OVERVIEW OF SPEED CONTROL OF A DC MOTOR USING ANDROID

ABSTRACT

The Android-is the most popular mobile platform, which is very useful in

creating much real time application which is useful in our day to day life.

The DC motors are widely used for variable speed drive system in industrial

applications such as industrial automation, electric traction, aircraft, military

equipment, hard disk drives because of their high efficiency, silent

operation, compact, reliability and low maintenance. Due to the

advancement of wireless technology, there are several connections

introduced such as GSM, Wi-Fi, ZIGBEE and Bluetooth. Each of the

connection has their own unique specifications and applications. Among

these wireless connections, Bluetooth technology is often implemented. The

speed control was implemented using Bluetooth technology to provide

communication access from smart phone. On the other hand we have

ARDUINO UNO platform that we can use to quickly prototype electronic

systems. Android mobile act as a transmitter and the received by Bluetooth

receiver interfaced to Arduino which send data to the Bluetooth module and

which in-turn run the motor

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECTS

1.5 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1.6 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT

1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.8 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW OF DC MOTOR

2.2 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES DC MOTOR

2.3 PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF A DC MOTOR

2.5 OVERVIEW OF AN ANDROID

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.4 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.5 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

3.6 ANDROID STUDIO

3.7 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.4 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE

4.6 TESTING

4.7 RESULT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

5.3 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Today most of the industries use DC motors. So, speed controlling of DC

motors plays a very vital role. Therefore our paper concentrates on

monitoring and controlling the speed of DC motor using Android mobile

application, with the help of Bluetooth technology. Smart phones have in-

built Bluetooth technology, so and external Bluetooth module is interfaced

with the microcontroller unit (ARDUINO) for wireless communication. The

Bluetooth module receives command from the mobile phone android

application. So, according to the input signal, with the help of arduino,

MOSFET can be used to vary the voltage as well as the speed of the DC motor

using PWM technique. Direction of the DC motor can also be varied with the

help of relay circuit or H-Bridge network.

1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to design a device that controls the speed of a DC

motor using an arduino with android application device.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

After studying the material in this chapter, the student involved would be able to:

1. Understand the working principle of the dc motor

2. Know how to control the speed of a dc motor using android

3. Know the importance of controlling a dc motor speed

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1. Bluetooth consumes less power than other devices.

2. Android application is user-friendly.

3. Technically expert persons are not required.

4. Wireless communication is enhanced.

5. Programming is simpler.

1.4 PROBLEMS OF THE PROJECT

1. Usage of Bluetooth module makes the usage only within a short range.

2. Usage of android app in smart phones consumes battery.

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

1. Home automation.

2. Many industrial applications require adjustable speed drive and constant

speed for improving the quality product.

3. Intensity of light can also be controlled with the help of android app.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This system DC motor Controller by Android is developed to control the speed of

the DC motor in both clockwise and anticlockwise direction. For this DC motor is

interfaced to the arduino. A Bluetooth modem is used to receive direction

commands and PWM commands. When an Android device sends commands, it is

received by the Bluetooth modem which then sends the commands to the

microcontroller. The microcontroller the controls the DC motor through motor

driver. The entire system is powered by 12V transformer.

1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly

put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this

project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the

background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this work was

discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature

pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved

during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality

was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW OF DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct

current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on

the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some

internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically

change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from

existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor’s speed

can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by

changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in

tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but

is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC

motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives

for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of

DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

2.2 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES DC MOTOR

Electromagnetic motors

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field

aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic

field produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the

current flowing through it.

A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature

with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that

concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around

the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends

of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each

armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating coils with the

external power supply through brushes. The total amount of current sent to the

coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the

electromagnetic field created.

The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the

effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in

sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields

interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets)

in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature

which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use

electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over

the motor.

At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected

provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a

DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The

introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed

speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics

systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off

cycles which have an effective lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is

often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC

motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-

electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many
years. The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run

machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC

motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive

power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as

well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in

applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel

rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields

were generally used with winder drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as

smooth speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large

AC motors with variable frequency drives.

If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a

dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car

and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street

car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is called

regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives

they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the

energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery packs to

recapture some of this energy.

Brushed

A brushed DC electric motor generating torque from DC power supply by using an

internal mechanical commutation. Stationary permanent magnets form the stator

field. Torque is produced by the principle that any current-carrying conductor

placed within an external magnetic field experiences a force, known as Lorentz

force. In a motor, the magnitude of this Lorentz force (a vector represented by

the green arrow), and thus the output torque,is a function for rotor angle, leading

to a phenomenon known as torque ripple) Since this is a two-pole motor, the

commutator consists of a split ring, so that the current reverses each half turn

( 180 degrees).

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied

to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or

electromagnets), and rotating electromagnets.

Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and

simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-

span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon

brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or

replacing the commutator. These components are necessary for transferring

electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the

rotor inside the motor.

Brushes are usually made of graphite or carbon, sometimes with added dispersed

copper to improve conductivity. In use, the soft brush material wears to fit the

diameter of the commutator, and continues to wear. A brush holder has a spring

to maintain pressure on the brush as it shortens. For brushes intended to carry

more than an ampere or two, a flying lead will be molded into the brush and

connected to the motor terminals. Very small brushes may rely on sliding contact

with a metal brush holder to carry current into the brush, or may rely on a contact

spring pressing on the end of the brush. Very small short-lived motors, such as are

used in toys, may be made of a folded strip of metal that contacts the

commutator.

Brushless

Typical brushless DC motors use one or more permanent magnets in the rotor

and electromagnets on the motor housing for the stator. A motor controller

converts DC to AC. This design is mechanically simpler than that of brushed

motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside

the motor to the spinning rotor. The motor controller can sense the rotor's
position via Hall effect sensors or similar devices and can precisely control the

timing, phase, etc., of the current in the rotor coils to optimize torque, conserve

power, regulate speed, and even apply some braking. Advantages of brushless

motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency.

Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed

controllers. Some such brushless motors are sometimes referred to as

"synchronous motors" although they have no external power supply to be

synchronized with, as would be the case with normal AC synchronous motors.

Uncommutated

Other types of DC motors require no commutation.

 Homopolar motor – A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the axis of

rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the

magnetic field. The name homopolar refers to the absence of polarity change.

Homopolar motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which limits them to

very low voltages. This has restricted the practical application of this type of

motor.
  Ball bearing motor – A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that

consists of two ball bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on

a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high

current, low voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the

outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a

shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod).

This method has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The

direction of rotation is determined by the initial spin which is usually

required to get it going.

Permanent magnet stators

A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on

PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to

produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used

on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it

cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in

miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most

larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings.

Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled;
field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However,

large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors

wound fields for large machines.

To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy

magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are

neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines

with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly

fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the

structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to

ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel

tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.

Wound stators

There are three types of electrical connections between the stator and rotor

possible for DC electric motors: series, shunt/parallel and compound (various

blends of series and shunt/parallel) and each has unique speed/torque

characteristics appropriate for different loading torque profiles/signatures. [1]

Series connection

A series DC motor connects the armature and field windings in series with a

common D.C. power source. The motor speed varies as a non-linear function of

load torque and armature current; current is common to both the stator and

rotor yielding current squared (I^2) behavior. A series motor has very high

starting torque and is commonly used for starting high inertia loads, such as

trains, elevators or hoists.[2] This speed/torque characteristic is useful in

applications such as dragline excavators, where the digging tool moves rapidly

when unloaded but slowly when carrying a heavy load.

A series motor should never be started at no load. With no mechanical load on

the series motor, the current is low, the counter-EMF produced by the field

winding is weak, and so the armature must turn faster to produce sufficient

counter-EMF to balance the supply voltage. The motor can be damaged by

overspeed. This is called a runaway condition.

Series motors called universal motors can be used on alternating current. Since

the armature voltage and the field direction reverse at the same time, torque

continues to be produced in the same direction. However they run at a lower

speed with lower torque on AC supply when compared to DC due to reactance

voltage drop in AC which is not present in DC. Since the speed is not related to the

line frequency, universal motors can develop higher-than-synchronous speeds,

making them lighter than induction motors of the same rated mechanical output.

This is a valuable characteristic for hand-held power tools. Universal motors for

commercial utility are usually of small capacity, not more than about 1 kW

output. However, much larger universal motors were used for electric

locomotives, fed by special low-frequency traction power networks to avoid

problems with commutation under heavy and varying loads.

Shunt connection

A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or shunt

with a common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed regulation

even as the load varies, but does not have the starting torque of a series DC

motor.[4] It is typically used for industrial, adjustable speed applications, such as

machine tools, winding/unwinding machines and tensioners.

Compound connection

A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt and

a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC

motor.[5] This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good speed

regulation is needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements:

cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors connect the series

field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed

regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good speed regulation and are

typically operated at constant speed.

2.3 PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR

Direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is

placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move.

This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is

reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric

field interact they produce a mechanical force, and based on that the working

principle of DC motor is established.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which

states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are

extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents

the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of current,
then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by the

shaft of the DC motor.

Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly similar to a DC

generator, but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we

supply electrical energy to the input port and derive mechanical energy from the

output port. The block diagram of a dc motor is shown below.

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the electrical

port or the input port and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and

speed ω from the mechanical port or output port.

The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are related by the

parameter K. So from the picture above we can well

understand that motor is just the opposite phenomena of a DC generator, and we

can derive both motoring and generating operation from the same machine by

simply reversing the ports.

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF A DC MOTOR

The diagram below is used to describe dc motor:

The direct current motor is represented by the circle in the center, on which is

mounted the brushes, where we connect the external terminals, from where

supply voltage is given. On the mechanical terminal we have a shaft coming out of

the Motor, and connected to the armature, and the armature-shaft is coupled to

the mechanical load. On the supply terminals we represent the armature

resistance Ra in series. Now, let the input voltage E, is applied across the brushes.
Electric current which flows through the rotor armature via brushes, in presence

of the magnetic field, produces a torque T g. Due to this torque T g the dc motor

armature rotates. As the armature conductors are carrying currents and the

armature rotates inside the stator magnetic field, it also produces an emf E b in the

manner very similar to that of a generator. The generated Emf E b is directed

opposite to the supplied voltage and is known as the back Emf, as it counters the

forward voltage.

The back emf like in case of a generator is represented by

Where, P = no of poles

φ = flux per pole

Z= No. of conductors

A = No. of parallel paths and N is the speed of the DC Motor.

However, from the above equation we can see E b is proportional to speed ‘N’.

That is whenever a direct current motor rotates, it results in the generation of

back Emf. Now lets represent the rotor speed by ω in rad/sec. So E b is

proportional to ω. So, when the speed of the motor is reduced by the application
of load, Eb decreases. Thus the voltage difference between supply voltage and

back emf increases that means E − Eb increases. Due to this increased voltage

difference, armature current will increase and therefore torque and hence speed

increases. Thus a DC Motor is capable of maintaining the same speed under

variable load.

Now armature current Ia is represented by Now at starting,speed ω =

0 so at starting Eb = 0.

Now since the armature winding electrical resistance Ra is small, this motor has a

very high starting current in the absence of back Emf. As a result we need to use a

starter for starting a DC Motor. Now as the motor continues to rotate, the back

Emf starts being generated and gradually the current decreases as the motor

picks up speed.

2.4 OVERVIEW OF AN ANDROID

The Android operating system works based on Linux, it is designed primarily for

touchscreen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. One of the
most widely used mobile OS these days is Android. The android is software that

was founded in Palo Alto of California in 2003.

The Android is a powerful operating system and it supports a large number of

applications in Smartphones. These applications are more comfortable and

advanced for the users. The hardware that supports android software is based on

ARM architecture platform.

The android is an open source operating system means that it’s free and any one

can use it. The android has got millions of apps available that can help you manage

your life one or other way and it is available at low cost in the market at that

reasons Android is very popular.

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Before carrying out any project, the block diagram must be drawn and fully

understood. Block diagram gives a pictorial understanding of any work. The block

diagram of the system is as below:

Figure.1.Block Diagram

3.2 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

 The major elements of block diagram are:

 Arduino UNO

 Bluetooth Module

 DC motor

ARDUINO UNO

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog

inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP

header and a reset button. The ATmega328 on the Uno comes preprogrammed

with a boot loader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of

an e xternal hardware programmer.

BLUETOOTH MODULE

Bluetooth serial communication module has two work modes: order-response

work mode and automatic connection work mode. And there are three work

roles at the automatic connection work mode. When the module is at the

automatic connection work mode, it will follow the default way set lastly to

transmit the data automatically. When the module is at the order- response

work mode, user can send the AT command to the module to set the control
parameters and sent control order. The work mode of this Module can be

switched by controlling the module PIN (PIO11) input level. In this project

Bluetooth module is used to send signals from the ARDUINO UNO.

DC MOTOR

Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by

an electric motor. Electrical machines are used for the converting energy.

Motors take electrical energy and produce mechanical energy. Electric motor is

used to power hundreds of devices we use in everyday life. An example of

small motor applications includes motors used in automobiles, robot, hand

power tools and food blenders.

3.2 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Figure.2.Circuit Diagram

3.3 SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE

Signal from Android device will be sent through Bluetooth. This signal will be

communicated with arduino with the help of transmitter and receiver of both

the devices. This signal will be represented by a single letter which denotes the

speed and direction of the motor. There are three different direction of

rotation: clockwise, anti-clockwise and stopping of the motor and these will be

represented by different letters. This letter will vary the speed with reference to

the arduino code. For forward direction the transistor Q1 and Q4 will be ON

and for the reverse direction Q2 and Q3 will ON. Q1 and Q2 are PNP

transistors which becomes ON when low signal is sent and Q3 and Q4 are

NPN transistors which becomes ON when high signal. PWM pins 5 and 6 are
used to control the speed of the in both directions, they use the concept of

varying the dutycycle (PWM Technique). Dutycycle varies from 0 - 225. So

by choosing different duty cycle speed can be varied. Direction is controlled

with the concept of having H-Bridge.

3.4 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

The android application in the mobile phone is developed with the help of

Android Studio Software.

3.5 ANDROID STUDIO

Android Studio is a free integrated development environment (IDE) from

Goog le and official development environment for Android. Android Studio

is based on IntelliJ IDEA . In addition to the features that are already

implemented in IntelliJ IDEA, furthermore, the following functions are

available: Support for the development of Android, Android Wear and

Android TV Apps .Android Studio uses a build management automation

tool , the on Grad le is based. The system gives the developer the

opportunity for different device types such. B. Tablets to create optimized

versions of the app. Theme editor Android Lint It is possible to configure

Google services like Google Cloud Messaging within the IDE and apply it

directly to the app. Support for Pro Guard and automatic app signing The
 source code of Android Studio is freely available.

Figure. 3. Android App Layout

3.6 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

This power supply circuit diagram is ideal for an average current requirement of

1Amp. This  circuit is based on IC LM7812. It is a 3-terminal (+ve) voltage regulator

IC. It has short circuit  protection , thermal overload protection.  LM7812 IC is

from LM78XX series. Circuit diagram of 12v regulated power supply is shown

below:
 Fig: 12V power supply circuit diagram

A transformer(Tx=Primary 230 Volt, Secondary 12 Volt , 1Amp step down

transformer) is used to covert 230V to 12V from mains. Here used a bridge

rectifier made by four  1N4007 or 1N4003 diode to convert AC to DC . The filtering

capacitor 1000uF,25V is used to reduce the ripple and  get a smooth DC voltage.

This circuit is very easy to build. For good performance input  voltage should be

greater than 12Volt in pin-1 of IC LM7812. Use a heat sink to IC LM7812 for

safeguarding it  from overheating.

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

In building this project, the following procedures were properly considered,

I. Purposing of the entire materials / Components needed

ii. Resistance check of the components bought with the help of ohmmeter

before making the necessary connection with the components

iii. Drafting out a schematic diagram or how to arrange the materials /

components.

iv. Testing the completed system to see if the design works and

v. Finally, implementation of design of the project.

Having procured all the materials, I processed into the arrangement of the

components into the Vero board but we could not laid the processor directly on

the bread board because the heat soldering iron emits while soldering, proper

soldering of the components then followed. The components were all soldered

into the board after which it was correctly confirmed done.

4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING

All the components were soldered onto the Vero Board. Then after that, a case

was gotten where the entire circuit was mounted follow by other external

components such as indicators, motor and switches.

4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

Having provided the casing and having finished the construction of the sections of

this system, the assembling into the casing followed. The sections were properly
laid out and assembled into the casing where the general coupling and linkages

into the peripheral devices took place.

Finally; the indicator was brought out to indicate when the system is powered.

Switch was brought out for powering the system and selecting of the speed of the

motor is done by the potentiometer, and was also brought out of the casing

4.4 PACKAGING

This is a very important aspect of the design work. It is the appearance given to the

final work. After soldering on the vero board, we do not leave the work like that; it

has to be cased. Packaging could serve two major functions.

1. Serve to protect the components used for the design.

2. Serve to make the finished work look attractive.

A portable wooden casing covered with leather was used in packaging the work.

The wooden case retain the heat generated by the bulls since wood is a poor

conductor of heat and electricity. The dimension and design of the box was

arrived at after considering various factors such as the width and length of the

vero board

The dimension for the casing is:

Length --- 31.5 cm and 26.5cm

Height -- 14.cm

The vero board and the transformer are held firmly by bolts and nuts.

4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE

The transformer was bolted directly to the bottom of the case. This was followed

by mounting of the power section of the circuit board. A gap was made between

one mounting and the successive ones. This is necessary to avoid over crowding.

The vero board is also mounted at the upper side of the case. The resistors,

transistors, and other components used were mounted on the vero board. All the

accessories were highly fixed to avoid slack that may result in the process of

operations

4.6 TESTING

Testing is one of the important stages in the development of any new product or

repair of existing ones. Because it is very difficult to trace a fault in a finished

work, especially when the work to be tested is too complex. For the purpose of

this project, two stages of testing are involved:

i. Pre-implementation testing
ii. Post-implementation testing.

4.6.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

It is carried out on the components before they are soldered to the veroboard.

This is to ensure that each component is in good working condition before they

are finally soldered to the board. The components used in this design are grouped

into two.

- Discrete components e.g. resistors, light emitting diodes, capacitors, transistors.

Etc.

- 555 timer components.

The discrete components are tested with a millimeter by switching the meter to

the required value and range corresponding to each discrete component to check

for continuity.

4.6.2 POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

After implementing the circuit on a project board, the different sections of the

complete system were tested to ensure that they were in good operating

condition. The continuity test carried out is to ensure that the circuit or
components are properly linked together. This test was carried out before power

was supplied to the circuit. Finally, after troubleshooting has been done on the

whole circuit, power was supplied to the circuit. Visual troubleshooting was also

carried out at this stage to ensure that the components do not burn out.

4.7 RESULT ANALYSIS

The results obtained during the construction states after necessary

troubleshooting were satisfactory. The system was able to respond to its

operation regarding to the front and back movement and different speed were

also selected.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

Thus the speed and direction control of the DC motor is achieved with the

help of Android mobile application with the help of Bluetooth technology.

In this way wireless communication is also achieved.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

1. In future, apart from controlling the speed and direction of DC motors, the

same technique can be implemented in both single phase and three

phase AC motors as well.

2. For long range wireless communication WIFI-module can be used.

3. Touch screen technology can also be implemented.

5.3 REFERENCE

[1]. Sunita, TirupatiGupta:Speed control of Single phase Induction motor

using android bluetooth.ISSN-2321-3361 International Journal of Engineering

Science and Computing Vo lume 6 Issue 5 September 2016.

[2]. Mr.K.Narasimhaiah:Speed Control of AC motor by using blue control

app.ISSN-2393-9923 Global Journal of Trends in Engineering Vo lume 1 Issue

2 April-2016.

[3]. AbhishekGupta: Induction motor speed control using android

application.ISSN-2348-6988 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic

Research Vo lume 4 Issue 2 April-june 2016.

[4]. Salivahanan, S.Suresh, N., and Vallavara j, A. “Electronic Devices and

Circuit”, Fourth Edition, Tada Seventh Edition, 2000, Mc Graw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited.

[5]. Modern Applied Science Vol 5, No 3 (2011). A Novel Approach to

Analog Signal Isolation through Digital Opto- coupler (YOUTUBE).