BAILMENT AND PLEDGE 1.

29

UNIT–2: BAILMENT AND PLEDGE

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this unit, you would be able to:
 Understand the general principles underlying contracts of
bailment and pledge.
 Know duties and rights of the parties to the contracts.

Bailment and Pledge [Section 148-181]

Bailment [Section 148-171] Pledge [Section 172-181]

Distinction
between
Duties Duties bailment and
General
and and Pledge by pledge
Finder lien and Pawnor
Rights Rights Pawnee Mercantil
of particular Rights
of of Rights e Agent
Goods lien
Bailor Bailee

1. WHAT IS BAILMENT?
The word “Bailment” has been derived from the French word “ballier” which
means “to deliver”. Bailment etymologically means ‘handing over’ or ‘change of
possession’.

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As per Section 148 of the Act, bailment is the delivery of goods by one person to
another for some purpose, upon a contract, that the goods shall, when the
purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the
directions of the person delivering them.
Parties to bailment:
(a) Bailor: The person delivering the goods.
(b) Bailee: The person to whom the goods are delivered.
Example 1: Where ‘X’ delivers his car for repair to ‘Y’, ‘X’ is the bailor and ‘Y’ is the
bailee.
Example 2: X delivers a piece of cloth to Y, a tailor, to be stitched into a suit. It is
contract for bailment.
Example 3: Goods given to a friend for his own use, without any charge.
Example 4: X delivers goods to blue dart for carriage.
Analysis:
The essential elements of a contract of bailment are—
(a) Contract: Bailment is based upon a contract. The contract may be express
or implied. No consideration is necessary to create a valid contract of
bailment.
(b) Delivery of goods: It involves the delivery of goods from one person to
another for some purposes. Bailment is only for moveable goods and never
for immovable goods or money. The delivery of the possession of goods is
of the following kinds:
i. Actual Delivery: When goods are physically handed over to the bailee
by the bailor. Eg: delivery of a car for repair to workshop
ii. Constructive Delivery: Where delivery is made by doing anything
that has the effect of putting goods in the possession of the bailee or
of any person authorized to hold them on his behalf. Eg: Delivery of
the key of car to a workshop dealer for repair of the car.
(c) Purpose: The goods are delivered for some purpose. The purpose may be
express or implied.
(d) Possession: In bailment, possession of goods changes. Change of
possession can happen by physical delivery or by any action which has the
effect of placing the goods in the possession of bailee. The change of

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 BAILMENT AND PLEDGE 1.31

possession does not lead to change of ownership. In bailment, bailor

continues to be the owner of goods. Where a person is in custody without
possession he does not become a bailee.
For example, servant of a master who is in custody of goods of the master
does not become a bailee.
Similarly, depositing ornaments in a bank locker is not bailment, because
ornaments are kept in a locker whose key are still with the owner and not
with the bank. The ornaments are in possession of the owner though kept in
a locker at the bank.
(e) Return of goods: Bailee is obliged to return the goods physically to the
bailor. The goods should be returned in the same form as given or may be
altered as per bailor’s direction. It should be noted that exchange of goods
should not be allowed. The bailee cannot deliver some other goods, even
not those of higher value.
Deposit of money in a bank is not bailment since the money returned by the
bank would not be identical currency notes.

Contract
ESSENTIALS OF BAILMNET

Delivery of goods

Purpose

Possession

Return of goods

Different forms of Bailment: Following are the popular forms of bailment:

(1) Delivery of goods by one person to another to be held for the bailor’s use.
(2) Goods given to a friend for his own use without any charge.
(3) Hiring of goods.
(4) Delivering goods to a creditor to serve as security for a loan.

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(5) Delivering goods for repair with or without remuneration.

(6) Delivering goods for carriage.
Note: On the basis of reward, bailment can be classified into two types:
a. Gratuitous Bailment: The word gratuitous means free of charge. So, a
gratuitous bailment is one when the provider of service does it gratuitously
i.e. free of charge. Such bailment would be either for the exclusive benefits
of bailor or bailee.
b. Non-Gratuitous Bailment: Non gratuitous bailment means where both the
parties get some benefit i.e. bailment for the benefit of both bailor & bailee

for the exclusive

benefit of bailor
Gratuitous Bailment

for the exclusive

benefit of the baillee
Bailment

Non Gratutitous For the benefit of the

bailment bailor and the bailee

2. DUTIES OF A BAILOR
Duties of Bailor: The duties of bailor are spelt out in a number of Sections
[Section 150, 158, 159, 164]. These are categorized under the following headings:

•Disclose known facts

•Bear necessary expenses
Duties of •Indemnify bailee
Bailor •Bound to accept the goods

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These are enumerated hereunder:

(i) Bailor’s duty to disclose faults in goods bailed [Section 150]:
a. In case of gratuitous bailment: The bailor is bound to disclose to the
bailee faults in the goods bailed, of which the bailor is aware, and
which materially interfere with the use of them, or expose the bailee
to extraordinary risks; and if he does not make such disclosure, he is
responsible for damage arising to the bailee directly from such faults.
Example 5: A lends a horse, which he knows to be vicious, to B. He
does not disclose the fact that the horse is vicious. The horse runs
away. B is thrown and injured. A is responsible to B for damage
sustained.
b. In case of non- gratuitous bailment: If the goods are bailed for hire,
the bailor is responsible for such damage, whether he was or was not
aware of the existence of such faults in the goods bailed
Example 6: A hires a carriage of B. The carriage is unsafe, though B is
not aware of it, and A is injured. B is responsible to A for the injury.
In Hyman & Wife v. Nye & Sons (1881), A hired from B a carriage along
with a pair of horses and a driver for a specific journey. During the
journey a bolt in the under-part of the carriage broke away. As a result
of this, the carriage became upset and A was injured. It was held that B
was liable to pay damages to A for the injury sustained by him. The
court observed that it was the bailor’s duty to supply a carriage fit for
the purpose for which it was hired.
Sometimes, the goods bailed are of dangerous nature (e.g.,
explosives). In such cases it is the duty of the bailor to disclose the
nature of goods. [Great Northern Ry’ case (1932)]
(ii) Duty to pay necessary expenses [Section 158]:
a. In case of Gratuitous bailment: Where, by the conditions of the
bailment, the goods are to be kept or to be carried, or to have work
done upon them by the bailee for the bailor, and the bailee is to
receive no remuneration (gratuitous bailment), the bailor shall repay
to the bailee the necessary expenses incurred by him and any
extraordinary expenses incurred by him for the purpose of the
bailment.

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b. In case of non-gratuitous bailment the bailor is liable to pay the

extraordinary expenses incurred by the bailee.
Example 7: A hired a taxi from B for the purpose of going to Gurgaon from
Noida, during the journey, a major defect occurred in the engine. A had to
pay ` 5000 as repair charges. These are the extraordinary expenses and it is
the bailor’s duty to bear such expenses. However, the usual and ordinary
expenses for petrol, toll tax etc. are to be borne by the bailee itself.
(iii) Duty to indemnify the Bailee for premature termination [Section 159]:
The bailor must compensate the bailee for the loss or damage suffered by
the bailee that is in excess of the benefit received, where he had lent the
goods gratuitously and decides to terminate the bailment before the expiry
of the period of bailment.
(iv) Bailor’s responsibility to bailee [Section 164]: The bailor is responsible to
the bailee for the following:
a. Indemnify for any loss which the bailee may sustain by reason that
the bailor was not entitled to make the bailment, or to receive back
the goods or to give directions, respecting them (defective title in
goods).
b. It is the duty of the bailor to receive back the goods when the bailee
returns them after the time of bailment has expired or the purpose of
bailment has been accomplished. If the bailor refuses to take delivery
of goods when it is offered at the proper time the bailee can claim
compensation for all necessary expenses incurred for the safe custody.
Example 8: X delivered his car to S for five days for safe keeping.
However, X did not take back the car for one month. In this case, S can
claim the necessary expenses incurred by him for the custody of the
car.

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 BAILMENT AND PLEDGE 1.35

3. DUTIES OF A BAILEE

To return any
Take No mixing of
No extra profit
reasonable bailor’s Return the
unauthorized accruing
care of goods goods with goods
use of goods from goods
bailed his own
bailed.

1. Take reasonable care of the goods (Section 151 & 152): In all cases of
bailment, the bailee is bound to take as much care of the goods bailed to
him as a man of ordinary prudence would, under similar circumstances, take
care of his own goods of the same bulk, quality and value, as the goods
bailed.
Example 9: If X bails his ornaments to ‘Y’ and ‘Y’ keeps these ornaments in
his own locker at his house along with his own ornaments and if all the
ornaments are lost/stolen in a riot ‘Y’ will not be responsible for the loss to
‘X’. If on the other hand ‘X’ specifically instructs ‘Y’ to keep them in a bank,
but ‘Y’ keeps them at his residence, then ‘Y’ would be responsible for the
loss [caused on account of riot].
Example 10: A deposited his goods in B’s warehouse. On account of
unprecedented floods, a part of the goods were damaged. It was held that,
B is not liable for the loss (Shanti Lal V. Takechand).
Exception: Bailee when not liable for loss, etc., of thing bailed [Section
152]: The bailee, in the absence of any special contract, is not responsible
for the loss, destruction or deterioration of the thing bailed, if he has taken
reasonable care as required under section 151.
2. Not to make inconsistent use of goods (section 153 & 154): As per
Section 154, if the bailee makes any use of the goods bailed, which is not
according to the terms and conditions of the bailment, he is liable to
compensate the bailor for any loss or destruction of goods.
Example 11: A lends a horse to B for his own riding only. B allows C, a
member of his family, to ride the horse. C rides with care, but the horse
accidentally falls and is injured. B is liable to make compensation to A for
the injury done to the horse.

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Example 12: ‘A’ hires a horse in Kolkata from B expressly to march to

Varanasi. ‘A’ rides with due care, but marches to Cuttack instead. The horse
accidentally falls and is injured. ‘A’ is liable to make compensation to B for
the injury to the horse.
As per Section 153, a contract of bailment is voidable at the option of the
bailor, if the bailee does not use the goods according to the terms and
conditions of bailment.
Example 13: A lends to B, a horse for his own riding. B gives the horse to C
for riding. This contract is voidable at the option of A, bailor.
3. Not to mix the goods (Section 155, 156 and 157):
i. If the Bailee, mixes the goods bailed with his own goods, with the
consent of the bailor, both the parties shall have an interest in
proportion to their respective shares in the mixture thus produced
(Section 155).
ii. If the bailee, without the consent of the bailor, mixes the goods bailed
with his own goods and the goods can be separated or divided, the
property in the goods remains in the parties respectively; but the
bailee is bound to bear the expense of separation or division and any
damage arising from the mixture (Section 156).
Example 14: A bails 100 bales of cotton marked with a particular mark
to B. B, without A’s consent, mixes the 100 bales with other bales of
his own, bearing a different mark; A is entitled to have his 100 bales
returned, and B is bound to bear all the expenses incurred in the
separation of the bales, and any other incidental damage.
iii. If the bailee, without the consent of the bailor mixes the goods of the
bailor with his own goods in such a manner that it is impossible to
separate the goods bailed from the other goods and to deliver them
back, the bailor is entitled to be compensated by the bailee for loss of
the goods (Section 157).
Example 15: A bails a barrel of Cape flour worth ` 4500 to B. B,
without A’s consent, mixes the flour with country flour of his own,
worth only ` 2500 a barrel. B must compensate A for the loss of his
flour.
4. Return the goods (Section 160 & 161): It is the duty of bailee to return, or
deliver according to the bailor’s directions, the goods bailed without

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demand, as soon as the time for which they were bailed, has expired, or the
purpose for which they were bailed has been accomplished. [Section 160]
If, by the default of the bailee, the goods are not returned, delivered or
tendered at the proper time, he is responsible to the bailor for any loss,
destruction or deterioration of the goods from that time. [Section 161]
Example 16: X delivered books to Y to be bound. Y promised to return the
books within a reasonable time. X pressed for the return of the book. But Y,
failed to deliver them back even after the expiry of reasonable time.
Subsequently the books were burnt in an accidental fire at the premises of
Y. In this case Y was held liable for the loss.
5. Return an accretion from the Goods [Section 163]: In the absence of any
contract to the contrary, the bailee is bound to deliver to the bailor, or
according to his directions, any increase or profit which may have accrued
from the goods bailed.
Example 17: A leaves a cow in the custody of B. The cow gives birth to a
calf. B is bound to deliver the calf along with the cow, to A.
6. Not to setup Adverse Title: Bailee must not set up a title adverse to that of
the bailor. He must hold the goods on behalf of and for the bailor. He
cannot deny the title of the bailor.

4. RIGHTS OF A BAILOR
Rights of Bailor: The following are the rights of bailor:-

Right to terminate the bailment

Right to demand back the goods at any time

Right to file a suit against any wrong doer

Right to file a suit for enformcement of duties imposed upon a bailee.

Right to claim compensation

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(i) Right to terminate the bailment [Section 153]: A contract of bailment is

voidable at the option of the bailor, if the bailee does any act with regard to
the goods bailed, inconsistent with the conditions of the bailment.
Termination of bailment has been discussed in next pages.
(ii) Right to demand back the goods (Section 159): When the goods are lent
gratuitously, the bailor can demand back the goods at any time even before
the expiry of the time fixed or the achievement of the object.
Example 18: A, while going out of station delivered his ornaments to B for
safe custody for one month. But A returned to station after one week. He
may demand the return of his ornaments even though the time of one
month has not expired.
However, due to the premature return of the goods, if the bailee suffers any
loss, which is more than the benefit actually obtained by him from the use
of the goods bailed, the bailor has to compensate the bailee.
(iii) Right to file a suit against a wrong doer [Section 180 and section 181]
(discussed in next pages)
(iv) Right to sue the bailee: The bailor has a right to sue the bailee for
enforcing all the liabilities and duties of him.
(v) Right to compensation: If any damage is caused to the goods bailed
because of the unauthorized use of the goods or unauthorized mixing of
the goods, the bailor has a right to claim compensation for the same.

5. RIGHTS OF A BAILEE
Rights of bailee: The following are the rights of the bailee:-
1. Right to Deliver the Goods to any one of the joint bailors [Section 165]
If several joint owners bailed the goods, the bailee has a right to deliver
them to any one of the joint owners unless there was a contract to the
contrary.
Example 19: A, B and C are the joint owners of a harvesting combine. They
delivered it on hire to D for one month. After the expiry of one month, D
may return the “combine” to any one of the joint owners namely, A, B or C.

2. Right to indemnity (Section 166): Bailee is entitled to be indemnified by

the bailor for any loss arising to him by reasons that the bailor was not

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entitled to make the bailment or to receive back the goods or to give

directions in respect to them. If the bailor has no title to the goods, and the
bailee in good faith, delivers them back to, or according to the directions of
the bailor, the bailee shall not be responsible to the owner in respect of
such delivery. Bailee can also claim all the necessary expenses incurred by
him for the purpose of gratuitous bailment.
3. Right to claim compensation in case of faulty goods (Section 150): A
bailee is entitled to receive compensation from the bailor or any loss caused
to him due to the failure of the bailor to disclose any faults in the goods
known to him. If the bailment is for hire, the bailor will be liable to
compensate even though he was not aware of the existence of such faults.
4. Right to claim necessary expenses (Section 158): In case of gratuitous
bailment, the bailor shall repay to the bailee the necessary expenses
incurred by him and any extraordinary expenses incurred by him for the
purpose of the bailment.
5. Right to Apply to Court to Decide the Title to the Goods [Section 167]:
If the goods bailed are claimed by the person other than the bailor, the
bailee may apply to the court to stop its delivery and to decide the title to
the goods.
Example 20: A, a dealer in T.V. delivered a T.V. to B for using in summer
vacation. Subsequently, C claimed that the T.V. belonged to him as it was
delivered only for repairs, to A and thus, B should deliver it to him. In this
case, B may apply to the Court to decide the question of ownership of the
T.V. so that he may deliver it to the right owner.
6. Right of particular lien for payment of services [Section 170]: (Discussed
in next pages)
7. Right of general lien (Sec. 171): (Discussed in next pages)

6. RIGHTS OF BAILOR AND BAILEE AGAINST

ANY WRONG DOER (THIRD PARTY)
Suit by bailor & bailee against wrong doers [Section 180]: If a third person
wrongfully deprives the bailee of the use or possession of the goods bailed, or
does them any injury, the bailee is entitled to use such remedies as the owner
might have used in the like case if no bailment had been made; and either the

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bailor or the bailee may bring a suit against a third person for such deprivation or
injury.
Apportionment of relief or compensation obtained by such suits [Section
181]: Whatever is obtained by way of relief or compensation in any such suit
shall, as between the bailor and the bailee, be dealt with according to their
respective interests

7. TERMINATION OF BAILMENT
A contract of bailment shall terminate in the following circumstances:
1. On expiry of stipulated period: If the goods were given for a stipulated
period, the contract of bailment shall terminate after the expiry of such
period.
2. On fulfillment of the purpose: If the goods were delivered for a specific
purpose, a bailment shall terminate on the fulfillment of that purpose.
3. By Notice:
(a) Where the bailee acts in a manner which is inconsistent with the terms
of the bailment, the bailor can always terminate the contract of
bailment by giving a notice to the bailee.
(b) A gratuitous bailment can be terminated by the bailor at any time by
giving a notice to the bailee. However, the termination should not
cause loss to the bailee in excess of the benefit derived by him. In case
the loss exceeds the benefit derived by the bailee, the bailor must
compensate the bailee for such a loss (Sec. 159).
4. By death: A gratuitous bailment terminates upon the death of either the
bailor or the bailee.
5. Destruction of the subject matter: A bailment is terminated if the subject
matter of the bailment is destroyed or there is a change is in the nature of
goods which makes it impossible to be used for the purpose of bailment.

Destruction/
Expiry of By death of Inconsistent modification
Fulfilment of
fixed bailor or use of of the
the purpose
period bailee goods subject
matter

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8. FINDER OF LOST GOODS

Right of finder of lost goods- may sue for specific reward offered [Section
168]: A person who finds some goods which do not belong to him, is called the
finder of the goods. It is the duty of the finder of goods to find the true owner
and surrender the goods to him. However, the finder of goods has no right to sue
the owner for compensation for trouble and expense voluntarily incurred by him
in finding the owner and preserving the goods found. But he has a right to retain
the goods against the owner until he receives such compensation; and, where the
owner has offered a specific reward on the lost goods, the finder may sue the
owner for such reward, and may retain the goods until then.
Analysis: The ‘finder of lost goods’ can ask for reimbursement of expenditure
incurred for preserving the goods and searching the true owner. If the real owner
refuses to pay compensation, the ‘finder’ cannot sue but retain the goods so
found.
Further where the real owner has announced any reward, the finder is entitled to
receive the reward. The right to collect the reward is a primary and a superior
right even more than the right to seek reimbursement of expenditure.
When finder of thing commonly on sale may sell it [Section 169]: When a
thing which is commonly the subject of sale if lost, if the owner cannot with
reasonable diligence be found, or if he refuses, upon demand, to pay the lawful
charges of the finder, the finder may sell it—
(1) when the thing is in danger of perishing or of losing the greater part of its
value, or
(2) when the lawful charges of the finder in respect of the thing found amount
to two-thirds of its value.
Analysis: The finder though has no right to sell the goods found in the normal
course, however, he may sell the goods if the real owner cannot be found with
reasonable efforts or if the owner refuses to pay the lawful charges subject to the
following conditions:
(a) when the article is in danger of perishing and losing the greater part of the
value or
(b) when the lawful charges of the finder amounts to two-third or more of the
value of the article found.

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9. GENERAL LIEN AND PARTICULAR LIEN

Bailee’s particular lien [Section 170]: Where the bailee has, in accordance with
the purpose of the bailment, rendered any service involving the exercise of labour
or skill in respect of the goods bailed, he has, in the absence of a contract to the
contrary, a right to retain such goods until he receives due remuneration for the
services he has rendered in respect of them.
Example 21: A delivers a rough diamond to B, a jeweller, to be cut and polished,
which is accordingly done. B is entitled to retain the stone till he is paid for the
services he has rendered.
Example 22: A gives cloth to B, a tailor, to make into a coat. B promises A to
deliver the coat as soon as it is finished, and to give a three months’ credit for the
price. B is not entitled to retain the coat until he is paid.
Analysis: In accordance with the purpose of bailment if the bailee by his skill or
labour improves the goods bailed, he is entitled for remuneration for such
services. Towards such remuneration, the bailee can retain the goods bailed if the
bailor refuses to pay the remuneration. Such a right to retain the goods bailed is
the right of particular lien. He however does not have the right to sue.
Where the bailee delivers the goods without receiving his remuneration, he has a right
to sue the bailor. In such a case the particular lien may be waived. The particular lien is
also lost if the bailee does not complete the work within the time agreed.
General lien of bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys and policy brokers
[Section 171]: Bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys of a High Court and policy
brokers may, in the absence of a contract to the contrary, retain, as a security for
a general balance of account any goods bailed to them; but no other persons
have a right to retain, as a security for such balance, goods bailed to them, unless
there is an express contract to the effect.
Analysis: Bankers, factors, wharfingers, policy brokers and attorneys of law have
a general lien in respect of goods which come into their possession during the
course of their profession.
For instance, a banker enjoys the right of a general lien on cash, cheques, bills of
exchange and securities deposited with him for any amounts due to him.
Example 23: ‘A’ borrows ` 500/- from the bank without security and subsequently
again borrows another ` 1000/- but with security of say certain jewellery. In this
illustration, even where ‘A’ has returned ` 1000/- being the second loan, the

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banker can retain the jewellery given as security to the second loan towards the
first loan which is yet to be repaid.
Under the right of general lien the goods cannot be sold but can only be retained
for dues. The right of lien can be waived through a contract.
Difference between Bailee’s General and Particular Lien

General lien Particular lien

Section 171 of the Indian Contract Act, Section 170 of the Indian Contract
1872 confer on Bailee the right of Act, 1872 confers on the Bailee, the
General Lien. right of particular lien.
General lien alludes to the right to Particular lien implies a right of the
keep possession of goods belonging bailee to retain specific goods
to other against general balance of bailed for non-payment of amount.
account.
A general lien is not automatic but is It is automatic
recognized through on agreement. It
is exercised by the bailee only by
name
It can be exercised against goods even It comes into play only when some
without involvement of labor or skill. labor or skill is involved has been
expended on the goods, resulting in
an increase in value of goods.
Only such persons as are specified Bailee, finder of goods, pledgee,
under section 171, e.g., Bankers, unpaid seller, agent, partner etc. are
factors, wharfingers, policy brokers etc. entitled to particular lien.
are entitled to general lien.

10. PLEDGE
“Pledge”, “pawnor” and “pawnee” defined [Section 172]: The bailment of goods
as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise is called “pledge”. The
bailor is in this case called the “pawnor”. The bailee is called the “pawnee”.
Analysis: Pledge is a variety or species of bailment. It is bailment of goods as a
security for payment of debt or performance of a promise. The person who
pledges [or bails] is known as pledger or pawnor. The person to whom the goods
are delivered is known as pledgee or pawnee. In pledge, there is no change in

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ownership of the property. Under exceptional circumstances, the pledgee has a

right to sell the property pledged.
Section 172 to 182 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 deal with the contract of
pledge.
Example 24: A lends money to B against the security of jewellery deposited by B
with him. This bailment of jewellery is a pledge as security for lending the money.
B is a pawnor/ pledger and A is a pawnee/ pledgee.
ESSENTIALS OF CONTRACT OF PLEDGE: Since pledge is a special kind of
bailment, therefore all the essentials of bailment are also the essentials of the
pledge. Apart from that, the other essentials of the pledge are:

There shall be a
bailment for security
The subject matter of
against payment or
pledge is goods,
performance of the
promise,

There shall be the

Goods pledged for shall
delivery of goods from
be in existence,
pledger to pledgee,

RIGHTS OF A PAWNEE/ PLEDGEE: Rights of Pawnee can be classified as under

the following headings:
(a) Right to retain the pledged goods [Section 173]: The pawnee may retain
the goods pledged, not only for payment of the debt or the performance of
the promise, but for the interest, of the debt, and all necessary expenses
incurred by him in respect of the possession or for the preservation of the
goods pledged.
Example 25: Where ‘M’ pledges stock of goods for certain loan from a
bank, the bank has a right to retain the stock not only for adjustment of the
loan but also for payment of interest.
(b) Right to retention of subsequent debts [Section 174]: The Pawnee can
retain the goods pledged for any debt or promise other than the debt or
promise for which they are pledged. But he can exercise this right only when
there is a contract to this effect. i.e. a right to retain goods for subsequent

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debts can be exercised only when it has been provided for in a contract to
this effect.
(c) Pawnee’s right to extraordinary expenses incurred [Section 175]: The
pawnee is entitled to receive from the pawnor extraordinary expenses
incurred by him for the preservation of the goods pledged. For such
expenses, however, he does not have the right to retain the goods, but he
can sue the pawnor for such expenses.
(d) Pawnee’s right where pawnor makes default [Section 176]: If the
pawnor makes default in payment of the debt, or performance, at the
stipulated time of the promise, in respect of which the goods were pledged,
the pawnee has the following rights:
i. the pawnee may bring a suit against the pawnor upon the debt or
promise, and retain the goods pledged as a collateral security; or
ii. he may sell the thing pledged on giving the pawnor reasonable notice
of the sale.
If the proceeds of such sale are less than the amount due in respect of the
debt or promise, the pawnor is still liable to pay the balance. If the proceeds
of the sale are greater than the amount so due, the pawnee shall pay over
the surplus to the pawnor.
Rights of a pawnor
As the bailor of goods, pawnor has all the rights of the bailor. Along with that he
also has the right of redemption to the pledged goods which is enumerated
under section 177 of the Act.
Right to redeem [Section 177]: If a time is stipulated for the payment of the
debt, or performance of the promise, for which the pledge is made, and the
pawnor makes default in payment of the debt or performance of the promise at
the stipulated time, he may redeem the goods pledged at any subsequent time
before the actual sale of them; but he must, in that case, pay, in addition, any
expenses which have arisen from his default.
Duties of the Pawnee
Pawnee has the following duties:
a. Duty to take reasonable care of the pledged goods.
b. Duty not to make unauthorized use of pledged goods.

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c. Duty to return the goods when the debt has been repaid or the promise has
been performed.
d. Duty not to mix his own goods with goods pledged.
e. Duty not to do any act which is inconsistent with the terms of the pledge.
f. Duty to return accretion to the goods, if any.
Duties of a Pawnor
Pawnor has the following duties:
a. The pawnor is liable to pay the debt or perform the promise as the case
may be.
b. It is the duty of the pawnor to compensate the pawnee for any
extraordinary expenses incurred by him for preserving the goods pawned.
c. It is the duty of the pawnor to disclose all the faults which may put the
pawnee under extraordinary risks.
d. If loss occurs to the pawnee due to defect in pawnor’s title to the goods, the
pawnor must indemnify the pawnee.
e. If the pawnee sells the good due to default by the pawnor, the pawnor must
pay the deficit.

11. PLEDGE BY NON-OWNERS

Ordinarily, it is the owner of the goods, or any person authorized by him in that
behalf, who can pledge the goods. But in order to facilitate mercantile
transactions, the law has recognised certain exceptions. These exceptions are for
bonafide pledges made by those persons who are not the actual owners of the
goods, but in whose possession the goods have been left.
a. Pledge by mercantile agent [Section 178]: Where a mercantile agent is,
with the consent of the owner, in possession of goods or the documents of
title to goods, any pledge made by him, when acting in the ordinary course
of business of a mercantile agent, shall be as valid as if he were expressly
authorised by the owner of the goods to make the same; provided that the
pawnee acts in good faith and has not at the time of the pledge notice that
the Pawnor has no authority to pledge.

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 BAILMENT AND PLEDGE 1.47

Explanation: In this section, the expressions ‘mercantile agent and

documents of title’ shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Sale of
Goods Act, 1930.
Analysis: Though generally only a owner of goods can pledge, the Act
recognizes the right of certain mercantile agents to pledge provided that
the mercantile agent should be in custody of goods with the consent of the
owner. Such a pledge done in the ordinary course of business is valid.
Pledge in this case can be effected through pledge of documents like a bill
of lading or a railway receipt etc.
The necessary conditions of validity under the section 178 are as follows:
(i) The person pledging the goods must be a mercantile agent,
(ii) Mercantile agent must be in possession either of the goods or the
documents of title to goods,
(iii) Such possession must be with the consent of the owner. If possession
has been obtained dishonestly or by a trick, a valid pledge cannot be
effected,
(iv) Pledge must have been made by the mercantile agent, when acting in
the ordinary course of business of a mercantile agent,
(v) The pledgee must act in good faith;
(vi) The pledgee should have no notice of the pledger's defect of title. If
the pledgee knows that the pledger has a defective title, the pledge
will not be valid.
b. Pledge by person in possession under voidable contract [Section 178A]:
When the pawnor has obtained possession of the goods pledged by him
under a contract voidable under section 19 or section 19A (contracts where
consent has been obtained by fraud, coercion, misrepresentation, undue
influence), but the contract has not been rescinded at the time of the
pledge, the pawnee acquires a good title to the goods, provided he acts in
good faith and without notice of the pawnor’s defect of title.
c. Pledge where pawnor has only a limited interest [Section 179]: Where a
person pledges goods in which he has only a limited interest i.e. pawnor is
not the absolute owner of goods, the pledge is valid to the extent of that
interest.

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Example 26: Mr. X finds a defective mobile phone lying on the road. He
picks it up, gets it repaired for ` 5000. He later pledges the mobile phone
for ` 2000. The true owner can recover the mobile phone only on paying
` 5000
d. Pledge by a co-owner in possession: Where the goods are owned by many
person and with the consent of other owners, the goods are left in the
possession of one of the co-owners. Such a co-owner may make a valid
pledge of the goods in his possession.
e. Pledge by seller or buyer in possession: A seller, in whose possession, the
goods have been left after sale or a buyer who with the consent of the
seller, obtains possession of the goods, before sale, can make a valid
pledge, provided the pawnee acts in good faith and he has no knowledge of
the defect in title of the pawnor.
Example 27: A buys a cycle from B. But leaves the cycle with the seller. B
then pledges the cycle with C, who does not know of sale to A, and acted in
good faith. This is valid pledge.

12. DISTINCTION BETWEEN BAILMENT AND

PLEDGE
Basis of Bailment Pledge
Distinction
Meaning Transfer of goods by one Transfer of goods from one
person to another for some person to another as security
specific purpose is known as for repayment of debt is known
bailment. as the pledge.
Terms The person delivering the The person who delivers the
Applicable goods under a contract of good as security is called the
bailment is called as “Bailor”. “Pawnor”.
The person to whom the goods The person to whom the goods
are delivered under a contract are delivered as security is
of bailment is called as “Bailee”. called the “pawnee”.
Purpose Bailment may be made for any Pledge is made for the purpose
purpose (as specified in the of delivering the goods as
contract of bailment, eg: for security for payment of a debt,
safe custody, for repairs, for or performance of a promise.
processing of goods).

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Consideration The bailment may be made for Pledge is always made for a
consideration or without consideration.
consideration.
Right to sell The bailee has no right to sell the The pawnee has right to sell the
the goods goods even if the charges of goods if the pawnor fails to
bailment are not paid to him. The redeem the goods.
bailee’s rights are limited to
suing the bailor for his dues or to
exercise lien on the goods bailed.
Right to use Bailee can use the goods only Pledgee or Pawnee cannot use
of goods for a purpose specified in the the goods pledged.
contract of bailment and not
otherwise.

SUMMARY
♦ Bailment-Delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose
upon a contract that they shall be returned after the purpose is over or
disposed off according to the directions of the person delivering them.
♦ Bailor- Person who delivers the goods for bailment.
♦ Bailee- Person to whom goods are delivered under the contract of bailment.
♦ Depositing currency notes in a bank- It is not a bailment as currency notes
or moneys are not goods as per the definition of goods given under the
Sale of Goods Act, 1930 and also same currency notes are not returned to
the depositor by the bank.
♦ Keeping of ornaments/valuables in a bank locker- It’s not a bailment as
there is no transfer of possession of ornaments or valuables.
♦ Gratuitous bailment- No consideration passes between the bailor and the
bailee and the bailor is not responsible for the damages in respect of the
faults which were not known to him.
♦ Pledge- Bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt/performance
of a promise.
♦ Pawnor- Person who pledges goods as security.
♦ Pawnee- Person who receives the goods as security.

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♦ Some non-owners may also create a valid pledge of goods, such as-
Mercantile agents, co-owner, by person having a limited interest, by person
having a possession of goods under voidable contract.
♦ Basic distinction between bailment and pledge- All the pledges are
bailments but all the bailments are not pledges.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Question 1
State the essential elements of a contract of bailment.
Answer
Essential elements of a contract of bailment: Section 148 of the Indian
Contract Act, 1872 defines the term ‘Bailment’. A ‘bailment’ is the delivery of
goods by one person to another for some purpose upon a contract that they
shall, when the purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of
according to the directions of the person delivering them. The essential elements
of the contract of the bailment are:
1. Delivery of goods—The essence of bailment is delivery of goods by one
person to another.
2. Bailment is a contract—In bailment, the delivery of goods is upon a contract
that when the purpose is accomplished, the goods shall be returned to the
bailor.
3. Return of goods in specific—The goods are delivered for some purpose and
it is agreed that the specific goods shall be returned.
4. Ownership of goods—In a bailment, it is only the possession of goods
which is transferred and the bailor continues to be the owner of the goods.
5. Property must be movable—Bailment is only for movable goods and never
for immovable goods or money.
Question 2
Give differences between Bailment and Pledge.
Answer
Distinction between bailment and pledge: The following are the distinction
between bailment and pledge:

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(a) As to purpose: Pledge is a variety of bailment. Under pledge goods are

bailed as a security for a loan or a performance of a promise. In regular
bailment the goods are bailed for other purpose than the two referred
above. The bailee takes them for repairs, safe custody etc.
(b) As to right of sale: The pledgee enjoys the right to sell only on default by
the pledgor to repay the debt or perform his promise, that too only after
giving due notice. In bailment the bailee, generally, cannot sell the goods.
He can either retain or sue for non-payment of dues.
(c) As to right of using goods: Pledgee has no right to use goods. A bailee
can, if the terms so provide, use the goods.
(d) Consideration: In pledge there is always a consideration whereas in a
bailment there may or may not be consideration.
(e) Discharge of contract: Pledge is discharged on the payment of debt or
performance of promise whereas bailment is discharged as the purpose is
accomplished or after specified time.
Question 3
Examine whether the following constitute a contract of ‘Bailment’ under the
provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872:
(i) V parks his car at a parking lot, locks it, and keeps the keys with himself.
(ii) Seizure of goods by customs authorities.
Answer
As per Section 148 of the Act, bailment is the delivery of goods by one person to
another for some purpose, upon a contract, that the goods shall, when the
purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the
directions of the person delivering them.
For a bailment to exist the bailor must give possession of the bailed property and
the bailee must accept it. There must be a transfer in ownership of the goods.
(i) No. Mere custody of goods does not mean possession. In the given case,
since the keys of the car are with V, Section 148, of the Indian Contract Act,
1872 shall not applicable.
(ii) Yes, the possession of the goods is transferred to the custom authorities.
Therefore, bailment exists and section 148 is applicable.

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Question 4
A hires a carriage from B and agrees to pay ` 500 as hire charges. The carriage is
unsafe, though B is unaware of it. A is injured and claims compensation for injuries
suffered by him. B refuses to pay. Discuss the liability of B.
Answer
Problem asked in the question is based on the provisions of the Indian Contract
Act, 1872 as contained in Section 150. The section provides that if the goods are
bailed for hire, the bailor is responsible for such damage, whether he was or was
not aware of the existence of such faults in the goods bailed. Accordingly,
applying the above provisions in the given case, B is responsible to compensate A
for the injuries sustained even if he was not aware of the defect in the carriage.
Question 5
A bails his jewellery with B on the condition to safeguard it in a bank’s safe locker.
However, B kept it in safe locker at his residence, where he usually keeps his own
jewellery. After a month all jewellery was lost in a religious riot. A filed a suit
against B for recovery. Referring to provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872,
state whether A will succeed.
Answer
According to section 152 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the bailee, in the
absence of any special contract, is not responsible for the loss, destruction or
deterioration of the thing bailed, if he has taken reasonable care as required
under section 151.
Here, A and B agreed to keep the jewellery at the Bank’s safe locker and not at
the latter’s residence (i.e. B’s residence). Thus, B is liable to compensate A for his
negligence to keep jewellery at his (B’s) residence.
Question 6
R gives his umbrella to M during raining season to be used for two days during
Examinations. M keeps the umbrella for a week. While going to R’s house to return
the umbrella, M accidently slips and the umbrella is badly damaged. Who bear the
loss and why?
Answer
M shall have to bear the loss since he failed to return the umbrella within the
stipulated time and Section 161 clearly says that where a bailee fails to return the

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goods within the agreed time, he shall be responsible to the bailor for any loss,
destruction or deterioration of the goods from that time notwithstanding the
exercise of reasonable care on his part.
Question 7
Amar bailed 50 kg of high quality sugar to Srijith, who owned a kirana shop,
promising to give ` 200 at the time of taking back the bailed goods. Srijith's
employee, unaware of this, mixed the 50 kg of sugar belonging to Amar with the
sugar in the shop and packaged it for sale when Srijith was away. This came to light
only when Amar came asking for the sugar he had bailed with Srijith, as the price of
the specific quality of sugar had trebled. What is the remedy available to Amar?
Answer
According to section 157 of the Contract Act, 1872, if the bailee, without the
consent of the bailor, mixes the goods of the bailor with his own goods, in such a
manner that it is impossible to separate the goods bailed from the other goods and
deliver them back, the bailor is entitled to be compensated by the bailee for the
loss of the goods.
In the given question, Srijith’s employee mixed high quality sugar bailed by Amar
and then packaged it for sale. The sugars when mixed cannot be separated. As
Srijith’s employee has mixed the two kinds of sugar, he (Srijith) must compensate
Amar for the loss of his sugar.
Question 8
Mrs. A delivered her old silver jewellery to Mr. Y a Goldsmith, for the purpose of
making new a silver bowl out of it. Every evening she used to receive the unfinished
good (silver bowl) to put it into box kept at Mr. Y’s Shop. She kept the key of that box
with herself. One night, the silver bowl was stolen from that box. Was there a contract
of bailment? Whether the possession of the goods (actual or constructive) delivered,
constitute contract of bailment or not?
Answer
Section 148 of Indian Contract Act 1872 defines 'Bailment' as the delivery of goods
by one person to another for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when
the purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to
the direction of the person delivering them.
According to Section 149 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the delivery to the bailee
may be made by doing anything which has the effect of putting the goods in the

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possession of the intended bailee or of any person authorised to hold them on his
behalf. Thus, delivery is necessary to constitute bailment.
Thus, the mere keeping of the box at Y’s shop, when A herself took away the key
cannot amount to delivery as per the meaning of delivery given in the provision in
section 149. Therefore, in this case there is no contract of bailment as Mrs. A did
not deliver the complete possession of the good by keeping the keys with herself.
Question 9
Srushti acquired valuable diamond at a very low price by a voidable contract under
the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The voidable contract was not
rescinded. Srushti pledged the diamond with Mr. VK. Is this a valid pledge under the
Indian Contract Act, 1872?
Answer
Pledge by person in possession under voidable contract [Section 178A of the
Indian Contract Act, 1872]: When the pawnor has obtained possession of the
goods pledged by him under a contract voidable under section 19 or section 19A,
but the contract has not been rescinded at the time of the pledge, the pawnee
acquires a good title to the goods, provided he acts in good faith and without
notice of the pawnor’s defect of title.
Therefore, the pledge of diamond by Srushti with Mr. VK is valid.

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