P. C.
Yeh One-sided Z-Transform 1
I. Why do we care about one-sided Z-transform?
Two-sided Z-tx is only capable to solve difference equation without initial condition; we need one-
sided Z-tx to solve difference equation with non-zero initial condition.
II. Definition of one-sided Z-tx
Given a signal x(n), the one-sided Z-tx of it is defined as
∞
X
X + (z) = Z + {x(n)} = x(n) z −n .
n=0
Since one-sided Z-tx only transform on the causal part of x(n)
⇒ ROC is always |z| > |pmax |, where pmax is the pole of the largest magnitude of X + (z)
⇒ the ROC is determined by X + (z) (unlike two-side Z-tx of which X(z) does not determine the ROC)
⇒ only X + (z) is important, no need to care about the ROC .
> Assume that x1 (n) = x2 (n) for all n ≥ 0 ⇒ X1+ (z) = X2+ (z) even if x1 (n) 6= x2 (n) for some n < 0.
Hence X + (z) does not have the 1-1 correspondence with x(n). Nevertheless, X + (z) does have the 1-1
correspondence with the causal part of x(n).
Example 1: x(n) = {2, 3, 1, 4, 3 ⇒ X + (z) = 1 + 4z −1 + 3z −2 .
1
Example 2: x(n) = −1.2n u(−n − 1) + 0.3n u(n) ⇒ X + (z) = 1+0.3z −1
.
III. Inverse transform
Given X + (z) = C1 · 1−p11 z −1 + C2 · 1−p21 z −1 + · · · + Cn · 1−pN1 z −1 after the partial fraction expansion.
The causal part of x(n) can be obtained by taking the inverse Z-tx of X + (z)
∀n ≥ 0, x(n) = Z −1 {X + (z)} = C1 · pn1 u(n) + C2 · pn2 u(n) + · · · + CN · pnN u(n).
Note that the inverse transform is exactly the same as finding the inverse of two-sided Z-tx, only
simpler since we always choose the causal inverse without having to consider the ROC.
Example 1: X + (z) = 3 − 2z −1 + 3z −2
⇒ for n ≥ 0, x(n)={3, -2, 3}; yet x(n) is unknown for n < 0.
1 1
Example 1: X + (z) = 1−0.2z −1 − 2 1−0.5z −1
⇒ for n ≥ 0, x(n) = 0.2n u(n) − 2 · 0.5n u(n); yet x(n) is unknown for n < 0.
P. C. Yeh One-sided Z-Transform 2
IV. Properties of one-sided Z-tx
• If x(n) is causal ⇒ X + (z) = X(z).
¡ ¢
• If k > 0 ⇒ Z + {x(n − k)} = z −k X + (z) + x(−1) z 1 + x(−2) z 2 + · · · + x(−k) z k .
¡ ¢
• If k > 0 ⇒ Z + {x(n + k)} = z k X + (z) − x(0) − x(1) z −1 − x(2) z −2 − · · · − x(k − 1) z −(k−1) .
¡ ¢
Example: x(n) = {2, 3, 1, 4, 3} ⇒ Z + {x(n − 2)} = z −2 X + (z) + x(−1) z 1 + x(−2) z 2
¡ ¢
= z −2 1 + 4z −1 + 3z −2 + 3 z 1 + 2 z 2 = 3 + 2 z −1 + z −2 + 4z −3 + 3z −4 .
Z+
Compare with x(n − 2) = {2, 3, 1, 4, 3} −−→ 3 + 2 z −1 + z −2 + 4z −3 + 3z −4 . The same!!
V. Solving difference equation with initial condition
Example: Given y(n) − 0.7y(n − 1) + 0.1y(n − 2) = x(n) − 0.2x(n − 1), y(−1) = 3, y(−2) = 21, and
x(n) = 0.1n u(n). What is y(n)?
Take one-sided Z-tx of both sides
¡ ¢
Y + (z) − 0.7z −1 (Y + (z) + y(−1)z) + 0.1z −2 Y + (z) + y(−1)z + y(−2) z 2 = X(z) − 0.2z −1 X(z).
Note that since x(n) is causal ⇒ X + (z) = X(z) and x(−1) = 0. After simplification , we have
¡ ¢
Y + (z)(1 − 0.2z −1 )(1 − 0.5z −1 ) = 1 − 0.2z −1 X(z) + 0.7y(−1) − 0.1y(−2) − 0.1y(−1)z −1
1 0.7y(−1) − 0.1y(−2) − 0.1y(−1)z −1
⇒ Y + (z) = −1
· X(z) + .
|1 − 0.5z{z } | (1 − 0.2z −1 ) (1 − 0.5z −1 )
{z }
zero-state response zero-input response
1
Plug in X(z) = and the initial condition
1−0.1z −1
1 −0.3z −1
⇒ Y + (z) = −1 −1
+ .
(1 − 0.5z ) (1 − 0.1z ) (1 − 0.2z −1 ) (1 − 0.5z −1 )
| {z } | {z }
ZSR ZIR
1 5 1 1 1 Z −1 5 1
ZSR: (1−0.5z −1 ) (1−0.1z −1 )
= 4 · 1−0.5z −1
− 4 · 1−0.1z −1
−−−→ 4 · 0.5n u(n) − 4 · 0.1n u(n).
−0.3z −1 1 1 Z −1
ZIR: (1−0.2z −1 ) (1−0.5z −1 )
= 1−0.2z −1
− 1−0.5z −1
−−−→ 0.2n u(n) − 0.5n u(n).
⇒ y(n) = 45 ·0.5n u(n)− 41 ·0.1n u(n)+0.2n u(n)−0.5n u(n) = 41 ·0.5n u(n)− 14 ·0.1n u(n)+0.2n u(n), ∀ n ≥ 0.
>Remark:
• ZSR is also called forced response, it depends on the nature of the system and the input signal.
• ZIR is also called natural response, it depends only on the nature of the system and the initial
condition.
