In 1880, it was observed that there is a steady flow in the formation of students from the Philippines
to the university of the peninsula. And since these students are creoles and mestizos who were
undoubtedly rich and are from well off families, the expense and process of the school transition was
nothing but an easy task. The creoles who were mostly identified as Spaniards, dominate in their
stand. While the mestizo who were identified as native Filipinos. But despite their differences, all
philippine born student shared an immense feeling of towards nationalistic aspirations.
The kind of Spain these students came into as they moved abroad.. is the kind of Spain that gave
them an idea to grasp in their quest towards achievement.
Filipino students that made a remarkable achievement in Spain before Rizal came:
ANTONIO CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO- its more like on the Catholicism and politics, coz diba the program
( the concervatives) he created, it made a bitter protest because even if the Ctholic was proclaimed as a
religion they still practice other religions coz dili daw sila kaayu committed sa religion because it was
under the alfonist monarchy
- Architect of Restoration
- Great admirer of British parliamentary system.
- He created a new constitution of 1876 the Partido- liberal- conservador/ aka conservatives,
standing under the accession of Alfonso XII, branch of bourbons
- On 1816, the program of canovas created a bitter protests from Vatican and Spanish bishops coz
as a whole conservative group even if it proclaimed catholicism as a religion it n tolerated the
private practice of other religions unlike the 1869 constitutions because it was never that
committed.
On the left of canovas party were various republicans headed by Praxides Mateo Sagasta- known as the
Constitutionalist or Liberal Party- they rally those monarchist who still held to the constitution of 1869
but supported ALFONSO XII.
At the extreme right were the Carlists, supporting don Carlos VII’s to the throne who were
intransigently catholic, traditionalist, and absolutist. Although These parties were rather united on
opportunistic parties which is the opposition to the monarchy it still created a rift especially the fusionist
parties under the Alfonsonist Monarchy which they refused to recognized.
Emilio Castelar
- Last president of the republic
- Led the republicans historicanos or posibilistas; proclaiming his intention to bring republic by
legal means
- (manuel ruiz zorilla) He declared the restoration of the Republic by means of revolution; from
his exile in France directed endless conspiracies for this to end.
o Zorillistas or Republicanos Proreitas from time to time joined in coilitions with other
republican factions, now participating and abstaining from elections
o All these coalitions were short-lived. This two parties Canovas created was to imitate the
parliamentary system to share power between them till the end of the century
Pedro Paterno
- The only one active filipino nationalists known to have been in spain even before 1880-
- 1871 he study philosophy nd was able to obtain doctorship in law 1880 in madrid – continue to
live ther for a while
- Chinese mestizo whose dorm was use of banguets
- His home was the scene of frequent reunions artisticas which gathered many most prominent
literacy and political figures of spain
- During this gatherings he would always read his poetry and brought out a (small verse entitled
sampaguita w/c was presented as the first volume of a projected collection entitled BIBLIOTECA
FILIPINA ) design to make known the public the work of filipino and present the first Filipino
national personality
- The verse only make occasional mention of the Philippines and are mostly romantic lyrics.7s3
Gregorio Sancianco
- A Chinese mestizo in origin
- Earned doctorate in law by 1880 just like pedr
- Also This time He began to contributr articles to the newspaper el democrata- w/c talks more
about economic matters
- 1881 he publish book called EL PROGRESO DE FILIPINAS ‘- it was also about the technical treatise
on the economic policy needed to stimulate progress in the phil. He pointed out the urgent
necessity of developing the economy and public works in general to promote agriculture to the
lack of communications made to increase production
- Coz This time The educ system were inadequate w/ only a small portion of the schools required
exixtence, so he addressed the needs could not be meet because of the growing deficit, w/c
needs a change in the system of raising revenue because there was an unjust treating of paying
tax or racial discrimination. – twas he time when those least capable were the most heavily paid
- so He proposed the abolition of varios indirect taxes and custom duties showing how they
hinder the development of the economy. He also proposed a property tax, industrial and
commercial tax, and other that are based on the ability to pay. He believed that to achieve this
change in system it must be first to clear out titles and propertys.
- iii. his published book: El Progreso de Filipinas
- 1. first serious study by a Filipino which heavily influenced others
- 2. pointed the urgent necessity of roads, bridges, public works in
- general to promote agriculture
- 3. lack of communication made efforts to increase production
- unprofitable because markets were inaccessible
- 4. inadequate educational system
- 5. system of taxation was unjust; abolishment of the tribute system
- 6. proposed property, industrial, and commercial tax based on ability
- to pay
- 7. more than an economic study; the book was also charged with a
- deep nationalist feeling
- 8. Anticipates the themes of later Filipino nationalist campaigns
- a. Administrative reform, eradication of corruption, recognition of Filipino rights as loyal
Spaniards, extension of Spanish law to the Philippines, curtailment of the excessive power of the
friars in the life of the country, and assertion of the dignity of the Filipino
- 9. focused on economic problem of providing resources for the education of the people and
public works which will make commercial and agricultural progress possible
- 10. didn’t make much of an appeal to the mass, but greatly impressed Jose Riza
edu
State of educ in 1880s, was an improvement on that prevailing during the earlier part
of the century, was nonetheless deplorable.
- Larger part was illiterate
- Primary nd sec schls provided by the state were poor in both qualities and numbers
- The univ, and intellectuak life in general were far behind of those the rest in Europe
- Though an improvement on that prevailing during earlier part was nonetheless deplorable
- Many students involved in politics ; twas only the end of century progress began to made in
renewing spains university life.
------------- All of these, came about just before Rizal was praised for being an aspiration of the
nationalistic movement that began all this.
These Students are mostly creoles and mestizos which came from well to do families
Soon was joined by young men of Chinese mestizo or Spanish mestizo and from wealthy native fams
Spain were more on political, religious, and educational conditions during this times students ran into
during the 1880’s as they arrive at Peninsula
- It has made an influence to give direction to their nationalistic aspirations.
