“ TRUE FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT OF SLOW

GROWTH, AND MUST UNDERGO AND WITHSTAND

THE SHOCKS OF ADVERSITY, BEFORE IT IS
ENTITLED TO THE APPELLATION “
GEORGE WASHINGTON

“ Think twice before you speak, because your

words and influence will plant the seed of either
success or failure in the mind of another “
Napoleon Hill

[Link]
 AGRICULTURE BOTANY
GROUP 1
AGR3101 3(2+1)

MOHD FIRDAUS ISMAIL

ROOM 41
Tel. : 603-89474965
[Link]@[Link]
 AGRICULTURE BOTANY
AGR3101
3(2+1)

LECTURE
- DAY & TIME : MONDAY (10.00 AM – 12.00 PM)
@
WEDNESDAY (8.00 AM – 10.00 AM)
- VENUE : BILIK KULIAH 5 (BK 5)
@
BILIK SEMINAR D

PRACTICAL
- DAY : MONDAY
- TIME : 2.00 PM – 5.00 PM
- VENUE : MAKMAL AGRO C & MAKMAL AGRO E
 SYNOPSIS

This course covers morphology, anatomy and taxonomy

of agricultural crops. vegetative and reproductive
morphology, structure and function of plant cells and
tissue and the identification, nomenclature and
classification of plants are discussed.
 LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Menghuraikan perbezaan ciri morfologi dan

anatomi family utama tanaman (C4)
2. Mempamerkan kebolehan mengenalpasti dan
mengawet tanaman (P4, CTPS)
3. Mengorganisasi maklumat untuk pengkelasan
sesuatu tanaman (TS)
 ASSESSMENT
1. COURSEWORK 60%
- QUIZ/TEST 20% (PO1)
- ASSIGNMENT 10% (PO2 & PO5)
- MINI PROJECT 15% (PO3 & PO5)
- PRACTICAL 15% (PO2&PO3)
2. FINAL EXAM 40% (PO1 & PO3)
 Pengetahuan

PO1
Kemahiran Teknikal/Praktikal/Psikomotor

PO2
Pemikiran Kritikal dan Pendekatan Saintifik

PO3
Kemahiran Komunikasi

PO4
Kemahiran Soisal & Tanggungjawab

PO5
Profesionalisme, nilai, sikap dan etika

PO6
Hasil Pembelajaran Program
HASIL PEMBELAJARAN

Pembelajaran sepanjang hayat & Pengurusan Maklumat

PO7

Kemahiran Pengurusan dan Keusahwanan

PO8

Kemahiran Kepepimpinan
PO9
 1.
Bil.

Pertanian
Kursus

AGR3101 Botani
45
Pengetahuan

PO1
Kognitif

60%-80%
Pendekatan kemahiran

30
PO3
berfikir dan saintifik

Kemahiran teknikal/

10
PO2

praktikal/ psikomotor
5%-40%
Psikomotor

Kemahiran berkomunikasi
PO4
BOTANI PERTANIAN

Kemahiran social dan

15
PO5

bertanggungjawab
Peratus penaksiran PO

Profesionalisme, nilai,
PO6

sikap dan etika

Afektif

Pendidikan sepanjang
5%-40%

hayat dan pengurusan

PO7

informasi

Kemahiran pengurusan
PO8

dan keusahawanan
PEMBAHAGIAN PERATUS PENAKSIRAN HASIL PEMBELAJARAN (PO) KURSUS AGR3101

Kemahiran
PO9

kepemimpinan
 ASSESSMENT GUIDELINE FOR AGR3101
AGRICULTURE BOTANY

COMPONENT METHOD/TYPE PROGRAM MARKS

OUTCOME
Coursework Test 1/Quiz 1 PO1 10
Test 2/Quiz 2 PO1 10
Assignment PO2 5
(Herbarium) PO5 5
Mini Project PO3 5
(Terrarium) PO5 10
Practical (Lab PO2 5
Test & Report) PO3 10
Final PO1 25
P03 15
TOTAL 100
 GENTLE REMINDER

 Be punctual
 Wear laboratory coat at all time in the lab
 Bring your own A4 paper, pencil and eraser for
laboratory work
 Respect the officers
 Prioritize cleanliness and uphold work ethics
 LECTURE OUTLINE

1) ORIGIN OF PLANT

2) KINGDOM AND TAXA OF PLANT

3) HERBARIUM PREPARATION TECHNIQUE

 WHAT IS A PLANT?
 Chlorophyll transforms light energy
to chemical energy
 No need to move or cannot move?
 Cannot move : responsive to
environmental changes, eg : seasons
or weather
 Lowest food chain therefore powers
of regeneration
 FUNCTION OF
PLANTS
 Food
 Clothing
 Buildings and furniture
 Bio-diesel (Oil palm and Jatropha)
 Environment
 ORIGIN OF PLANTS

 Evolution of the type of photosynthesis

that produces oxygen and carbohydrates
 Present in all green plants, first arose 2.8
billion years ago in cyanobacterium
 Later cell structure become more
efficient as sub-cellular component
evolved
 CELL COMPONENT

 Called organelles, which are small, completely

enclosed in bags of membrane
A significant evolutionary step occurred when
DNA, the molecule that stores heredity
information became located in its own organelles-
the cell nucleus
Prokaryotes (do not have nuclei : bacteria &
cynobacteria) and eukaryotes if with nuclei
 Cell component cont. …

 By the time nuclei became established,

evolution had produced thousands of species
of prokaryotes, new evolved eukaryotes also
diversified
Some acquired mitochondrial, some
chloroplast
Those with chloroplast evolved into algae
and plants, those without into fungi,
protozoans and animals
TAXA SYSTEM
Kingdom

Division

Class
Order

Family

Genus

Species
 KINGDOMS OF ORGANISM :

5 kingdoms :
1. Monera (Bacteria, prokaryote)
2. Protista (Algae, slime mold, eukaryote)
3. Mycetea (Fungi)
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
Protozoans Animals Fungi Algae Plants

Eukaryote with mitochondria

and chloroplast

Eukaryote with mitochondria

Early eukaryote with nucleus

Later prokaryote

Early prokaryote
 PLANT KINGDOM

1. Non Vascular Plants

 Do not have vascular tissue (Phloem and
xylem)
 Non algal plants and have multicellular
sporangia (spore producing structure) and
gametangia (gamete producing structure).
 These structures becomes multicellular and
surrounded by a sterile cell jacket
2. Vascular Plants
DIVISION OF NON-VASCULAR PLANTS :

Division Byrophyta : Mosses

Division Hepatophyta : Liverworts

Division Anthocerotophyta : Hornworts

 Division Bryophyta
Moss

Characteristics :
1. Short leafy stem, microscopic leaf, spores
Sporophyte

Gametophyte
Gametophores : the leafy stem.
Sporophores : produce spores
No vascular, therefore transport
water, mineral, food through
specialized cell in cortex called
hydroids and leptoids
 DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA

Liverworts :
2 type : leafy and thallose liverworts

leafy thallose
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE :
ANTHERIDIOPHORES
ARCHEGONIOPHORES
DIVISION ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA

Hornworts
Thalloid plants that grows on soil
Most striking features is the presence
of a single large chloroplast in each
cell
 VASCULAR PLANTS

1. GYMNOSPERMS
- SEED PLANTS, NON FLOWERING

2. ANGIOSPERMS
- SEED PLANTS, FLOWERING
 VASCULAR PLANTS :
SEED PLANTS, NON FLOWERING
(GYMNOSPERMS)
Division Pteridophyta
Division Coniferophyta
Division Gingkophyta
Division Cycadophyta
Division Gnetophyta
 1. DIVISION
PTERIDOPHYTA
 Ferns
 Vascular plants
 Spores
Tree fern
 2. DIVISION CONIFEROPHYTA

 Vascular plants
 Seed in cones
 Conifers : Pinus sp.
 microsporophyll

Microsporangium

axis

Pine pollen cone

 Ovuliferous
scale

ovule

axis

Pine seed cone

3. DIVISION GINGKOPHYTA
Division with a single living species
Ginkgo biloba
megasporophyll

microsporophylls
Fan-like leaf seed
4. Cycadophyta

Palm like leaf

Stem similar to fern
Leaf similar to palm

Male cycad with stobilus

EXAMPLE : Cycad sp.
5. Division Gnetophyta
Vessel in wood
Primitive gymnosperms
Gnetum sp. (Melinjau)
 VASCULAR PLANTS :
SEED PLANTS, FLOWERING
(ANGIOSPERMS)

Division Magnoliaphyta
1. Class Liliopsida (Monocots)
2. Class Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
 ANGIOSPERMS
Division Magnoliophyta

1. Class Liliopsida
Eg.: Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Palmae,
Musaceae

2. Class Magnoliopsida
Eg. : Fabaceae, Asteraceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae
 PLANT CONSERVATIONS
AND PRESERVATIONS

SPIRIT COLLECTIONS
- group of plants eg. Orchids and
succulents which make poor specimen
when press
- preserve materials in spirit/alcohol
-measurements from spirit specimens
are more accurate compare to press
FOOD FOR THOUGHT …
 MONOCOTS DICOTS

Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons

Pollen with single furrow or Pollen with three furrows or

pore pores

Flower parts in multiples of Flower parts in multiples of four

three
or five
Major leaf veins parallel
Major leaf veins reticulated
Stem vascular bundles
scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring

Roots are adventitious Roots develop from radicle

Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present

 PRESERVATIVES
Kew mixture =
53% methyl spirit + 37% water, 5%
formalin and 5% glycerol

FAA (Formalin acetic acid) =

50% ethanol (95%), 10% Formalin (37%
Formaldehyde), 5% Glacial acetic acid
and 35% water
 CARPOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

 Dried specimens too large to mount on

herbarium sheets
 In plastic boxes of various sizes with
labels
 Boxes on trays on shelves
 Mainly fruits or large trunks
 Must cross-referenced with
corresponding herbarium sheets
 WOOD COLLECTION

 Not necessary in individual

containers
 Inside drawers but with labels
 Larger one in cabinet or shelves
 Usually showing annual ring
 SEED COLLECTIONS

 Glass tubes with polythene

stoppers
 Tubes : 5 cm long , 15 mm
diameter
 For seed identification
 Cross reference with
corresponding herbarium sheet
 HERBARIUM
DEVELOPMENT OF HERBARIA

 Book of medicinal plants

 Collections of dried plants

 PURPOSE OF HERBARIUM

1. Store of reference material

o Arrangement of specimens, simple form of
indexing
o Identification
o Matching unnamed plants with named specimens
in the collections
o Specimens arranged in taxonomic arrangement eg.
in group of Families
2. An arbiter of correct names
 Maintaining nomenclature standard
 Updating name with current revision
work
 Comprehensive data bank
 Collections represent the diversity
and distribution of the region’s
vegetation
 HERBARIUM
BUILDING
Storehouse of scientific
botanical specimens
 LOCATION
 Avoid area of flooding or next
to flammable building and
vegetation
 Near living collections : research
station or institute, botanic
garden
 Easy access for visitor and staff
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

 20 – 21 °C
 50 – 60 % humidity
 Discourage fungal growth
 Achieve by air-conditioning or de-
humidifier
 Tropical region, at upper floor to lower
humidity
 VENTILATION
 Renewal of air
 Avoid excessive loss if pre-preventive
substances for entry of humid air and
dust
 Low vent, health hazard for staff
 Air flow out during decontamination
with insecticide and fungicide
 DECONTAMINATION

• Preferably in separate room

• Special ventilation
• Fungicide and insecticide
 DRYING FACILITIES
 Electric ovens or cabinets
 Maintain at 50°C
 Install extracting fan to channel
moist air out
 STORAGE UNITS
Boxes
 Cabinets with compartments
 Rolling cabinets
RECORDING DATA
1. Locality
This should be given as precisely
as possible, stating the longitude
and latitude or other grid
reference. A printed sketch map
marking the locality can eventually
be put with the specimen
 2. Habitat and ecology
 Vegetation type, associations
with other species, life forms
 Relative abundance : how
many, how common, growing
gregariously or singly
 Variation in any form of the
population
 [Link]
Climber, scrambler,
epiphyte, tree (including
overall tree shape),bush,
annual, perennial
 4. Underground organs
 tap root, fibrous root, tuber or
root, extent of root
 scent of cut root
 rhizome
 depth in soil, length, spacing of
roots
 bulb, corm or tuber
 size and shape
 5. Stem and trunks
 Size : total height, girth at breast height
or diameter at breast height (GBH or DBH)
 height of trunk or stem before branches
 bark colour, texture, thickness,lenticel
colour
 wood hardness, colour and grain type
 sap or latex including colour, scent,
consistency
 internode length
 thorns, spine
 6. Leaf/leaves
 deciduous or evergreen
 texture, colour, smell, glossiness
 exudates or glands
 type, arrangement
 petiole,
 shape : leaf, base, apex, margin
 vein : primary, secondary, tertiary
 [Link]
 exudate or gland
 type, position
 colour of axis
 8. Flowers
 monoecious or dioecious
 scent
 exudate or glands
 petal and sepal : number,
shape, size, colour
 pollinators
 9. Fruits and seeds
 smell
 colour, texture
 size, shape
 seed coat colour, texture
 aril colour, texture
 dispersal (animals, wind or water)
 edible or poisonous
 [Link] name
record name in the correct spelling ,
check reliability of name

[Link]
Record any uses, get confirmation
from expert and also locals
THANK
YOU
MOHD FIRDAUS ISMAIL, PhD