See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/310705865

An Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Cement by Glass

Powder in Concrete

Article · November 2016

CITATIONS READS

14 85,085

1 author:

Harish B A
GM Institute of Technology, Davangere
17 PUBLICATIONS   74 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Concrete Materials View project

FUNICULAR SHELLS (DOUBLY CURVED SHELLS) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Harish B A on 29 December 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

An Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Cement by

Glass Powder in Concrete
Harish B A1, Hanumesh B M2, Siddesh T M3, Siddhalingesh B K4
1 Assistant professor, GM Institute of Technology, Davanagere-577006, Karnataka, India.
2 Assistant professor, STJ Institute of Technology, Ranebennur-581115, Karnataka, India.
3, 4 Post graduate student, University B D T College of Engineering, Davanagere-577004, Karnataka, India.

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Non-degradable wastes has been a major issue compressive strength of concrete containing glass was
now in the 21st century as more and more of these wastes are higher than that of control mix. A glass is defined as an
piling up in our world today and being disposed of in landfill inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled to a rigid
areas without being recycled. These wastes take up a very long condition without crystallization. The glass being mainly a
period of time to decompose. Because of this problem, silica-based material in amorphous form can be used in
researches have been done to fully utilize these wastes as the cement-based applications. The main concerns for the use of
final products for construction materials such as concrete. crushed glasses as aggregates for Portland cement concrete
Increasing emphasis on the use of sustainable materials in are the expansion and cracking caused by the glass
construction has led to the use of variety of cement aggregates due to alkali silica reaction. Due its silica content,
replacement materials in concrete. One such material, with an ground glass is considered pozzolanic materials and as such
underutilized potential is glass powder, given the vast can exhibit properties similar to other pozzolanic materials
amounts of glass that is present in the solid waste stream of such as fly ash, metakaolin, slag and wheat husk ash. This
any major city. This paper summarizes information on the paper reports the preliminary results of an experimental
mechanical & durability properties of cementitious systems investigation on the use of glass powder to partially replace
containing a fine glass powder. It is shown on this paper that cement in concrete applications.
concrete mixtures could be proportioned to achieve similar or
higher compressive strengths. A better understanding of the Although there is strength reaction in the presence of glass
performance of a non-standard cement replacement material powder, however, glass powder can be used to replace 30%
such as glass powder could lead to increased usage of this of the cement in a concrete mix with satisfactory strength
material, consequently contributing to sustainability. development due to its pozzolanic reaction. Authors found
that using glass in mortar applications caused more
Key Words: Glass powder, Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate, expansion compared with mortars without glass particles.
Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural This expansion can in some cases cause deterioration to the
strength. material.

Efforts have been made in the concrete industry to use waste

glass as partial replacement of coarse or fine aggregates.
1. INTRODUCTION However, due to the strong reaction between the alkali in
cement and the reactive silica in glass, studies of the use of
The waste glass generated in the US in 2008 was about 12.2 glass in concrete as part of the coarse aggregate were not
million tons, 77% of which was disposed of in landfills. The always satisfactory due of the marked strength reduction
bulk of waste glass can be collected in mixed colours, and has and simultaneous excessive expansion
limited markets. It is realized that mixed-colour waste glass
gives desired chemical composition and reactivity for use as It was found that if the glass was ground to a particle size of
a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for enhancing 300 μ or smaller, the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) induced
the chemical stability, pore system characteristics (pore expansion could be reduced. In fact, data reported in the
refinement, discontinuity, and pore filling), moisture literature show that if the waste glass is finely ground, under
resistance and durability of concrete. To achieve these 150 μ, this effect does not occur and mortar durability is
benefits, waste glass needs to be milled to micro scale guaranteed. It also well know that typical pozzolanic
particle size for accelerating its beneficial chemical reactions materials might features high silica content, an amorphous
in concrete. These beneficial effects of milled waste glass can structure and have a large surface area.
enhance the residual cement (which forms the interface in
new concrete) occurring on the surface of recycled One of the possible channels for the recycling of mixed glass
aggregates and are thus expected to improve the is cement-based materials, but most of existing studies
performance characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete. recommend its use only as fine powders. Fine particles of
Earlier researchers have investigated the use of glass in glass usually present pozzolanic activity beneficial to the
normal Concrete. They observed that the long term concrete, while coarse particles are usually deleterious to

© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1218
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

concrete due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Although the use 1.2 Advantages of glass powder
of fine particles is an effective solution for glass in concrete,
the crushing of glass represents a significant cost since 1) Waste glass, if ground finer than 150μ shows a
several hours of treatment are needed to obtain an efficient pozzolanic behavior.
fineness of glass (almost equivalent to cement). The aim of 2) The smaller particle size of the glass powder has
this study is to recycle glass in cement-based materials by higher activity with lime resulting in higher
combining fine and coarse glass particles, leading to a compressive strength in the concrete mix.
decrease in the crushing energy used. It is assumed that it is 3) Compared to fly ash concrete, finer glass powder
possible to take advantage of the beneficial activity of fine concrete had slightly higher early strength as well as
particles to counteract the deleterious effect of coarse grains. late strength.
4) Micro structural examination shows that glass powder
The use of partial cement replacement material obtained produces a denser matrix which improves the
from waste or by product streams of other industries is durability property of concrete.
favoured in concrete production due to their advantages in 5) Glass waste is recognized to be increasing year by year
improving some or all the properties of concrete. While the in a large volume from shops, construction areas and
benefits of incorporating fly ash, ground granulated blast factories hence it can be use effectively.
furnace slag, & silica fume in concrete are well known, the 6) This waste storage of in construction section is
past few years have witnessed an increase in attention advantageous in construction cost decreases.
towards the use of finely divided glass powder as a partial
cement replacement material. High contents of silica in glass 1.3 Dis-advantages glass powder
make it a potentially pozzolanic material. This paper
provides data on the mechanical & durability properties of 1) Usage of glass powder is economical only when used
cementatious systems containing a fine glass powder and in high quantity, for small scale construction it will
compares them to systems containing same amounts of a costly.
class F fly ash as a cement replacement material. It covers 2) Since glass is non bio degrable material it is very
several characteristics of cementatious systems with glass effective to the workers’ health.
powder and compares them with fly ash system with an aim 3) If grinding is done by manually precautions measures
of providing information to the user that could help with to be taken otherwise it will leads danger.
wider application of glass powder in concrete. 4) Finely grounded glass powder which is light in weight
can easily mix up with the air leads cause respiratory
Research studies on the use of waste glass in concrete have problems for the workers.
been reported. Crushed glass aggregates are being used in 5) It reduces flexural strength of the concrete.
several decorative concrete applications, and there is
reported literature on its use as coarse aggregate in
conventional concretes and precast blocks. The fact that 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
glass has a high silica content has led to laboratory studies
1) “Value-added utilization of waste glass in
on its feasibility as a raw material in cement manufacture.
The use of finely divided glass powder as a cement concrete”
replacement material has yielded positive results. Glass is This paper shows that there is great potential for the
amorphous with high silica content, thus making it utilisation of waste glass in concrete in several forms,
potentially pozzolanic when the particle size is less than including fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and glass powder.
75μm. Studies have also shown that finely ground glass does It is considered that the latter form would provide much
not contribute to alkali-silica reaction. Successful greater opportunities for value adding and cost recovery, as it
implementation of waste glass powder in concrete will could be used as a replacement for expensive materials such
provide a boost to the use of such non-conventional as silica fume, fly ash and cement.
materials which are typically of local or regional origin. The use of glass powder in concrete would prevent
expansive ASR in the presence of A large proportion of the
post-consumer glass is recycled into the packaging stream
1.1 Objectives of the study
again, and some smaller proportion is used for a variety of
This investigation looks at the partial replacement of cement
purposes including concrete aggregate. However, a
by waste glass powder of size 150microns and 300microns
significant proportion which does not meet the strict criteria
separately in the concrete. Glass powder is replaced
for packaging glass is sent to landfill, taking the space that
separately for both 150microns and 300microns for every
could be allocated to more urgent uses. Glass is unstable in
10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. These results are compared with
the alkaline environment of concrete and could cause
nominal concrete (0% replacement of glass powder).
deleterious alkali-silica reaction problems. This property has
been used to advantage by grinding it into a fine glass powder
(GLP) for incorporation into concrete as a Pozzolonic
material. In laboratory experiments it can suppress the alkali-
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1219
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

reactivity of coarser glass particles, as well as that of natural 4) “Glass powder utilization in concrete production ”
reactive aggregates. It undergoes beneficial Pozzolonic This paper investigates the performance of concrete
reactions in the concrete and could replace up to 30% of containing glass powders partial substitution of cement.
cement in some concrete mixes with satisfactory strength Portland cement (PC) was partially replaced with 0-40%
development. The drying shrinkage of the concrete glass powder. Testing included ultrasonic pulse velocity,
containing GLP was acceptable. compressive strength and absorption. Specimens were cured
in water at 20°C. The results indicate that the maximum
2) “Experimental investigation of waste glass strength of concrete occurs at around 10% glass powder.
powder as partial replacement of cement in Beyond 10% glass powder the strength of concrete reduces
concrete” and is lower than that of the control.
This paper entitled that waste glass powders have This paper concludes that using ground glass powder
been used as replacements to the concrete ingredient i.e. can reduce the use of cement and the associated energy
cement and the mechanical properties like compressive demand and impact on air pollution and CO emission. The
strength are measured. Also we were studied the size effect of slump of concrete seems to increase with the increase in
glass powder on strength of concrete. For checking strength glass powder in the concrete mix. At 10% glass powder
effect of replacement of cement by glass powder, the cement content compressive strength of concrete is higher than that
is replaced at 10%, 20% and 30%. For study of size effect of of the control. Above 20% glass powder the strength
glass powder the powder is divided in to two grades one is substantially decreases.
glass powder having size less than 90 micron and another is
glass powder having particle size ranges from 90 micron to 5) “Strength characteristics of pre cast concrete
150 micron. Concrete is a construction material composed of blocks incorporating waste glass powder”.
cement, aggregates (fine and coarse aggregates) water and This paper deals with studies on the use of waste glass
admixtures. Today many researches are ongoing into the use powder in concrete with moderate level of decrease in
of Portland cement replacements, using many waste compressive strength at 28 days , is locally available, and its
materials like pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated use as a cement replacement material presents an efficient
blast furnace slag (GGBS). Like PFA and GGBS a waste glass waste management option, without compromising concrete
powder (GLP) is also used as a binder with partial performance.
replacement of cement which take some part of reaction at Research studies on the use of waste glass in
the time of hydration, also it is act as a filler material. It is concrete has been reported. Glass concrete products can be
found from study, Initial strength gain is very less due to categorized as commodity products and value –added
addition of GLP on 7th day but it increases on the 28th day. It products. On the other hand in case of the value added
is found that 20% addition of GLP gives higher strength. And products the aesthetic potential of the glass is utilized
also GLP size less than 90 micron is very effective in because its attractiveness, the use of finely divided glass
enhancement of strength. powder as a cement replacement material has yielded
positive results. Glass is amorphous with high silica content,
3) “Studies on Glass Powder as Partial Replacement thus making it potentially pozzolonic when the particle size
of Cement in Concrete Production”. is less than 75 micron. Studies have also shown that finely
Experiment were conducted on concrete prepared by ground glass does not contribute to alkali-silica reaction.
partial replacement of cement by waste glass powder of This paper concludes that the % decrease in 28 days
particle size 75μ[Link] waste glass powder was replaced by strength of concrete by replacement of cement with 20%
10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the binder and the mix design glass powder is only about 10%. It is clear that about 15%
was prepared. The physical and chemical characteristic was of cement replacement by fine glass powder provide the
studied and the chemical components of the glass powder most optimal strength results because with this
used in the concrete were also determined by XRF. replacement the decrease in strength is less than 6%.
It was observed that with a 30% replacement of cement by
amber waste glass content of particle size 75μm along with 3. MATERIALS
fly ash, the compressive strength of concrete increase 25% at CEMENT: In this investigation Dalmia cement which is of the
7 days and 35% when tested for 28 days strength (Pereira de Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade was used throughout
Oliveira. L.A, J.P. castro – Gomes, P. Santos, 2008). This effect the work.
provide ample evidence that both fly ash and waste glass
sand can be used together to produce concretes with relative Table -1: Properties of cement
high strength without any adverse reaction. Particle sizes Sl.
Test Conducted
Results Requirement As Per
No Obtained Is 8112
under that threshold had no effect on length variations. Glass
was ground to a particle size of 300 or smaller, the alkali
1. Normal Consistency 34% Not specified
reaction (ASR) induced expansion could be reduced.
2. Initial setting time 81min Shall not be less than 30 min.

© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1220
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

3. Final setting time 463min

Shall not be more than 600 WATER: Water is an important ingredient of concrete and
min.
mortar as it is actively participates in the chemical reaction
Compressive with cement. Since it helps to form strength, giving cement
4. 55.2 MPa Shall not be less than 53Mpa
strength
gel, the quantity and quality of water is to be looked very
5. Specific gravity 3.15 3.15 carefully.
6. Soundness 5.1mm
Shall not be more than GLASS POWDER: Waste glass available in local shops has
100mm
been collected and made into glass powder. Glass waste is
very hard material. Before adding glass powder in the
concrete it has to be powdered to desired size less than
150microns and 300microns. Glass powder is added to the
cement separately before dry mixing with other material.
The specific gravity of glass powder was found to be 2.69.
This value is far less than 3.15 for Portland cement.

Fig 1: Ordinary Portland cement

FINE AGGREGATE: The fine aggregate used in this

investigation was clean river sand, whose max size is
4.75mm the sand was first air-dried in order to reduce
considerably its moisture content.

Fig 4: 150µm size glass powder

Fig 2: Fine aggregate

COARSE AGGREGATE: Machine crushed blue granite stone

angular in shape and rough surface was used as coarse
aggregate of size 20mm passing through 16mm retained as
per IS:2386-1963 recommendation.

Fig 5: 300µm size glass powder

SUPER PLASTICIZER: 0.5% of super plasticizer by weight of

cement is added to the mix concrete to increase the
workability. The name of plasticizer used Conplast sp-430.
Fig 3: Coarse aggregate

© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1221
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

4. METHEDOLOGY
Experiments were conducted on concrete prepared
by partial replacement of cement by waste glass powder of
particle size 150μm and 300µm separately in the concrete.
The waste glass powder was replaced by 10%, 20%, 30%
and 40% of the binder and the mix design was prepared.
These results are compared with nominal concrete (0%
replacement of glass powder).
In this project various test are conducting on
cement, fine aggregate and course aggregate as well as
workability measurement are conducting by using different
methods. The observation is tabulated and the results are
calculated. Graphs are plotted if it necessary by using
suitable readings.
The various parameters of the strength characteristic
studied are Fig 7: Tensile strength test
1. Compressive strength
2. Tensile strength The tensile strength is calculated using the equation,
3. Flexural strength F = 2P/ (π D L)---------2
Where,
4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST F = Tensile strength of concrete (in MPa).
Specimens of dimensions 150x150x150mm were P = Load at failure (in N).
prepared. They are tested on 2000KN capacity compression L = Length of the cylindrical specimen (in mm).
testing machine as per IS 516-1959. D = Diameter of the cylindrical specimen (in mm).

FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Beam specimens of dimensions 100x100x500mm were
prepared. During testing two
point loading was adopted on an effective span of 400mm as
per IS 516-1959.

Fig 6: Compressive strength test

The compressive strength is calculated by using the

equation,
F= P/A---------1
Where,
F= Compressive strength of the specimen (in MPa).
P= Maximum load applied to the specimen (in N). Fig 8: Flexural strength test
A= Cross sectional area of the specimen (in mm2) = 22500
mm2 Flexural strength is calculated using the equation:
F= PL/ (bd2)----------3
TENSILE STRENGTH TEST Where,
Cylindrical specimens of diameter 150mm and F= Flexural strength of concrete (in MPa).
length 3000mm were prepared. Tension test was carried out P= Failure load (in N).
on 2000 KN capacity compression testing machine as per IS L= Effective span of the beam (400mm).
5816-1999. b= Breadth of the beam (100mm).

© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1222
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Table-3: Flexural Strength Test Results

% of Glass Size of Glass No, of Mean Strength
Sl No
Table-2: Compressive Strength Test Results Powder Powder Moulds In N/mm2
Size of 1 0% 3 6.94
% of Glass No, of Mean Strength <150µ 3 6.98
Sl No Glass 2 10%
Powder Moulds In N/mm2 <300µ 3 6.95
Powder
1 0% 3 24.70 <150µ 3 7.02
3 20%
<150µ 3 25.72 <300µ 3 5.40
2 10% <150µ 3 6.24
<300µ 3 23.544 4 30%
<150µ 3 26.14 <300µ 3 6.20
3 20% <150µ 3 5.34
<300µ 3 22.962 5 40%
<150µ 3 28.194 <300µ 3 4.85
4 30%
<300µ 3 20.78
<150µ 3 26.012
5 40%
<300µ 3 18.166

Chart-3: Flexural strength of concrete

6. CONCLUSIONS
Chart-1: Compressive strength of concrete
1) Increasing the amount of glass above 30% in mortar
Table-3: Split Tensile Strength Test Results causes a general decrease of compressive strength,
Size of
Sl No
% of Glass
Glass
No, of Mean Strength 2) Average Compressive strength of the concrete
Powder Moulds In N/mm2
Powder containing Glass powder less than 150µ size will
1 0% 3 1.98 increases up to 30% replacement of cement.
<150µ 3 2.03
2 10%
<300µ 3 2.21
3) Average Compressive strength of concrete containing
3 20%
<150µ 3 2.12 Glass powder less than 300µ size will gradually
<300µ 3 2.03 decrease.
<150µ 3 2.26
4 30%
<300µ 3 1.90 4) Average Tensile strength of the concrete containing
5 40%
<150µ 3 1.56 Glass powder less than 150µ size will increases up to
<300µ 3 1.48 30% replacement of cement.
5) Average Tensile strength of the concrete containing
Glass powder less than 300µ size will decreases
gradually up to 30% replacement of cement.
6) Average Flexure strength of the concrete containing
Glass powder of size <150µ and <300µ will be
decreased for any % replacement of cement

REFERENCES
1) Chikhalikar S.M. and Tande S.N. (2012) ―An
Experimental Investigation On Characteristics
Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Chikhalikar
S.M. and Tande S.N. (2012) ―An Experimental
Investigation On Characteristics Properties of Fibre
Reinforced Concrete Containing Waste Glass Powder
as Pozzolona‖ 37th Conference on Our World in
Chart-2: Split tensile strength of concrete Concrete and Structures, Singapore, August.
2) Dali J.S. and Tande S.N. (2012) ―Performance of
Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures Subjected to

© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1223
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

High Temperature‖ 37th Conference on Our World in

Concrete and Structures, Singapore, August. Hanumesh B M is presently
3) Bajad M.N. ,Modhera [Link] Desai A.k.(2011) ―Effect working as assistant professor,
of Glass on Strength of Concrete Subjected to Sulphate Dept of Civil Engineering at
Attack‖ International Journal of Civil Engineering STJIT, Ranebennur, Karnataka.
Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN 2228- He obtained his [Link] degree
9428(Print) ISSN 2248 – 9436(Online), Volume 1, No2 in Computer Aided Design of
4) Vandhiyan R., Ramkumar K. and Ramya Structures from VTU. His areas
R.(2013)―Experimental Study On Replacement Of of research interest include
Cement By Glass Powder‖ International Journal of Fiber reinforced concrete and FE
Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Analysis of concrete structures.
Issue 5, May, ISSN: 2278-0181
5) Vasudevan Gunalaan and Pillay Seri Ganis Kanapathy
―Performance of Using Waste Glass Powder In Siddesh T M is presently
Concrete As Replacement Of Cement‖ American studying [Link] (Computer
Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320- Aided Design of Structures) in
0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-02, Issue-12 . UBDTCE, Davanagere,
6) Aadeeba Bashir, Abdul Basit Jalal Bhat, Diviya Karnataka. He received his B.E
Diwaker-A Felicity of Glass Powder when Replaced Degree in Civil Engineering from
with Cement || International Journal of Emerging VTU during 2010-2014. His
Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE) areas of research interest
Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2016, ISSN 2250-2459. include FE analysis of concrete
7) B K Varun, Harish B A, Hanumesh B M- The structures and concrete Shells.
Mechanical properties of concrete incorporating
quarry dust and foundry sand as partial and complete
replacement of fine aggregate || International Journal
of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Siddhalingesh B K is presently
(IJETAE) Volume 6, Issue 9, Sep 2016, ISSN 2250- studying [Link] (Computer
2459, pp 60-67. Aided Design of Structures) in
8) Concrete Technology, M.S. Shetty. UBDTCE, Davanagere,
9) IS CODES OF PRACTICE: Karnataka. He received his B.E
 IS 10262-2009 (Specifications for concrete mix Degree in Civil Engineering from
proportion) VTU during 2010-2014. His
 IS 456-2000 (Plain and reinforced Concrete –code areas of research interest
of practice [IV Revision]) include Fiber reinforced
 IS 2386 (part 3): 1963 (Method of aggregate test for concrete.
concrete)
 IS 383: 1970 (Specification for fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate)
 IS 516: 1959 (Specifications for compressive
strength)
 IS 5816: 1999 (Specifications for split tensile
strength)

BIOGRAPHIES
Harish B A is presently working
as assistant professor, Dept of
Civil Engineering at GMIT,
Davangere, Karnataka. He
obtained his [Link] degree in
Computer Aided Design of
Structures from VTU. His areas
of research interest include
Fiber reinforced concrete,
Recycled aggregate concrete and
concrete shells.

© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1224

View publication stats