Mansoura University

Faculty of Engineering Mechanical power department

4th year

Refrigeration and air conditioning lab

Report

Student
Ahmed Elsayed Elsayed Elghobashy

Section
1
Content
 ➢ Refrigeration systems :
Refrigeration systems are a series of consecutive thermodynamic processes that
form a cycle that returns the work fluid to the same state. The thermodynamic
refrigeration cycle removes heat from an object at a lower temperature and
rejects it at a higher temperature which needs work. The ideal refrigeration system
is based on the concept of the reversible Carnot cycle. The Carnot cycle is a
theoretical concept because it is perfect, which means that it is lossless and
frictionless and there are no temperature differences in the heat exchange
processes. None of these ideals can be achieved in practice. The Carnot cycle
therefore provides a benchmark against which the performance of all other
refrigeration cycles can be compared.

➢ Refrigeration systems components:

The simplest refrigeration cycles consist of 4 main components to give us the goal
of cooling, and these components are:
o The compressor: compressor is the piece of equipment that increases the pressure of
the working fluid. which enters the compressor as low-pressure, low-temperature, and
leaves the compressor as a high-pressure, high-temperature.
o The condenser: A condenser is a heat exchanger used in
the primary cooling loop. This component is supplied with
high-pressure, high-temperature refrigerant fluid that
coming from the compressor, then it removes heat from the
hot refrigerant fluid until the desirable cold temperature.
o The expansion device: The job of the expansion device is
creating a drop in pressure after the refrigerant leaves the
condenser. This pressure drop will cause some of that
refrigerant to quickly boil, creating a two-phase mixture. This
rapid phase change is called flashing, and it helps the evaporator, to perform its intended
function.
o The evaporator: The evaporator is a heat exchanger that does the thing we want,
which is to cool the space or the thing to be cooled by absorbing the heat from it to the
refrigerant coming from the expansion device and then repeating the cycle again.
 ➢ Types of refrigeration cycles:

Reversed Carnot Refrigerator

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Cascade refrigeration systems

Multistage compression refrigeration systems

Gas Refrigeration Systems

 ➢ Compressor types:
We can divide the types of compressors into:
- Piston
- Screw
- Scroll
Also, we can divide them into:
- Open
- Hermetic
- Semi-Hermetic

o Piston (Reciprocating) Compressors

The piston compressor, like the Carrier 06ET275360, is the simplest and most common
compressor with the longest engineering history. In fact, it can be said that most
other advancements have been an effort to improve on the piston compressor.
But that does not mean you should overlook it!
Piston compressors are available in all types of configurations and all sizes. They
are more affordable to source and install than most alternatives. A piston
compressor requires constant lubrication and is sensitive to any intrusion of
liquid at the inlet, which can lead to rapid destruction of the valves.
As the name suggests, this is a positive displacement compressor that uses
pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver high pressure gasses. Regular
maintenance should focus on the pistons, crankshaft, and motor to prevent mechanical
deterioration that affects performance over time.

o Screw Compressors
A screw compressor, like the York DXS45, features either one or two helical screws rotating at high
speed to compress the refrigerant gas. The twin-screw configuration consists of matched rotors
that mesh closely in a common housing. The refrigerant enters and exits the compressor through
ports, not valves.
Because the mating rotors have such close tolerances, cooling and lubrication are both essential
to system life. Oil can be forced onto the compressor at specific points to
ensure lubrication and seal the rotor-to-rotor and rotor-to-housing
clearances. A failure of lubrication can cause substantial damage.
Screw compressors are known for excellent output and have a power range
anywhere from 20kW to 1,200kW. They are bulkier than piston compressors
and require more space. Proper lubrication can reduce the operating noise,
but screw compressors tend to be loud and should be placed accordingly.
 o Scroll (Spiral) Compressors
Scroll compressors are generally the most sophisticated compressors and were first
commercialized in the 1980s. Scroll compressors make use of radial movement in
mating parts to reduce mechanical stress and optimize contact force even if small
solid particles infiltrate the compressor.
Liquid slug can be automatically swept from mating components and vaporized,
giving scroll compressors a much increased – but far from unlimited – tolerance for
liquid. Gas pocket leakage is also reduced thanks to centrifugal forces along the sides
of the scrolls while in operation.
A vastly reduced number of parts means the scroll compressor has fewer points of
fault and is easier to maintain. With less torque variation, the engine is more reliable and the
output generally higher. The standard power output is 40kW to 50kW, but multiple
units can be combined in parallel.

o Open Compressors
An open compressor, like the Carrier 5H80, unit is one in which the motor and
compressor are separate. This enables the use of electric, diesel, or gas motors. All
parts of the compressor are easily accessible for repair. In exchange for a larger
footprint, an open compressor system is designed to offer higher power output.

o Hermetic Compressors
In a hermetic system, the motor and compressor are encased in a hermetically welded
envelope. The sealing system is not joint-dependent and it protects key components
from the outside environment. That said, hermetic compressors cannot be open for
repairs, and the risk of replacement offsets the low costs.

o Semi-Hermetic Compressors
A semi-hermetic compressor balances the advantages of open and hermetic
architecture by enclosing the compressor and the motor in a hermetic envelope, but
the envelope can be opened to affect repairs. A liquid cooling system can be integrated directly
into the casing for better thermal control.
Matching your compressor to your precise requirements
enhances efficiency and prolongs service life. Remanufactured
commercial compressors are available in all types and
configurations, enabling you to replace aging compressors
rapidly and at deeply reduced cost without compromising on
performance.
➢ Condenser types :
There are three main and different types of condensers:

- Air-cooled condenser:
Condensers of this type use air as the external fluid to
reject the heat from the system. Air-cooled condensers
usually have copper coils where refrigerant flows in.
1. Natural Convection
2. Forced Convection

- Water-cooled condenser:
As it can be guessed, this type of condenser uses water as fluid to
remove heat from the refrigerant. It is obvious
that water-cooled condensers are used where
we have an adequate supply of water. This
type, itself has three different kinds:
1. Double Tube Shell
2. Coil Condenser Shell
3. Tube Condenser

- Evaporative Condenser:
And finally, the last one of the types of condensers is the evaporative
one. it is the mix of an air-cooled and water-cooled
condenser. Evaporative condensers use air and
water as the condensing medium. The condenser’s
sump pumps the water to be sprayed over coils
and simultaneously, a fan blows the air into the
condenser. The sprayed water over coils
evaporates and the required heat for the
vaporizing water is taken from the heat of
refrigerant. Some amount of water will be circulated by dropping into the
sump but to make up the amount evaporated, an additional amount of
water is added to the water supply of the sump.
 ➢ Types of expansion valve:

The Main Types of Expansion Valves are as Follows:

- Thermal Expansion Valves (TEVs)
- Manual Valves
- Capillary Tubes
- Automatic Valves
- Electronic Expansion Valves
- Float Valves

➢ Types of evaporators:
The Main Types of Expansion Valves are as Follows:

Bare Tube Evaporators

Plate Type of Evaporators

Finned Evaporators

Shell and Tube types of Evaporators

➢ Air conditioning system:

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C or AC, is the process of removing

heat and controlling the humidity of air in an enclosed space to achieve a
more comfortable interior environment by use of powered "air
conditioners" or a variety of other methods, including passive cooling and
ventilative cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and
techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

➢ Air conditioning system component:

In addition to the components of the refrigeration cycle from the

compressor, condenser, Expansion valve and evaporator
Air conditioning units also contain:

- Cooling coil: An air conditioner's evaporator coil, also called the evaporator core, is
the part of the system where the refrigerant absorbs heat. The evaporator coil is
located inside or near the air handler where the blower fan is. Evaporator coils are
made from copper, steel, or aluminum because these metals conduct heat easily.
- Heating coil
- water spray device: This is to allow greater control of humidity by
increasing it
- thermometer to measure dry bulb and wet bulb temperature

in order to allow better control of air conditions such as temperature and

humidity.