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Tutorial Sheet 2

This document is a tutorial sheet for the MA 411 Topics in Real Analysis course at the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, led by Dr. G. S. Raju. It includes a series of mathematical problems and proofs related to set theory, metrics, limit points, and properties of open and closed sets. The problems require students to demonstrate various concepts in real analysis, such as the properties of subsets, metrics, and connectedness.

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109 views2 pages

Tutorial Sheet 2

This document is a tutorial sheet for the MA 411 Topics in Real Analysis course at the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, led by Dr. G. S. Raju. It includes a series of mathematical problems and proofs related to set theory, metrics, limit points, and properties of open and closed sets. The problems require students to demonstrate various concepts in real analysis, such as the properties of subsets, metrics, and connectedness.

Uploaded by

jagpreet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Department of Mathematics
MA 411 Topics in Real Analysis
First Semester of Academic Year 2020-2021

Course Instructor: Dr. G. S. Raju


Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Show that the empty set is a subset of every set.

2. For x, y ∈ R, define
d1 (x, y) = (x − y)2
p
d2 (x, y) = |x − y|
d3 (x, y) = x2 − y 2

d4 (x, y) = |x − 2y|
|x − y|
d5 (x, y) =
1 + |x − y|
Check which of the above defines a metric on R.

3. Construct a bounded set of real numbers with exactly three limit points.

4. Give an example of a proper open dense subset of R.

5. Prove that the derived set E 0 of a set E is closed. Prove that E and E(closure of E) have
the same limit points. Do a set E and its derived set E 0 always have the same limit points?

6. Let E ◦ denote the set of all interior points of set E.

(a) Prove that E ◦ is always open.


(b) Prove that E is open iff E ◦ = E.
(c) If G ⊂ E and G is open, prove that G ⊂ E ◦ .
(d) Prove that the complement of E ◦ is the closure of the complement of E.
(e) Do E and E always have the same interiors?
(f) Do E and E ◦ always have the same closures?

7. Let X1 , X2 , X3 , . . . be subsets of a metrics space X.

(a) If Yn = ni=1 Xi then prove that Y n = ni=1 X i for n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..


S S

(b) If Y = ∞
S S∞
i=1 Xi then prove that Y ⊇ i=1 X i . Show by an example, this inclusion
can be proper.

8. Is every point of an open set X ⊆ R2 , a limit point of X? What do you think if the same
question is asked for closed subsets of R2 .

9. Show the following:

(a) Every nonempty perfect set in Rk is uncountable.


(b) Every interval [a, b] is uncountable. Deduce that the set of real numbers is uncount-
able.
(c) Is there a nonempty perfect subset of R which contains no rational number?
10. (a) If A and B are disjoint closed sets in some metric space X, prove that they are
separated.
(b) Prove the result of (a) for disjoint open sets.
(c) For a fix p ∈ X, δ > 0, define A to be the set of all q ∈ X such that d(p, q) < δ,
define B similarly by replacing < with >. Prove that A and B are separated.
(d) Prove that every connected metric space with at least two points is uncountable.(Hint:
Use c)

11. Show that the subspaces (0, 1) and Q of R are not complete.

12. Show that the subspace [1, 2) ∪ (2, 3] of R is not connected.

13. Provide examples:

(a) A connected subspace of R which is not complete.


(b) A complete subspace of R which is not connected.

14. Let X be a nonempty set. For p, q ∈ X, define


(
1, if p 6= q.
d(p, q) =
0, if p = q.

Prove that d is a metric on X. Which subsets of the resulting metric space are open?
Which subsets are closed?(metric d is known as the discrete metric on X)

? ? ? ? ? End ? ? ? ? ?

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