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Designopolis - Vaastu Course

This document provides an overview of a 5-day Vaastu course. The course will cover Vaastu basics, compliant site layouts, building layouts, furniture layouts, and commercial spaces. It will be presented by Kavita Mundra, director of KMBD Architect and Engineers Consortium Pvt. Ltd., an architecture and design firm. The course contents include classes on Vaastu principles, determining north direction, ideal plot shapes and entry points, positioning buildings on sites, and entry points to buildings. Understanding Vaastu helps balance the five elements in proportion to keep harmony.

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shyam neogi
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
863 views125 pages

Designopolis - Vaastu Course

This document provides an overview of a 5-day Vaastu course. The course will cover Vaastu basics, compliant site layouts, building layouts, furniture layouts, and commercial spaces. It will be presented by Kavita Mundra, director of KMBD Architect and Engineers Consortium Pvt. Ltd., an architecture and design firm. The course contents include classes on Vaastu principles, determining north direction, ideal plot shapes and entry points, positioning buildings on sites, and entry points to buildings. Understanding Vaastu helps balance the five elements in proportion to keep harmony.

Uploaded by

shyam neogi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 125

5 DAY VAASTU COURSE

STUDY
MATERIAL
Developed by:

Institute of Design and Technology


2nd floor, Geetanjali Complex, Sevoke Road, Siliguri | www.designopolis.co.in | 9680659423
Established in 2015, an institute for designers, by designers. Our
mission is to provide industry relevant courses to bridge the gap
between the educational and practical design field.

KMBD ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS CONSORTIUM PVT. LTD.

Established in 1993, today it is one of the largest architecture,


engineering and interior design firms in East India with a portfolio
of National and International projects.
PRESENTED BY

Id. Kavita Mundra


Director at
KMBD Architect and Engineers
Consortium Pvt. Ltd.
CONTENTS
Class 1: Vaastu Basics

Class 2: Vaastu Compliant Site Layout

Class 3: Vaastu Compliant Building Layout

Class 4: Vaastu Compliant Furniture Layout

Class 5: Vaastu Compliant Commercial Spaces

Question Bank with answers


CLASS 1

VAASTU
BASICS
DURATION:2HRS
WHAT IS VAASTU?
-Universe if made of 5 elements- fire, water, air, soil and
space.
-Vaastu is a science of balancing the above 5 elements in
proportion to keep the universe in perfect harmony.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
VAASTU
-Vaastu is not the sole driving force of life.
-Vaastu is an instrument that can make our lives
better.
KARMA

VAASTU DESTINY
-Our life is a balance of 50% karma, 25% destiny and
25% Vaastu.
-To achieve any goal in life all of these factors must be
taken care of.
DIRECTIONS
RELATION BETWEEN
VAASTU & CLIMATE
-If a plot is divided diagonally into 2 parts, the
N
northern part represents the lighter, brighter
and lower part of a space and the southern part
Lighter
represents the heavier, darker and higher part
of a space.
-The rules of Vaastu helps us in designing Heavier
spaces with the same ideology.
-The southern part of the space receives highest
amount of heat through sunlight, thus the
south-western part of space is kept heaviest
while the north-eastern part of the space is
kept lighter.
HISTORY OF VAASTU

-Vaastu is a traditional architecture system of India.


-Vaastu has been recorded by our sages in various
texts.
-There are many mythological stories about the origin
of Vaastu.
-Vaastu has been adopted by various kings in the past,
one fine example is the plan of Jaipur city made in 18th
century.
SCIENCE BEHIND VAASTU

-Vaastu is an architectural system that helps us utilize


all the natural forms of energy that are received by a
space.
-The various forms of energy that are considered in
Vaastu are:-
Solar Energy Electric Energy
Lunar Energy Thermal Energy
Wind Energy Cosmic Energy
Magnetic Energy
INFLUENCE OF VAASTU
IN THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
-Vaastu is a demand of 70-80% of the people who want
to rent or buy a space in both commercial and residential
sector.
-Real Estate built in compliance with vaastu has a better
sale on average.
-Practical Case- Residential Complex, Siliguri.
N
Rotated by 90 degree

Vaastu Compliant Not Vaastu Compliant


VAASTU PURUSH
-Vaastu Purush is a mythological character.
-The story around Vaastu Purush gives the basis of the
Vaastu Architectural System.
-Brief Story: A demon who was causing havoc in the
realm of God was pressed into the soil by various Gods
(according to Hindu Mythology). This demon pressed into
the soil is called Vaastu Purush.
-The Vaastu Purush is an instrument to learn the basic
principles of Vaastu.
VAASTU VS FENG-SHUI
-Vaastu is a traditional architecture system of India
while Feng-Shui is a traditional architecture system of
China.
-The rules of Vaastu and Feng-Shui are different because
of the different geographical features of India and China.
-Whole of China has a better balance because of the
presence of ocean in the Northern and North-Eastern
zone and presence of mountains in the Southern and
South-Western zone (In accordance with Vaastu)
-The rules of Feng-Shui are based on such an
arrangement of geographical features.
-India has mountains in the Northern zone while oceans
in the Southern zone (Opposite of what is recommended
by Vaastu)
-This steep difference between the geographical features
of India and China forms the contrast between the rules
of Vaastu and Feng-Shui.
CLASS 2

VAASTU
COMPLIANT
SITE
LAYOUT
DURATION:2HRS
WHAT IS GOOD
PLOT?
-A good plot is a piece of land that gives you positive
vibes when you are inside it.
-It must have good soil, and presence of a water body is
also very auspicious.
-Any history related to the plot must be closely
examined. Plots with dull history must be avoided.
HOW TO FIND NORTH
DIRECTION IN A PLOT?
-To plan a plot in accordance with Vaastu, we have to
determine the North direction.
-The North direction can be determined by:-
Using a Compass
Observing the Sun
Observing the Stars (North Star)
COMPASS
-We generally use the Compass to find the
North direction.
-Compass works on the principle of
magnetism.
-Compass needle is a small magnet. The
N
needle always points towards the
geographical North.
-The needle points towards North by
aligning itself with the Earth's magnetic
field. S
How to use a compass?
-Lay the compass on a flat surface.
-Ensure that there is no magnet or metal in the proximity
of the compass.
-Rotate the compass, such that the needle(Geographical
North) and the North of compass coincide.
Compass North Geographical North

Initially Finally
SITE SHAPES
-A plot can have any shape, but mostly we come across a
few typical shapes.
-Some typical plot shapes are- Square, Rectangle,
Trapezoidal.
-Shapes like triangle, circle and other polygons are
generally not preferable.
N
-A Trapezoidal Plot with
North-East extension is very
good.

-A Square/Rectangular Plot
with North-East extension
of any form (depicted by
circular red zone) is very
good.
Good for business purposes.

SINGH MUKHI
-Singh Mukhi or Lion Faced
plot is a trapezoidal plot in
Back Front which the front of the plot
is bigger than the back.

Good for residential purposes.

GAU MUKHI
-Gau Mukhi or Cow Faced
plot is a trapezoidal plot in
Back
Front which the front of the plot
is smaller than the back.
ROLE OF SITE APPROACH
IN VAASTU
Road -The road placement with respect to
N the plot gives the site approach. An
illustration of a north facing plot is
shown.
*Incase the plot is attached to 2 roads then the wider road is taken as the site approach.

Plot with road Plot with road Plot with road Plot with road
on 1 side on 2 sides on 3 sides on 4 sides
-Plot with road on 1 side
A plot with North, West or East side approaching road is
considered to be good.
South facing plots are not considered good.

-Plot with road on 2 sides


A plot with roads to the north and east side also known as the
north east block is considered to be a very favorable location.
South east block is considered to be good.
North west block is neutral.
South west block must be avoided.
-Plot with road on 3 sides
A Plot with three sides approaching road is considered to be
better than those with two sides approaching roads.
A plot is favourable if the approaching roads are on-
1. the north, east and western directions.
2. the north, west and southern directions.
3. the north, east and southern directions.
Approaching roads from east, south and western direction are
least preferred.
N

-
- Any plot or residence with approaching roads from all four
directions is considered to be an ideal location with a well balanced
energy and fully vaastu compliant.

-
BEST ENTRY LOCATIONS
TO THE SITE
*Here for convenience we will consider only one entry point..
The best entry points will be different for every direction of approach
road. Even in the case of multiple approach roads there will be only 4
cases, according to the approach road chosen for entry.

N N
NO
DOORS
IN
THE
RED
ZONE
N N
NO
DOORS
IN
THE
RED
ZONE
POSITION OF BUILDING
IN THE SITE
-The building on a plot must be in the south-western zone of the plot.
-The north-eastern zone of the plot must be left open. (Also best for
plot entry)
-The building should not be made in the north-east of the plot.

N
GOOD ENTRY POINTS TO
THE BUILDING
-The basic rules of building entry is same as that of a plot.
-There must be no obstruction in front of the main door.
-Entry doors must not be in the corner.

N
POSITION OF WATER
BODIES IN THE SITE
-The water body in a plot must be in the north-east direction. (Please
note that such a water body must be below the ground level, like well
or pond)
-Water bodies that are above the ground level (like water tanks) must
be in the south-west.
-Any kind of water body must not be in the south-east i.e. Agni-sthan
N

Pond/Well

Water tank
POSITION OF SERVICES
IN THE SITE
-Services are the secondary features of a N

constructed space. GARAGE


-Position of some common services are:-

Garage / Out house


The best place to construct them is the Northwest
and Southeast corner. GUARD'S
Guard's room ROOM

A concrete or wooden shelter is made either in


Northwest or Southeast and the shelter should be
facing the East or North.
CLASS 3

VAASTU
COMPLIANT
BUILDING
LAYOUT
DURATION:2HRS
THE NINE SECTORS
IN A SPACE
North-West North North-East

West East

South-West South South-East


-The above zone is called Brahmasthan. There should not
be any construction in Brahamsthan. If possible, this area
should be left open to the sky. The centre of the building
can have a skylight to allow sunlight and air.
The different percentage of floor level in a space.
N

50% 25% 0%

75% 0% 25%

100% 75% 50%


SUITABLE LOCATION
OF ALL SERVICES
Location of Bedrooms
N

Younger Child
Bedroom

Student Unmarried Children


Bedroom Bedroom

Master Bedroom

Elder Son's Bedroom


Location of Puja Room N

Location of Kitchen
N
Second Option

Most Preferable
Location of Living Room N

Preferable for South


facing house

Location of Washroom
N

Note: Placement of attached washrooms also follow the same rule, only difference is, in this
case the room is considered to be a sole unit.
Location of Study Room N

Location of Basement
N
Location of Store Room N

Location of Staircase
N
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH NON-COMPLIANCE OF
VAASTU
North/Zone 0f Wealth/Kuber-sthan
The north direction is associated with the overall financial condition
of the residents. Any potential vaastu defect in the northern direction
of the house could very well translate into lack of adequate finances,
unexpected increase of expenses, loans, poverty impacting the
overall economic situation.
Ensure there is no clutter or bathroom located in the northern
direction. Having a kitchen in the northern direction is not advisable.
South/Zone 0f Justice/Yam-sthan
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the South may cause legal issues.
The south must be kept heavier and fuller. Septic tanks are
prohibited in this region.

West/Zone 0f Fate/Varun-sthan
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the West may cause chest disease
and poverty to the occupants. Big windows, electric motors, well, pit
or unwanted extensions and cuts are all prohibited in the western
direction
East/Zone 0f Health/Indra-sthan
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the East may cause health issues. 
Difficulty in getting recognition along with health issues and strained
relationship is due to bad vaastu of the eastern zone. Stairs,
bathroom, kitchen and high-rise walls in the eastern direction
cause a negative effect

North-West/Vayu-sthan
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the North-West may lead to legal
and mental problems, heart disease and even untimely death in some
extreme cases. Entrance, underground water tank, temple and
kitchen space are not good in the North West direction
North-East/Zone 0f Knowledge
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the North-East may cause ill-
fortune. Family disputes to accidents, surgeries, legal discords and a
general sense of disappointment in all walks of life is due to bad
vaastu of the north-eastern zone. North eastern area of the space
must not include kitchen, bathroom, over head tank, store room or
stair case

South-East/Zone 0f Fire/Agni-sthan
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the South-East may cause general
feeling of fear, lack of positivity, domestic issues and unwanted fear
of theft. Main entrance, septic tank in the south east direction offers
negative results as per vaastu.
South-West/Zone 0f Income
Any non-compliance of vaastu in the south west direction controls
the personal relationships of the residents of any house. Any negative
energy emitting from the south west direction could lead to loss of
money, domestic problems between husband and wife, lack of
promotion and delay in marriage. Underground water tank, temple,
kitchen, basement and any sewage disposal plants should never be
constructed in the south west direction as it offers negative results
as per vaastu.
N

Example of a Vaastu compliant Site


layout
CLASS 4

VAASTU
COMPLIANT
FURNITURE
LAYOUT
DURATION:2HRS
WHY IS FURNITURE
PLACEMENT
IMPORTANT IN
VAASTU?
-In any constructed space, furniture is the element we
interact with most often. Therefore, to create a perfect
furniture setup one must consider both ergonomics and
vaastu equally while designing. Furniture in compliance
with vaastu creates positive energy and helps to maintain
harmony with nature.
POSITIONING OF
SOFAS IN LIVING
ROOM
-Sofas along with the centre table form the heaviest part
of the living room, therefore they must be placed in the
South or South-Western zone. (Reason: Basic principles of
Vaastu/ Vaastu-Purush).
-Placing sofa units in the North-East zone of the living
room must be avoided.
-If a separate master chair is added to the living room, it
must be in the south-west.
-The sofa must be so placed that the head of the house
faces north or east.
N

TV unit
ORIENTATION OF
DINING UNITS
-Dining table should be placed in the west zone of the
space. This helps in disinfection of dining area by the sun.
-The dining table shape recommended by vaastu is square
or rectangle.
-The dining table must also be placed near the kitchen.
-The head of the family must face east, when seated on
the chair of the dining table.
-Facing south while seated on the chair of dining table
must be avoided.

N
ORIENTATION IN
PUJA ROOM
-The puja room must be located in the north-east zone of
the space.
-Try to ensure that you face the north or the east while
offering prayers.
-Idols in the puja room must not face each other.
-The puja room must be light, i.e platform for the idols
should not be made of stone (like Marble). It is best to
make the platform from wood.
N
ORIENTATION IN
KITCHEN
-All the objects inside the kitchen that represent fire like
gas stoves, cylinders, microwave ovens, toasters, and
other appliances should be placed in the south-east part
of the kitchen.
-One must face towards east while cooking.
-Wash basins, the washing machine, water pipes, and the
kitchen drain should be in the north or northeast direction
inside the kitchen.
-The refrigerator should be positioned in the south-west
direction.
N
ORIENTATION IN
WASHROOM
-The toilet seat should be placed in such a way that the
person sitting could face the North or the South.
-Geyser and other electrical appliances like heater and
switchboard should be installed in south-east corner of
bathroom.
-Taps and showers must be fixed in north direction, Water
closet should be placed in the West and the South
direction of the toilet
N
ORIENTATION OF
STUDY TABLES
-The study table must be made in accordance with
ergonomics.
-Make sure that the student faces East or North while
studying.
-Study table must be placed in the north-east and must
have a light source in he south-east.
-Never keep the study table under a beam.
N
ORIENTATION OF
BEDS
-It is best to sleep with the head towards the South or
East direction of the bedroom. The South brings a good
deep sleep and ensures long life, while the East brings
enlightenment.
-There must be no mirror in front of the bed.
-Sleeping position with feet pointing to the east results in
increase in wealth and recognition.
-Sleeping with head towards north must be avoided.
N
Enlightenment

Bad sleep,
nightmares,
chest heaviness
& headache.

Good sleep,
long life &
prosperity.

Wealth & Fame


When we sleep with our feet pointing towards the south,
the magnetic field of the earth hampers our natural blood
flow.
When we sleep with our feet pointing towards the north
our blood flow and earth's magnetic field is in harmony.
Expanding further on
the layout discussed in
the last class, a
detailed layout with
furniture placement.
CLASS 5

VAASTU
COMPLIANT
COMMERCIAL
SPACES
DURATION:2HRS
VAASTU IN
COMMERCIAL
COMPLEX
The growing population and urbanization has made the
model of commercial complexes immensely successful.
The success of any business inside a commercial complex
is determined by the vaastu of the whole commercial
complex. A commercial complex is a wholesome unit, and
every business operating inside it is its component.
Tips to find the best locations
inside a complex
It is always good to buy the office in the south-west or
along the southern line.
Offices in the north-west should be totally avoided as
the strong movement of this area will not allow the
owners to stabilize.
N
Thus the vaastu of entire shopping complex is important
for the success of any business operating inside it.

Vaastu in commercial complex also follows the same basic


principles of vaastu.
Vaastu Tips for Commercial Complex-
Must have a good plot shape
Must have open space in the north-eastern zone
Must not be open in the south-western zone
If possible, there must be a temple in the north-east
SIGNIFICANCE OF
VAASTU FOR
OFFICES
-Offices are spaces in which we create something for
ourselves by putting in creativity and hard work, for this
process to become joyous our office must have a positive
vibe. Vaastu helps us in creating this positive vibe in our
working space. A vaastu compliant office helps in
fostering better relations between the colleagues.
POSITIONING AND
ORIENTATION
OF RECEPTION
-The reception of an office is generally near the entry to
the office, thus the best position of reception is north-east
-The reception should be facing towards the east or north.
N
POSITIONING AND ORIENTATION
OF STAFF WORKING ZONES
N

Field Junior Junior


Staff Staff Staff

Senior Junior
Staff Staff

Senior
Staff
Orientation of staff

In offices, the best facing direction is north-east and


north. The northern direction is ruled by Lord Kuber, the
god of wealth. The north-east direction is governed by
water, which is indicative of a person’s financial status.

Keep your money, in the North or South East or South


West.  
POSITIONING
MANAGEMENT
SPACES
The Management of any office is like the master/owner of
a home. Therefore the best position for management
space in an office is South-West. South and West are
second options. N
POSITIONING OF
SERVICES

The generators and other electrical equipment should


always be kept in the southeast corner.
Parking of heavy vehicles like trucks, tractors, trolleys
or cranes etc, should be on the roads outside or if it is
to be inside, they should be parked in South West
zone.
Light Vehicles parking in north-west.
Temple must be placed in the north-east.
Washroom must be made in the north-west.
Any water body below the ground must be in the
north-east while those above the ground level must be
in the south-west.
N
VASTU SHASTRA
FOR SHOPS AND
SHOWROOMS
The ideal shape for a shop or showroom is square or
rectangular shaped rooms.
The entrance of the shop must be kept clean & clutter
free. It must be in North-East direction.
The owner must sit in the South-West zone facing
towards North/East.
For your day to day cash, South-East is the ideal
direction to place the cash counter. It is the direction
ruled by Lord Agni. And as per texts, Agni or fire is
symbolic of cash.
N

Vaastu Compliant Office: Example 1


N

Vaastu Compliant
Office: Example 2
THIS STUDY MATERIAL IS DESIGNED BY:

INSTITUTE OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY

SITUATED IN THE BEAUTIFUL CITY OF SILIGURI


CLASS 5

VAASTU
COMPLIANT
COMMERCIAL
SPACES
DURATION:2HRS
VAASTU IN
COMMERCIAL
COMPLEX
The growing population and urbanization has made the
model of commercial complexes immensely successful.
The success of any business inside a commercial complex
is determined by the vaastu of the whole commercial
complex. A commercial complex is a wholesome unit, and
every business operating inside it is its component.
Tips to find the best locations
inside a complex
It is always good to buy the office in the south-west or
along the southern line.
Offices in the north-west should be totally avoided as
the strong movement of this area will not allow the
owners to stabilize.
N
Thus the vaastu of entire shopping complex is important
for the success of any business operating inside it.

Vaastu in commercial complex also follows the same basic


principles of vaastu.
Vaastu Tips for Commercial Complex-
Must have a good plot shape
Must have open space in the north-eastern zone
Must not be open in the south-western zone
If possible, there must be a temple in the north-east
SIGNIFICANCE OF
VAASTU FOR
OFFICES
-Offices are spaces in which we create something for
ourselves by putting in creativity and hard work, for this
process to become joyous our office must have a positive
vibe. Vaastu helps us in creating this positive vibe in our
working space. A vaastu compliant office helps in
fostering better relations between the colleagues.
POSITIONING AND
ORIENTATION
OF RECEPTION
-The reception of an office is generally near the entry to
the office, thus the best position of reception is north-east
-The reception should be facing towards the east or north.
N
POSITIONING AND ORIENTATION
OF STAFF WORKING ZONES
N

Field Junior Junior


Staff Staff Staff

Senior Junior
Staff Staff

Senior
Staff
Orientation of staff

In offices, the best facing direction is north-east and


north. The northern direction is ruled by Lord Kuber, the
god of wealth. The north-east direction is governed by
water, which is indicative of a person’s financial status.

Keep your money, in the North or South East or South


West.  
POSITIONING
MANAGEMENT
SPACES
The Management of any office is like the master/owner of
a home. Therefore the best position for management
space in an office is South-West. South and West are
second options. N
POSITIONING OF
SERVICES

The generators and other electrical equipment should


always be kept in the southeast corner.
Parking of heavy vehicles like trucks, tractors, trolleys
or cranes etc, should be on the roads outside or if it is
to be inside, they should be parked in South West
zone.
Light Vehicles parking in north-west.
Temple must be placed in the north-east.
Washroom must be made in the north-west.
Any water body below the ground must be in the
north-east while those above the ground level must be
in the south-west.
N
VASTU SHASTRA
FOR SHOPS AND
SHOWROOMS
The ideal shape for a shop or showroom is square or
rectangular shaped rooms.
The entrance of the shop must be kept clean & clutter
free. It must be in North-East direction.
The owner must sit in the South-West zone facing
towards North/East.
For your day to day cash, South-East is the ideal
direction to place the cash counter. It is the direction
ruled by Lord Agni. And as per texts, Agni or fire is
symbolic of cash.
N

Vaastu Compliant Office: Example 1


N

Vaastu Compliant
Office: Example 2
THANK YOU

PRESENTED BY-
KAVITA MUNDRA
THIS STUDY MATERIAL IS DESIGNED BY:

INSTITUTE OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY

SITUATED IN THE BEAUTIFUL CITY OF SILIGURI


QUESTION
BANK
WITH ANSWERS
CLass 1: Knowledge Check 1
CLass 1: Knowledge Check 2
CLass 2: Knowledge Check 1
CLass 2: Knowledge Check 2
CLass 3: Knowledge Check 1
E
CLass 3: Knowledge Check 2
CLass 4: Knowledge Check 1
Answer 4: NW
CLass 4: Knowledge Check 2
CLass 5: Knowledge Check
ANSWERS TO THE KNOWLEDGE CHECKS

CLass 1: Knowledge Check 1

1. (1) 2.(4) 3.(2).  4.(3).  5.(2).  6(2)(3).  7(3) 8(1). 9(1). 10(3) 

CLass 1: Knowledge Check 2

1. (1) 2.(3) 3.(2).  4.(2).  5.(1).  6(3).  7(1) 8(2). 9(2). 10(2) 

CLass 2: Knowledge Check 1

1. (1) 2.(2) 3.(1).  4.(2).  5.(3).  6(3).  7(2)(3) 8(2). 9(3). 10(2) 

CLass 2: Knowledge Check 2

1. (2) 2.(2) 3.(1).  4.(1).  5.(3).  6(2).  7(4) 8(4). 9(2). 10(1) 

CLass 3: Knowledge Check 1

1. (2) 2.(2) 3.(4).  4.(1).  5.(4).  6(2).  7(3) 8(1). 9(4). 10(3) 


CLass 3: Knowledge Check 2

1. (3) 2.(1)(2)(3) 3.(1).  4.(1).  5.(2).  6(2).  7(4) 8(4). 9(1). 10(2) 

CLass 4: Knowledge Check 1

1. (2) 2.(1)(2) 3.(1).  4.(2).  5.(4).  6(2).  7(2) 8(2). 9(2). 10(4) 

CLass 4: Knowledge Check 2

1. (2) 2.(1) 3.(1).  4.(1).  5.(3).  6(3).  7(1) 8(2). 9(3). 10(2) 

CLass 5: Knowledge Check 1

1. (1) 2.(2) 3.(2).  4.(1)(2).  5.(4).  6(4).  7(3) 8(1). 9(2). 10(1) 

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