Design of Footings
FOUNDATION
The foundation of a structure is the lowest part of
the sub-structure interfering with the soil and the
structure. It consists of some structural element
(pad or base) the soil underneath.
PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION
• The purpose of foundation is to transfer the load of
the structure to the underlying soil without causing
the danger of failure in shear and excessive
settlement.
CLASIFICATION OF FOOTING
1. Shallow foundation
Depth/Width < 1
2. Deep foundation
Depth/Width >4
Shallow foundations spread the load laterally
Deep foundations distribute the load vertically
rather than horizontally.
TYPES of FOOTING:
1. Strip Footing
2. Spread or Isolated Footing
3. Combined Footing
4. Strap or Cantilever Footing
5. Matt or Raft Foundations
1. Strip Footing
• It is provided for a load-bearing wall.
• It is also known as continuos footing
Design of Strip Footing
a. Plain Concrete Footings
Width of the footing:
𝑄
𝐵=
𝑞𝑢𝑎
where Q= load per m run
qua= allowable soil pressure
If the actual width is different from the theoretical width, the actual pressure
is :
𝑄
𝑞𝑜 =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Design of Strip Footing
b. Reinforced Concrete Footings
Width of the footing:
𝑄
𝐵=
𝑞𝑢𝑎
where Q= load per m run
qua= allowable soil pressure
Bending Moment:
At the face of the monolithic wall
Maximum Bending moment:
𝑞𝑜(𝐵−𝑏)2
𝑀𝑜 =
8
where: B= width of the footing
b= width of the wall
qo= actual soil presurre
Design of Strip Footing
For checking the diagonal shear, the critical section is taken at a
distance equal to the effective depth (d) of footing from the face of the
wall. The diagonal shear is:
𝐵−𝑏
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑜( − d)
2
Spread Footings
• Used for distributing concentrated column loads over a large area so
that the bearing pressure is less than or equal to the allowable soil
pressure.
• Square or rectangular pads that distribute the column load to an area
around a column
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 1: Calculate the size of the footing.
Step 2: Calculate net upward pressure.
Step 3: Calculate the depth required for Two-Way or Punching Shear
Step 4: Calculate the depth required for One-way Shear
Step 5: Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of the column
Step 6: Calculate Ru for the footing to find r of the footing.
Step 7: Compute the area of steel needed
Step 8: Determine the spacing between bars
Step 9: Calculate for the development length
Step 10: Draft the above information into a complete drawing showing all the
details
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 1: Calculate the size of the footing.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠(𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 =
𝑞𝑒(𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
Step 2: Calculate net upward pressure.
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(1.4𝐷𝑙+1.7𝐿)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑞𝑢) =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 3: Calculate the depth required for Two-Way or Punching Shear
bo is the perimeter around the
punching area =4(a+d)
Vu2 is equals to the net soil pressure
times area outside the part tending to
punch out
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 4: Calculate the depth required for One-way Shear
bw is the whole width of
the footing
Vu1 is equals to the net
soil pressure times the
hatched area outside the
section
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 5: Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of the
column
Mu=qu( )( /2) (b)
Step 6: Calculate Ru for the footing to find r of the footing.
Ru= Mu/bd2
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 7: Compute the area of steel needed
As=pbd
#of steel needed= As/As of steel bars
Step 8: Determine the spacing between bars
Design Steps of Spread Footing
Step 9: Calculate for the development length
Example:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Activity 2(Finals):
A column 450mm x 450mm square supports a dead load of 1000 kN
and a live load of 780 kN. The allowable soil bearing pressure is 240
kPa. The base of the footing is 1.5 m below the grade. Assume weight
of concrete to be 24 kN/m3 and that of soil to be 18 kN/m3. The total
depth of footing is 600 mm with a steel covering of 100 mm.
1. which of the following gives the effective soil pressure?
2. which of the following gives the dimension of the footing?
3. Which of the following gives the moment at critical section?
