HW #7

7.23 (a) From the plot of yield strength versus (grain diameter)–1/2 for a 70 Cu–30 Zn cartridge brass, Figure 7.15,
determine values for the constants σ0 and ky in Equation 7.7.
(b) Now predict the yield strength of this alloy when the average grain diameter is 1.0  10-3 mm.

Solution

(a) Perhaps the easiest way to solve for 0 and ky in Equation 7.7 is to pick two values each of y and d-1/2

from Figure 7.15, and then solve two simultaneous equations, which may be created. For example

d-1/2 (mm) -1/2 y (MPa)

4 75
12 175

The two equations are thus

75 =  0 + 4 k y

175 =  0 + 12 k y


Solution of these equations yield the values of



k y = 12.5 MPa (mm)1/2 1810 psi(mm)1/2

0 = 25 MPa (3630 psi)



(b) When d = 1.0  10-3 mm, d-1/2 = 31.6 mm-1/2, and, using Equation 7.7,

 y =  0 + k y d -1/2

 1/2 
= (25 MPa) + 12.5 MPa (mm) (31.6 mm-1/2) = 420 MPa (61,000 psi)
  


7.30 A cylindrical specimen of cold-worked copper has a ductility (%EL) of 25%. If its cold-worked radius is 10
mm (0.40 in.), what was its radius before deformation?

Solution

This problem calls for us to calculate the precold-worked radius of a cylindrical specimen of copper that
has a cold-worked ductility of 25%EL. From Figure 7.19c, copper that has a ductility of 25%EL will have
experienced a deformation of about 11%CW. For a cylindrical specimen, Equation 7.8 becomes

 r 2   r 2 
%CW =  0 2 d   100

 r0 


Since rd = 10 mm (0.40 in.), solving for r0 yields



rd 10 mm
r0 = = = 10.6 mm (0.424 in.)
%CW 11.0
1  1 
100 100


7.38 The average grain diameter for a brass material was measured as a function of time at 650°C, which is
tabulated below at two different times:

Time (min) Grain Diameter (mm)

30 3.9 × 10–2
90 6.6 × 10–2
(a) What was the original grain diameter?
(b) What grain diameter would you predict after 150 min at 650°C?

Solution

(a) Using the data given and Equation 7.9 (taking n = 2), we may set up two simultaneous equations with
d0 and K as unknowns; thus

(3.9  10 -2 mm) 2  d02 = (30 min) K

(6.6  10 -2 mm) 2  d02 = (90 min) K



Solution of these expressions yields a value for d0, the original grain diameter, of


d0 = 0.01 mm,

and a value for K of 4.73  10-5 mm2/min

(b) At 150 min, the diameter d is computed using a rearranged form of Equation 7.9 as

d= d02  Kt

= (0.01 mm) 2  (4.73  105 mm2/min) (150 min) = 0.085 mm




8.1 What is the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal crack having a radius of
curvature of 2.5  10-4 mm (10-5 in.) and a crack length of 2.5  10-2 mm (10-3 in.) when a tensile stress of 170 MPa
(25,000 psi) is applied?

Solution

This problem asks that we compute the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal
crack. Equation 8.1 is employed to solve this problem, as

 a 1/ 2
 m = 2  0  
 t 

2.5  102 mm 1/2

  
= (2)(170 MPa)  2  = 2404 MPa (354,000 psi)
4
2.5  10 mm 

 



8.3 If the specific surface energy for soda-lime glass is 0.30 J/m2, using data contained in Table 12.5, compute the
critical stress required for the propagation of a surface crack of length 0.05 mm.

Solution

We may determine the critical stress required for the propagation of an surface crack in soda-lime glass
using Equation 8.3; taking the value of 69 GPa (Table 12.5) as the modulus of elasticity, we get

2E  1/ 2
 c =  s

  a 

1/ 2
 9 N / m2 ) (0.30 N/m) 
= 
(2) (69  10   = 16.2  10 6 N/m2 = 16.2 MPa

 () 0.05  10 
3 m 



8.22 Three identical fatigue specimens (denoted A, B, and C) are fabricated from a nonferrous alloy. Each is
subjected to one of the maximum-minimum stress cycles listed below; the frequency is the same for all three tests.

Specimen max (MPa) min (MPa)

A +450 –350
B +400 –300
C +340 –340

(a) Rank the fatigue lifetimes of these three specimens from the longest to the shortest.
(b) Now justify this ranking using a schematic S–N plot.

Solution

In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to compute both the mean stress and stress amplitude for each
specimen. Since from Equation 8.14, mean stresses are the specimens are determined as follows:

 max   min
m =
2

450 MPa  (350 MPa)

 m (A) = = 50 MPa
 2

400 MPa  (300 MPa)

 m ( B) = = 50 MPa
 2

340 MPa  (340 MPa)

 m (C ) = = 0 MPa
 2

Furthermore, using Equation 8.16, stress amplitudes are computed as


   min
 a = max
2

450 MPa  (350 MPa)

 a (A) = = 400 MPa
 2

400 MPa  (300 MPa)

 a ( B) = = 350 MPa
 2

340 MPa  (340 MPa)

 a (C ) = = 340 MPa
 2


On the basis of these results, the fatigue lifetime for specimen C will be greater than specimen B, which in turn will
be greater than specimen A. This conclusion is based upon the following S-N plot on which curves are plotted for
two m values.