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KEY FORMULAS
Prem S. Mann • Introductory Statistics, Seventh Edition

Chapter 2 • Organizing and Graphing Data • Empirical rule:

For a specific bell-shaped distribution, about 68% of the ob-
• Relative frequency of a class  f兾 f
servations fall in the interval (␮  ␴) to (␮  ␴), about
• Percentage of a class  (Relative frequency)  100 95% fall in the interval (␮  2␴) to (␮  2␴), and about
• Class midpoint or mark  (Upper limit  Lower limit)兾2 99.7% fall in the interval (␮  3␴) to (␮  3␴).
• Class width  Upper boundary  Lower boundary • Q1  First quartile given by the value of the middle term
among the (ranked) observations that are less than the
• Cumulative relative frequency median
Cumulative frequency
 Q2  Second quartile given by the value of the middle term
Total observations in the data set in a ranked data set
• Cumulative percentage Q3  Third quartile given by the value of the middle term
 (Cumulative relative frequency)  100 among the (ranked) observations that are greater than
the median
• Interquartile range: IQR  Q3  Q1
• The kth percentile:
Chapter 3 • Numerical Descriptive Measures
Pk  Value of the a b th term in a ranked data set
kn
• Mean for ungrouped data: ␮  x兾N and x  xn 100
• Mean for grouped data: ␮  mf兾N and x  mfn
where m is the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class • Percentile rank of xi
Number of values less than xi
• Median for ungrouped data   100
Total number of values in the data set
 Value of the middle term in a ranked data set
• Range  Largest value  Smallest value
• Variance for ungrouped data:
1x2 2 1 x2 2
x2  x2 
N n Chapter 4 • Probability
s2  and s2 
N n1 •Classical probability rule for a simple event:
where ␴ is the population variance and s 2 is the sample
2

P1Ei 2 
1
variance
Total number of outcomes
• Standard deviation for ungrouped data:
Classical probability rule for a compound event:
1 x2 2 1 x2 2
•

x  2
x  2 Number of outcomes in A
N n P1A2 
s and s  Total number of outcomes
R N R n1 • Relative frequency as an approximation of probability:
where ␴ and s are the population and sample standard de- f
viations, respectively P1A2 
n
• Variance for grouped data:
1mf 2 2 1mf 2 2
• Conditional probability of an event:
m2f  m2f 
P1A 0 B2  and P1B 0 A2 
n P1A and B2 P1A and B2
N
s2  and s2  P1B2 P1A2
N n1
• Standard deviation for grouped data: • Condition for independence of events:
1mf 2 2
1mf 2 2 P1A2  P1A 0 B2 and/or P1B2  P1B 0 A2
m2f  m2f  For complementary events: P(A)  P( A)  1
N n •
s and s 
R N R n1 • Multiplication rule for dependent events:
• Chebyshev’s theorem: P1A and B2  P1A2 P1B 0 A2
For any number k greater than 1, at least (1  1兾k2) of the
• Multiplication rule for independent events:
values for any distribution lie within k standard deviations
of the mean. P1A and B2  P1A2 P1B2
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• Joint probability of two mutually exclusive events: • Population proportion: p  X兾N

P1A and B2  0 • Sample proportion: p̂  xn
• Addition rule for mutually nonexclusive events: • Mean of p̂: mp  p
^

• Standard deviation of p̂ when n N  .05: sp  1pqn

P1A or B2  P1A2  P1B2  P1A and B2
^

p̂  p
• Addition rule for mutually exclusive events: • z value for p̂: z 
sp ^

P1A or B2  P1A2  P1B2

Chapter 8 • Estimation of the Mean and Proportion

Chapter 5 • Discrete Random Variables and Their
Probability Distributions • Point estimate of m  x
• Mean of a discrete random variable x:   xP(x) • Confidence interval for  using the normal distribution
when  is known:
• Standard deviation of a discrete random variable x:
x zsx where sx  s 1n
s  2x 2P1x2  m2
• Confidence interval for  using the t distribution when  is
• n factorial: n!  n(n  1)(n  2) . . . 3 ⴢ 2 ⴢ 1 not known:
Number of combinations of n items selected x at a time:
x tsx where sx  s 1n
•

n!
nCx  • Margin of error of the estimate for :
x!1n  x2!
E  zsx or t sx
• Number of permutations of n items selected x at a time:
• Determining sample size for estimating :
n!
n Px 
1n  x2! n  z 2 2兾E 2
• Binomial probability formula: P1x2  nCx px q nx • Confidence interval for p for a large sample:
• Mean and standard deviation of the binomial distribution: p̂ z sp ^ where sp  2p̂q̂n
^

m  np and s  1npq
• Margin of error of the estimate for p:
• Hypergeometric probability formula:
E  z sp ^ where sp  1p̂q̂ n
^
r Cx Nr Cnx
P1x2  Determining sample size for estimating p:
N Cn
•

lx el n  z 2pq兾E 2
• Poisson probability formula: P1x2 
x!
• Mean, variance, and standard deviation of the Poisson prob-
ability distribution:
m  l, s2  l, and s  1l Chapter 9 • Hypothesis Tests about the Mean
and Proportion
• Test statistic z for a test of hypothesis about  using the

Chapter 6 • Continuous Random Variables normal distribution when  is known:

and the Normal Distribution xm s
z where sx 
xm sx 2n
• z value for an x value: z
s • Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about  using the t dis-
• Value of x when , , and z are known: x    z tribution when  is not known:
xm s
t where sx 
sx 1n
Chapter 7 • Sampling Distributions
• Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about p for a large
• Mean of x : mx  m sample:
• Standard deviation of x when n兾N  .05: sx  s  1n p̂  p pq
xm z where sp  ^

• z value for x : z 
sp
^ An
sx
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Chapter 10 • Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: • For two paired or matched samples:
Two Populations Sample mean for paired differences: d  dn
• Mean of the sampling distribution of x1  x2: Sample standard deviation for paired differences:
mx1x2  m1  m2 1d 2 2
d 2 
• Confidence interval for ␮1  ␮2 for two independent n
samples using the normal distribution when ␴1 and ␴2 are sd 
R n1
known: Mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of d:
s21 s22
1 x1  x2 2 zsx1 x2 where sx1 x2   md  md and s d  sd  1n
B n1 n2
Confidence interval for ␮d using the t distribution:
Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about ␮1  ␮2 for two
d ts d where s d  sd  1n
•
independent samples using the normal distribution when ␴1
and ␴2 are known: Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about ␮d using the t
1 x1  x2 2  1m1  m2 2
distribution:
z d  md
sx1x2 t
sd
• For two independent samples taken from two populations
• For two large and independent samples, confidence interval
with equal but unknown standard deviations:
for p1  p2:
Pooled standard deviation:
1n1  12s21  1n2  12s22 1 p̂1  p̂2 2 z sp1 p2 where sp1 p2 
p̂1q̂1 p̂2q̂2
^ ^ ^ ^ 
sp  B n1 n2
B n1  n2  2
Estimate of the standard deviation of x1  x2: • For two large and independent samples, for a test of
hypothesis about p1  p2 with H0: p1  p2  0:
1 1
sx1 x2  sp  Pooled sample proportion:
A n1 n2
x1  x2 n1 p̂1  n2 p̂2
Confidence interval for m1  m2 using the t distribution: p or
n1  n2 n1  n2
1 x1  x2 2 tsx1 x2
Estimate of the standard deviation of p̂1  p̂2:
Test statistic using the t distribution:
1 x1  x2 2  1m1  m2 2 pqa  b
1 1
sp1 p2 
^ ^
t B n1 n2
sx1 x2
1 p̂1  p̂2 2  1 p1  p2 2
• For two independent samples selected from two populations Test statistic: z
with unequal and unknown standard deviations: sp1 p2
^ ^

s21 s22 2
 b
a
n1 n2
Degrees of freedom: df  2 2
s22 2
a b a b
s1 Chapter 11 • Chi-Square Tests
n1 n2 • Expected frequency for a category for a goodness-of-fit

n1  1 n2  1 test:
E  np
Estimate of the standard deviation of x1  x2:
• Degrees of freedom for a goodness-of-fit test:
s21 s22 df  k  1 where k is the number of categories
sx1 x2  
B n1 n2 • Expected frequency for a cell for an independence or ho-
Confidence interval for m1  m2 using the t distribution: mogeneity test:
1Row total21Column total2
1 x1  x2 2 tsx1 x2 E
Sample size
Test statistic using the t distribution: • Degrees of freedom for a test of independence or

1 x1  x2 2  1m1  m2 2 homogeneity:
t
sx1 x2 df  1R  121C  12
where R and C are the total number of rows and columns,
respectively, in the contingency table
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• Test statistic for a goodness-of-fit test and a test of inde- • Sum of squares of xy, xx, and yy:
pendence or homogeneity: 1 x21y2
1O  E2 2 SSxy  xy 
n
x2  
E 1 x2 2
1y2 2
SSxx  x2  and SSyy  y2 
• Confidence interval for the population variance ␴ 2: n n
1n  12s 2 1n  12s 2 • Least squares estimates of A and B:
to
x 2a2 x 21a2 b  SSxy SSxx and a  y  bx
• Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about ␴ : 2
• Standard deviation of the sample errors:
1n  12s2 SSyy  b SSxy
x2  se 
s2 B n2
• Error sum of squares: SSE  e2   1y  ŷ2 2
Chapter 12 • Analysis of Variance 1 y2 2
• Total sum of squares: SST  y2 
Let: n
k  the number of different samples • Regression sum of squares: SSR  SST  SSE
(or treatments) • Coefficient of determination: r 2  b SSxy SSyy
ni  the size of sample i • Confidence interval for B:
Ti  the sum of the values in sample i
b tsb where sb  se  1SSxx
n  the number of values in all samples bB
 n1  n2  n3  # # # • Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about B: t 
sb
x  the sum of the values in all samples SSxy
 T1  T2  T3  # # # • Linear correlation coefficient: r 
1SSxx SSyy
x  the sum of the squares of values in all samples
2

• For the F distribution:

• Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about ␳:
Degrees of freedom for the numerator  k  1 n2
tr
Degrees of freedom for the denominator  n  k A 1  r2
• Between-samples sum of squares: • Confidence interval for ␮y | x:
T12 T22 T32 1 x2 2 1x0  x 2 2
SSB  a   # # #b 
1
 ŷ t sym where sym  se
^ ^ 
n1 n2 n3 n Bn SSxx
• Within-samples sum of squares: • Prediction interval for yp:
T12 T22 T32 1x0  x 2 2
SSW  x 2  a  # # #b
1
  ŷ t syp where syp  se
^ ^ 1 
n1 n2 n3 B n SSxx

• Total sum of squares:

Chapter 14 • Multiple Regression
1 x2 2 Formulas for Chapter 14 along with the chapter are on the
SST  SSB  SSW  x2 
n Web site for the text.
• Variance between samples: MSB  SSB 1k  12
• Variance within samples: MSW  SSW 1n  k2
Chapter 15 • Nonparametric Methods
• Test statistic for a one-way ANOVA test:
F  MSBMSW Formulas for Chapter 15 along with the chapter are on the
Web site for the text.
Chapter 13 • Simple Linear Regression
• Simple linear regression model: y  A  Bx  ⑀

• Estimated simple linear regression model: ŷ  a  bx

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Table IV Standard Normal Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the

cumulative area under the standard
normal curve to the left of z with the
values of z equal to 0 or negative. z 0 z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
3.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010

2.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048

2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183

1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559

1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379

0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776

0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247

0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641

(continued on next page)

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Table IV Standard Normal Distribution Table (continued from previous page)

The entries in this table give the

cumulative area under the standard
normal curve to the left of z with the
values of z equal to 0 or positive. 0 z z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359

0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
This is Table IV of Appendix C.
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Table V The t Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the critical values

of t for the specified number of degrees
of freedom and areas in the right tail.
0 t

Area in the Right Tail under the t Distribution Curve

df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.309
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385
31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744 3.375
32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738 3.365
33 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.445 2.733 3.356
34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728 3.348
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724 3.340
(continued on next page)
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Table V The t Distribution Table (continued from previous page)

Area in the Right Tail under the t Distribution Curve
df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001
36 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719 3.333
37 1.305 1.687 2.026 2.431 2.715 3.326
38 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712 3.319
39 1.304 1.685 2.023 2.426 2.708 3.313
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307
41 1.303 1.683 2.020 2.421 2.701 3.301
42 1.302 1.682 2.018 2.418 2.698 3.296
43 1.302 1.681 2.017 2.416 2.695 3.291
44 1.301 1.680 2.015 2.414 2.692 3.286
45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690 3.281
46 1.300 1.679 2.013 2.410 2.687 3.277
47 1.300 1.678 2.012 2.408 2.685 3.273
48 1.299 1.677 2.011 2.407 2.682 3.269
49 1.299 1.677 2.010 2.405 2.680 3.265
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261
51 1.298 1.675 2.008 2.402 2.676 3.258
52 1.298 1.675 2.007 2.400 2.674 3.255
53 1.298 1.674 2.006 2.399 2.672 3.251
54 1.297 1.674 2.005 2.397 2.670 3.248
55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668 3.245
56 1.297 1.673 2.003 2.395 2.667 3.242
57 1.297 1.672 2.002 2.394 2.665 3.239
58 1.296 1.672 2.002 2.392 2.663 3.237
59 1.296 1.671 2.001 2.391 2.662 3.234
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232
61 1.296 1.670 2.000 2.389 2.659 3.229
62 1.295 1.670 1.999 2.388 2.657 3.227
63 1.295 1.669 1.998 2.387 2.656 3.225
64 1.295 1.669 1.998 2.386 2.655 3.223
65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654 3.220
66 1.295 1.668 1.997 2.384 2.652 3.218
67 1.294 1.668 1.996 2.383 2.651 3.216
68 1.294 1.668 1.995 2.382 2.650 3.214
69 1.294 1.667 1.995 2.382 2.649 3.213
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211
71 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.380 2.647 3.209
72 1.293 1.666 1.993 2.379 2.646 3.207
73 1.293 1.666 1.993 2.379 2.645 3.206
74 1.293 1.666 1.993 2.378 2.644 3.204
75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643 3.202

1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090
This is Table V of Appendix C.
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd 12/9/09 1:20 PM Page C23

Table VI Chi-Square Distribution Table C23

Table VI Chi-Square Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the critical values of ␹ 2 for the specified
number of degrees of freedom and areas in the right tail.
0 χ2

Area in the Right Tail Under the Chi-square Distribution Curve

df .995 .990 .975 .950 .900 .100 .050 .025 .010 .005

1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
 Table VII The F Distribution Table

C24
The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .01 area .01
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 4052 5000 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6106 6157 6209 6240 6261 6287 6303 6334
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.41 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.13 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.58 26.50 26.41 26.35 26.24
1:20 PM

4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.45 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.91 13.84 13.75 13.69 13.58
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.96 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.45 9.38 9.29 9.24 9.13
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.30 7.23 7.14 7.09 6.99
Page C24

7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.91 5.86 5.75
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.26 5.20 5.12 5.07 4.96
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.41
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.01
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.86 3.81 3.71
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.76 3.70 3.62 3.57 3.47
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.57 3.51 3.43 3.38 3.27
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.41 3.35 3.27 3.22 3.11
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.13 3.08 2.98
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.16 3.10 3.02 2.97 2.86
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.07 3.00 2.92 2.87 2.76
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.23 3.08 2.98 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.68
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.91 2.84 2.76 2.71 2.60

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.54
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.24 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.79 2.72 2.64 2.58 2.48
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.73 2.67 2.58 2.53 2.42
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.48 2.37
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.64 2.58 2.49 2.44 2.33
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 3.06 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.60 2.54 2.45 2.40 2.29
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.30 2.25 2.13
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.27 2.20 2.11 2.06 1.94
50 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.42 2.27 2.17 2.10 2.01 1.95 1.82
100 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.43 2.37 2.22 2.07 1.97 1.89 1.80 1.74 1.60
 Table VII The F Distribution Table (continued)

The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .025 area .025
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 973.0 976.7 984.9 993.1 998.1 1001 1006 1008 1013
1:20 PM

2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.37 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 14.01 13.96
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.61 6.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.50 8.46 8.41 8.38 8.32
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.57 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.27 6.23 6.18 6.14 6.08
Page C25

6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.41 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.11 5.07 5.01 4.98 4.92
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.71 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.40 4.36 4.31 4.28 4.21
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.24 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.94 3.89 3.84 3.81 3.74
9 7.21 5.72 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.91 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.60 3.56 3.51 3.47 3.40
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.35 3.31 3.26 3.22 3.15
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.47 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.16 3.12 3.06 3.03 2.96
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.32 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.80
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.88 2.84 2.78 2.74 2.67
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.67 2.64 2.56
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.47
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.93 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.61 2.57 2.51 2.47 2.40
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.55 2.50 2.44 2.41 2.33
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.49 2.44 2.38 2.35 2.27
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.76 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.44 2.39 2.33 2.30 2.22

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.29 2.25 2.17
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.68 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.25 2.21 2.13
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.21 2.17 2.09
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.18 2.14 2.06
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.26 2.21 2.15 2.11 2.02
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.56 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.01 1.97 1.88
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.29 2.18 2.07 1.99 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.74
50 5.34 3.97 3.39 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.22 2.11 1.99 1.92 1.87 1.80 1.75 1.66
100 5.18 3.83 3.25 2.92 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.08 1.97 1.85 1.77 1.71 1.64 1.59 1.48

C25
 Table VII The F Distribution Table (continued)

C26
The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .05 area .05
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 161.5 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.0 243.9 246.0 248.0 249.3 250.1 251.1 251.8 253.0
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.63 8.62 8.59 8.58 8.55
1:20 PM

4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.70 5.66
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.52 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.41
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.83 3.81 3.77 3.75 3.71
Page C26

7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.40 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.27
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.02 2.97
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.76
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.66 2.64 2.59
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.46
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.43 2.40 2.35
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.26
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.34 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.19
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.12
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.07
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.10 2.08 2.02
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.14 2.11 2.06 2.04 1.98
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.94

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.91
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.88
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.85
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.24 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.82
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.16 2.03 1.97 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.80
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.84 1.78
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.70
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.59
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.87 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.63 1.60 1.52
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.77 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.39
 Table VII The F Distribution Table (continued)

The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .10 area .10
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.47 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.05 62.26 62.53 62.69 63.01
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48
1:20 PM

3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.80 3.78
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.13
Page C27

6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.80 2.78 2.77 2.75
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.32
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.19
10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.17 2.16 2.13 2.12 2.09
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.04 2.01
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.94
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.92 1.88
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.83
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.79
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.76
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.74 1.70
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.67

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.65
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.63
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.65 1.61
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.59
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.58
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.56
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.55 1.51
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.43
50 2.81 2.41 2.20 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.39
100 2.76 2.36 2.14 2.00 1.91 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.61 1.56 1.49 1.45 1.42 1.38 1.35 1.29

C27