research designs enable the researcher to obtain a more
valid, objective, reliable, and accurate answers to the research questions.
Research design is defined as the logical and coherent overall strategy that
the researcher uses to integrate all the components of the research study
(Barrot, 2017, p 102). In order to find meaning in the overall process of doing
your research study, a step-by-step process will be helpful to you.
In quantitative research, you are going to have a great deal of abstraction and
numerical analysis. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (2007, p 15), the research
designs in quantitative research are mostly pre-established. Hence having an
appropriate research design in quantitative research, the researcher will have a
clearer comprehension of what you are trying to analyze and interpret.
Types of Quantitative Research Design
Descriptive Research is best used when little is known about the research
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problem, the main objective of the study is just to observe and report a certain
phenomenon as it is happening.
Correlational Research, determine if a variable increases or decreases as
another variable increases or decreases. Dependent on scope and delimitation.
Ex Post Facto, used if the objective of the study is to measure a cause
from a pre-existing effect. Researcher has no control over the variables thus one
cannot conclude that the changes measured happen during the actual conduct
of the study.
Quasi-Experimental aims to measure casual relationship between
variables. The effect measured is considered to have occurred during the
conduct of the current study. The conclusion of results is limited since
assignment of subjects, participants, or respondents are not randomly assigned
into experimental or control group.
True Experimental, based on scientific method with a procedure of
gathering data under a controlled or manipulated environment. Random
assignment of subjects or participants into treatment and control group is done,
increasing the validity of the study. Experimental research, therefore, attempts to
affect a certain variable by directly manipulating the independent variable.
Population and Sample
The first step in determining the sample size is identifying the population
of the topic of interest. The population is the totality of all the objects, elements,
persons, and characteristics under consideration. It is understood that this
population possess common characteristics about which the research aims to
explore.
There are two types of population: target population and accessible
population. The actual population is the target population, for example, all
Senior High School Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) in the Division of Tacloban City. While the accessible
population is the portion of the population in which the researcher has a
reasonable access, for example all Senior High School enrolled, STEM strand at
Leyte National High School.
When the whole population is too costly or time consuming or impractical
to consider then a sample representative is identified. Sampling pertains to
the systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in the research
study. The goal is to get information from a group that represents the target
population. Once good sample is obtained; the generalizability and applicability
of findings increases.
The representative subset of the population refers to sample. All the 250
Grade 12 Senior High School Students enrolled in General Academic Strand
(GAS) in a school for example constitute the population; 60 of those students
constitute the sample. A good sample should have characteristics of the
represented population – characteristics that are within the scope of the study
with fair accuracy. Generally, the larger the sample the more reliable the sample
be but still it will depend on the scope and delimitation and research design of
the study.
Approaches in Identifying the Sample Size
Heuristics. This approach refers to the rule of the thumb for sample size.
Early established approach by Gay (1976) stated by Cristobal and Dela Cruz- 3
Cristobal (2017, p 172), sample sizes for different research designs are the
following:
Research Design Number of Subject/Participants
Lunenberg and Irby (2008) as cited by Barrot (2017, p 107) also suggested
different sample sizes for each quantitative research design.
Research Design Number of Subjects/Paricipants
Survey 800
Correlational 100 to 200
Ex Post Facto 30+
Experimental 30 or more
Literature Review. Another approach is by reading similar or related
literature and studies to your current research study. Since you are done writing
your review of related literature and studies, you might want to recall how these
studies determine sample size. Using this approach increases the validity of your
sampling procedure. Formulas are also being established for the computation of
acceptable sample size. Common formula is the Slovin’s Formula. Power
Analysis approach is basically founded on the principle of power analysis. There
are two principles you need to consider if you are going to use this approach: these
are statistical power and effect size.
Probability Sampling in Quantitative Research
1. Simple Random Sampling. It is a way of choosing individuals in which all
members of the accessible population are given equal chance to be selected.
There are various ways of obtaining samples through simple random sampling.
These are fishbowl technique, roulette wheel, or use of table of random numbers.
This technique is also readily available online. Visit this link
https://www.randomizer.org/ to practice.
2. Stratified Random Sampling. The same with simple random sampling,
stratified random sampling also gives equal chance to all members of the
population to be chosen. However, the population is first divided into strata or
groups before selecting the samples. The samples are chosen from these
subgroups and not directly from the entire population. This is procedure is best
used when the variables of the study are also grouped into classes such as gender
and grade level. You can simply follow the steps from this given example: A
population of 600 Junior High School students includes 180 Grade 7, 160 Grade 8,
150 Grade 9, and 110 Grade 10. If the computed sample size is 240, the following
proportionate sampling will be as follows.
The number of members per subgroup is divided by the total accessible sample
size. The percentage result of members per subgroup will be multiplied from the
computed total sample size. After obtaining the sample size per strata, then simple
random sampling will be done for the selection of samples from each group.
3. Cluster Sampling. This procedure is usually applied in large-scale studies,
geographical spread out of population is a challenge, and gathering information will
be very time consuming. Similar with stratified random sampling, cluster sampling
also involves grouping of population according to subgroups or clusters. It is a
method where multiple clusters of people from the chosen population will be4
created by the researcher in order to have homogenous characteristics.
4. Systematic Sampling. This procedure is as simply as selecting sample every
nth (example every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen population until arriving at a desired
DO IT!
Activity 3. PRACTICE. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Identify the
appropriate research design that is being referred to.
1. The relationship between the economic status and academic performance of the
respondents
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
2. The percentage of Grade 10 learners who will pursue academic track in Senior
High School
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
3. Effects of pandemic in the learning habits of Grade 12 learners
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
4. A survey on the preferred course of Grade 12 learners in college
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
5. The effectiveness of Content-based Instruction in teaching Social Studies in
Grade 11
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
ACE IT!
Activity 4. MASTER. Directions: Determine the quantitative research design
appropriate for the following hypothetical research titles. Make sure to
explain your choice into two to three sentences.
1. Relationship between Academic Stressors and Learning Preferences of Senior
High School Students
Quantitative Research Design: Correlational
Explanation: It is Correlational Research because the objective of the study is to
determine the relationship between two variables (Academic Stressors and Learning
Preferences of High School Students). It will determine if the two variables increases
or decreases as another variable increases or increases.
2. Reading Electronic Learning Materials as a Support for Vocabulary of Grade 1
Pupils
Quantitative Research Design: Quasi-experimental or experimental
Explanation: It is Quasi-Experimental Research because it aims to establish the
effect of using e-learning materials on vocabulary development where pupils can be
randomly assigned or not into groups. The conclusion of results is limited since the
subjects, participants, or respondents are not randomly assigned into experimental
or control groups.
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3. Impact of the Implementation of COVID – 19 Health Protocols in Supermarkets on
Consumer Behaviors
Quantitative Research Design: Ex post facto
Explanation: It is Ex-Post-Facto Research because it aims to explore the effect of the
COVID-19 health protocol implementation, which is already implemented in
supermarkets. The objective of the study is to measure the cause of a pre-existing
effect on the implementation of COVID-19 Health Protocols in supermarkets on
consumer behaviors.
4. Effects of Morning Exercise on the Health Anxiety Level of Senior Citizens
Quantitative Research Design: Ex-Post facto
Explanation: It is Ex-Post Facto Research because it aims to explore the effects of
morning exercise among senior citizens who are already practicing it. The
researcher has no control over the variables, so one cannot conclude that the
changes measured happened during the actual conduct of the study on the effects of
morning exercise on the health anxiety level of senior citizens.
5. Measuring the Gadgets Usage of Children at Home during Quarantine
Quantitative Research Design: Descriptive
Explanation: It is Descriptive Research because it simply observes and attempts to
track children's gadget usage at home during quarantine. The main objective of the
study is just to observe and report a certain phenomenon as it is happening.
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