II. Pathways of Discovery in Microbiology 1.
6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was the first to describe
1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation microbes
1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds (Figure 1.9b)
Culture Microbiology Anton
A t van Leeuwenhoek
L h k (1632-1723)
(1632 1723) was th
the fi
firstt tto
describe bacteria (Figure 1.10b)
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General
Further progess required development of more powerful
Microbiology
microscopes
1.10 The Modern Era of Microbiology Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) founded the field of
bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy
Figure 1.9a Figure 1.9b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The van Leeuwenhoek Microscope 1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical
isomers
Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically
mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation (Figure 1.13)
Led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of
microorganisms
Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
Figure 1.10 Pasteur’s Experiment
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1
The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s Experiment The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s Experiment
~1860: Where do microorganisms come from?
Spontaneous generation?
Heat was used to kill the microbes in liquid When dust was prevented from reaching the sterilized liquid,
Figure 1.13a Figure 1.13b
no microbes grew in the liquid
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s Experiment 1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Definitively demonstrated the link between microbes and
infectious diseases
Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Koch
Koch’ss postulates (Figure 1
1.15)
15)
Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure
cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905
Contact with dust resulted in growth of microbes in the liquid
Æ disproved spontaneous generation Figure 1.13c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Koch’s Postulates Koch’s Postulates
Conclusion – specific organisms cause specific diseases
Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis Koch’s postulates can be extended beyond disease-causing organisms
Organism present in blood of all diseased animals
Æ cause or result of the disease? Figure 1.15 Figure 1.15
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology 1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology
General Microbiology
Field that focuses on non-medical aspects of microbiology Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) and the Concept of
Roots in 20th century Chemolithotrophy
Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific
biogeochemical transformations (e
(e.g.,
g S & N cycles)
Developed Enrichment Culture Technique
Microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy
fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy
e.g., Nitrogen-fixing bacteria conservation (Figure 1.19)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky
Figure 1.19a Figure 1.19b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Some Landmarks in Molecular Microbiology since 1985 Brock Biology of
Microorganisms
Twelfth Edition
Madigan / Martinko
Dunlap / Clark
hapter 2
Ch
A Brief Journey to the Microbial World
Figure 1.20
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
3
II. Cell Structure and Evolutionary History 2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure All microbial cells have the following in common:
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells Cytoplasmic membrane
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell
No organelles
Figure 2.11a Figure 2.11b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes
DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
Cells are generally larger and more complex
Contain organelles
Prokaryotes
No membrane-enclosed organelles
No nucleus
Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
Figure 2.12a and b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4
Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells 2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure
Viruses
Not considered cells
No metabolic abilities of their own
Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected
cellll
Infect all types of cells
Smallest virus is 10 nm in diameter
Viruses of bacteria = bacteriophages
Yeast cell, 8 μm diameter
Figure 2.12c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Virus Structure and Size Comparison of Viruses and Cells 2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells
Genome
A cell’s full complement of genes
Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA
molecule called a chromosome
DNA aggregates to form the nucleoid region
Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extra-
chromosomal DNA called plasmids that confer special
properties ( i.e., antibiotic resistance)
Figure 2.13
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells The Nucleoid
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and found within the
nucleus
Associated with proteins that help in folding of the DNA
Usua
Usuallyy have
a e more
o e than
a one
o e chromosome
c o oso e
Typically have two copies of each chromosome
[Insert Fig. 2.14]
Figure 2.14
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
5
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Escherichia coli Genome
4.68 million base pairs
4,300 genes
1,900
, different kinds of protein
p
2.4 million protein molecules
Human Cell
1,000X more DNA per cell than E. coli
7X more genes than E. coli
Figure 2.17
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Gene Sequencing and Phylogeny
Evolution
The process of change in a line of descent over time that
results in new varieties and species of organisms
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic
information (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) in the
different specimens
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are excellent molecules for
determining phylogeny
Can visualize relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Figure 2.16
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life 2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life
Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three Eukaryotic microorganisms were the ancestors of
distinct lineages of cells called domains. multicellular organisms
Bacteria (prokaryotic) Mitochondria and chloroplasts also contain their own
Archaea (prokaryotic) genomes (circular, like prokaryotes) and ribosomes
Eukarya (eukaryotic) These organelles are ancestors of specific lineages of
Archaea and Bacteria are NOT closely related. Bacteria
Mitochondria and chloroplasts took up residence in Eukarya
Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than
eons ago
Bacteria.
This arrangement is known as endosymbiosis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
6
The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Figure 2.17
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
