Junior Problems

J571. Consider the quadratic equation

m5 x2 − (m7 + m6 − m4 − m)x + m8 − m5 − m3 + 1 = 0,

with roots x1 , x2 , where m is a real parameter. Prove that x1 = 1 if and only if x2 = 1.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J572. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a2 + b2 + c2 = 3. Prove that

3
a+b+c+ ≥ 4.
ab + bc + ca

Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

J573. Prove that in any triangle ABC

A B C
sin + 2 sin sin ≤ 1.
2 2 2

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

J574. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab + bc + ca = 1 and

2 
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
         
1
a+ b+ − b+ c+ + c+ a+ = 1.
a b b c c a

Prove that a = 1.

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J575. Through point C lying outside of the circle ω two lines are drawn that are tangent to the circle at
points A and B. Point D lies on the segment AB and M is the midpoint of CD. Through point M a
line is drawn that is tangent to circle ω at X. Prove that lines CX and DX are perpendicular.

Proposed by Waldemar Pompe, Warsaw, Poland

J576. Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers such that

1 1 1 1
+ + + = 1.
1+a 1+b 1+c 1+d
Prove that
ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd − 3(a + b + c + d) ≥ 18.

Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2021) 1

 Senior Problems

S571. Let a be a nonzero real number for which there is a real number b ≥ 1 such that
1 √
a3 + 3
= b b + 3.
a
Prove that
1
a2 + = b + 1.
a2

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S572. Prove that in any triangle ABC

√
r
9 r A B C r
≤ 3 cos cos cos ≤ 1 + .
4 2R 2 2 2 4R

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

S573. Points A, B, C, D lie on a line in that order. Let o1 and o2 be the circles with diameters AB and CD,
respectively. Circle ω is externally tangent to circles o1 and o2 . Circle Ω is internally tangent to o1 and
o2 and intersects ω at points E and F . Prove that ∠AEB = ∠CF D.

Proposed by Waldemar Pompe, Warsaw, Poland

S574. Find all real numbers x such that

6x2 + 168x + 2022
 
6
= ,
x2 + 24x + 237 7

where {x} denotes the fractional part of x.

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology ,Tehran, Iran

S575. Let ABC be an acute triangle, with orthocenter H. Let A1 , B1 , C1 be the midpoints of BC, CA, AB,
respectively, and let A2 , B2 , C2 be points inside segments HA1 , HB1 , HC1 such that
HA2 HB2 HC2
= = = 2.
A2 A1 B2 B1 C2 C1
Prove that lines AA2 , BB2 , CC2 are concurrent.

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

√
S576. .Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be positive real numbers such that a1 + a2 + · · · + an = n. Prove that
2 2
1 2
   
1 1
a1 + + a2 + + · · · + an + ≥ (n + 1)2 .
a1 a2 an

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA and Alessandro Ventullo, Italy

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2021) 2

 Undergraduate Problems

U571. Let A be a n × n matrix with real entries and let α 6= 0 be a real number. Prove that if A3 = I and
(A − αI)3 = 0, then AB = BA, for all n × n matrices B.

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Montreal, Canada

U572. .Evaluate
ex
Z  
1
x+ √ dx
4x x

Proposed by Toyesh Prakash Sharma, St.C.F. Andrews School, Agra, India

U573. Prove the inequality

∞ k+1
X k2 2
<e
k=1
32k −1

Proposed by Mohammed Imran, Chennai, India

Rb
U574. Let f : [a, b] −→ R be a continuous function such that a f (x)dx > 0. Prove that for all positive
numbers c < (b − a)2 , there is ε ∈ (a, b) such that
Z b
c
f (x)dx > f (ε) .
a b−a

Proposed by Ovidiu Gabriel Dinu, Bălceşti-Vâlcea, România

U575. Let f : [0, 1] −→ R be a continuous function with f (0) = 0. Prove that there is c ∈ (0, 1) such that
Z c Z c
2
(1 − x) f (x)dx = (1 − c) f (x)dx.
0 0

Proposed by Florin Stănescu, Găeşti, România

U576. Find all triples (m, n, p) of positive integers for which there is a real polynomial P (x) such that

P (x) + xm P (1 − x) = (x2 − x + 1)n (x2 − x − 1)p .

Determine whether there are infinitely many such polynomials.

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2021) 3

 Olympiad Problems

O571. .Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers such that

abcd = ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd.

Prove that X X X √
abc − 2 ab + 3 a ≥ 36( 6 − 2),
where all sums are symmetric sums.

Proposed by Marian Tetiva, România

O572. .Let a, b, c, d be positive integers and let C be a nonzero integer. The map f : Z → Z has the property
that f (mn) = f (m)f (n) for all integers m, n, and there is N such that, for all n ≥ N ,

f (c(an + b) + d) ≡ C mod(an + b).

Prove that there is an integer e such that |f (n)| = |n|e for all integers n relatively prime to ac.

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

O573. Find all functions f : R −→ R such that

x + f (x2 + f (y)) = xf (x) + f (x + y),

for all x, y ∈ R.

Proposed by Prodromos Fotiadis, Nikiforos High School, Drama, Greece

O574. Segment AB is a chord of circle Γ. Different circles ω1 and ω2 are internally tangent to Γ at points P
and Q, respectively, and to the segment AB at a common point. Chords AB and P Q meet at D. Let
C be the midpoint of arc AB of circle Γ that contains point P . Prove that line CD passes through the
center of ω1 .

Proposed by Waldemar Pompe, Warsaw, Poland

O575. Let (Ln )n≥1 be the Lucas sequence, L1 = 1, L2 = 3, Ln+2 = Ln+1 + Ln , for n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..
Prove that if n = 14 (L6m+1 − 1) for some positive integer m, then
n
Y
[(4k − 1)4 + 64]
k=0

is a perfect square.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

O576. If ma , mb , mc are the medians of a triangle with side-lengths a, b, c, prove that

m3a (bc − a2 ) + m3b (ca − b2 ) + m3c (ab − c2 ) ≥ 0.

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2021) 4