Consumerism

Consumerism is a social and economic order that

encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-
increasing amounts. With the industrial revolution, but
particularly in the 20th century, mass production led to
overproduction—the supply of goods would grow beyond
consumer demand, and so manufacturers turned to planned
obsolescence and advertising to manipulate consumer
spending.[1] In 1899, a book on consumerism published by
Thorstein Veblen, called The Theory of the Leisure Class,
examined the widespread values and economic institutions An electronics store in a shopping
emerging along with the widespread "leisure time" in the mall in Jakarta (2002)
beginning of the 20th century.[2] In it, Veblen "views the
activities and spending habits of this leisure class in terms of
conspicuous and vicarious consumption and waste. Both are related to the display of status and
not to functionality or usefulness."[3]

In economics, consumerism may refer to economic policies that emphasise consumption. In an

abstract sense, it is the consideration that the free choice of consumers should strongly orient the
choice by manufacturers of what is produced and how, and therefore orient the economic
organization of a society (compare producerism, especially in the British sense of the term).[4]

Consumerism has been widely criticized by both individuals who choose other ways of
participating in the economy (i.e. choosing simple living or slow living) but also by experts
evaluating the effects of modern capitalism on the world. Experts often highlight the connection of
consumerism with issues like the growth imperative and overconsumption which have larger
impacts on the environment, including direct effects like overexploitation of natural resources or
large amounts of waste from disposable goods, and larger effects like climate change. Similarly,
some research and criticism focuses on the sociological effects of consumerism, such as
reinforcement of class barriers and creation of inequalities.

Contents
Term
History
Origins
Culture of consumption
Mass production
In the 21st century
Criticism
Consumerism as cultural ideology
See also
References
External links
Term
The term consumerism has several definitions.[5] These definitions may not be related to each
other and confusingly, they conflict with each other.

1. One sense of the term relates to efforts to support consumers' interests.[5] By the early 1970s
it had become the accepted term for the field and began to be used in these ways:[5]
1. Consumerism is the concept that consumers should be informed decision makers in the
marketplace.[5] In this sense consumerism is the study and practice of matching
consumers with trustworthy information, such as product testing reports.
2. Consumerism is the concept that the marketplace itself is responsible for ensuring social
justice through fair economic practices.[5] Consumer protection policies and laws compel
manufacturers to make products safe.
3. Consumerism refers to the field of studying, regulating, or interacting with the
marketplace.[5] The consumer movement is the social movement which refers to all actions
and all entities within the marketplace which give consideration to the consumer.
2. While the above definitions were becoming established, other people began using the term
consumerism to mean "high levels of consumption".[5] This definition has gained popularity
since the 1970s and began to be used in these ways:
1. Consumerism is the selfish and frivolous collecting of products, or economic materialism. In
this sense consumerism is negative and in opposition to positive lifestyles of anti-
consumerism and simple living.[5]
2. Consumerism is a force from the marketplace which destroys individuality and harms
society.[5] It is related to globalization and in protest against this some people promote the
"anti-globalization movement".[6]

In a 1955 speech, John Bugas (number two at the Ford Motor Company) coined the term
consumerism as a substitute for capitalism to better describe the American economy:[7]

The term consumerism would pin the tag where it actually belongs – on Mr. Consumer,
the real boss and beneficiary of the American system. It would pull the rug right out
from under our unfriendly critics who have blasted away so long and loud at capitalism.
Somehow, I just can't picture them shouting: "Down with the consumers!"[8]

Bugas's definition aligned with Austrian economics founder Carl Menger's vision (in his 1871 book
Principles of Economics) of consumer sovereignty, whereby consumer preferences, valuations, and
choices control the economy entirely (a concept directly opposed to the Marxian perception of the
capitalist economy as a system of exploitation).[9]

Vance Packard worked to change the meaning of the term consumerism from a positive word
about consumer practices to a negative word meaning excessive materialism and waste.[10]
The
ads for his 1960 book The Waste Makers prominently featured the word consumerism in a
negative way.[10]

History

Origins
The consumer society emerged in the late seventeenth century and intensified throughout the
eighteenth century.[11]
While some claim that change was propelled by the growing middle-class
who embraced new ideas about luxury consumption and about the growing importance of fashion
as an arbiter for purchasing rather than necessity, many critics argue that consumerism was a
political and economic necessity for the reproduction of capitalist competition for markets and
profits, while others point to the increasing political strength of international working-class
organizations during a rapid increase in technological productivity and decline in necessary
scarcity as a catalyst to develop a consumer culture based on therapeutic entertainments, home-
ownership and debt. The "middle-class" view argues that this revolution encompassed the growth
in construction of vast country estates specifically designed to cater for comfort and the increased
availability of luxury goods aimed at a growing market. Such luxury goods included sugar, tobacco,
tea and coffee; these were increasingly grown on vast plantations (historically by slave labor) in the
Caribbean as demand steadily rose. In particular, sugar consumption in Britain[12] during the
course of the 18th century increased by a factor of 20.

Critics argue that colonialism did indeed help drive consumerism, but they would place the
emphasis on the supply rather than the demand as the motivating factor. An increasing mass of
exotic imports as well as domestic manufactures had to be consumed by the same number of
people who had been consuming far less than was becoming necessary. Historically, the notion
that high levels of consumption of consumer goods is the same thing as achieving success or even
freedom did not precede large-scale capitalist production and colonial imports. That idea was
produced later, more or less strategically, in order to intensify consumption domestically and to
make resistant cultures more flexible to extend its reach.[13][14][15][16]

Culture of consumption

The pattern of intensified consumption became particularly

visible in London where the gentry and prosperous merchants
took up residence and promoted a culture of luxury and
consumption that slowly extended across socio-economic
boundaries.

Marketplaces expanded as shopping centres, such as the New

Exchange, opened in 1609 by Robert Cecil in the Strand.
Bernard Mandeville's work Fable of
the Bees, which justified Shops started to become important as places for Londoners to
conspicuous consumption meet and socialise and became popular destinations alongside
the theatre.

From 1660, Restoration London also saw the growth of luxury

buildings as advertisements for social position, with speculative architects like Nicholas Barbon
and Lionel Cranfield operating.

Industries like glass making and silk manufacturing grew, and much pamphleteering of the time
justified the private vice for luxury goods as promoting the greater public good.

This then-scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of the
influential work Fable of the Bees in 1714, in which Bernard Mandeville argued that a country's
prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer.[17]

Advertising plays a major role in fostering a consumerist society,[18] marketing goods through
various platforms in nearly all aspects of human life, and pushing the message that the potential
customer's personal life requires some product.
Consumerism is discussed in detail in the textbook Media in Everyday Life.

The authors write, "Consumerism is deeply integrated into the daily life and the visual culture of
the societies in which we live, often in ways that we do not even recognize" (Smulyan 266).

She continues, "Thus even products that are sold as exemplifying tradition and heritage, such as
Quaker Oats cereal, are marketed through constantly changing advertising messages" (Smulyan
266).

Advertising changes with the consumer in order to keep up with their target, identifying their
needs and their associations of brands and products before the viewer is consciously aware.

Mediums through which individuals are exposed to ads change and grow continuously as
marketers try to get in touch with their audience and adapt to ways to keep audience attention.

For example, billboards, invented around the time that the automobile became prevalent in
society, aimed to provide audiences with short details about a brand or a "catch phrase" that a
driver could spot, recognize, and remember (Smulyan 273).

In the 21st century there is an extreme focus on technology and the digitization of culture.

Much of the advertising takes place in cohesive campaigns through various mediums that make
ignoring companies' messages very difficult.

Aram Sinnreich writes about the relationship between online advertisers and publishers and how
it has been strengthened by the digitization of media, as consumers' data is always being collected
through their online activity (Sinnreich 3).

In this way consumers are targeted based on their searches and bombarded with information
about more goods and services that they may eventually "need", positioned as needs rather than as
wants.

These trends accelerated in the 18th century as rising

prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people
with disposable income for consumption.

Important shifts included the marketing of goods for

individuals (as opposed to items for the household), and the
new status of goods as status symbols, related to changes in
fashion and to be desired for aesthetic appeal, as opposed to
just their utility. Josiah Wedgwood's pottery, a status
symbol of consumerism in the late
The pottery entrepreneur and inventor, Josiah Wedgwood,
18th century
noticed the way that aristocratic fashions, themselves subject
to periodic changes in direction, slowly filtered down through
different classes of society.

He pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the movement of
prevailing tastes and preferences to cause the aristocracy to accept his goods; it was only a matter
of time before the middle classes also rapidly bought up his goods.

Other producers of a wide range of other products followed his example, and the spread and
importance of consumption fashions became steadily more important.[19]

Mass production
The Industrial Revolution dramatically increased the availability of consumer goods, although it
was still primarily focused on the capital goods sector and industrial infrastructure (i.e., mining,
steel, oil, transportation networks, communications networks, industrial cities, financial centers,
etc.).[20] The advent of the department store represented a paradigm shift in the experience of
shopping. Customers could now buy an astonishing variety of goods, all in one place, and shopping
became a popular leisure activity.
While previously the norm had been the scarcity of resources,
the industrial era created an unprecedented economic situation. For the first time in history,
products were available in outstanding quantities, at outstandingly low prices, being thus available
to virtually everyone in the industrialized West.

By the turn of the 20th century, the average worker in Western Europe or the United States still
spent approximately 80–90% of their income on food and other necessities. What was needed to
propel consumerism, was a system of mass production and consumption, exemplified by Henry
Ford, an American car manufacturer. After observing the assembly lines in the meat packing
industry, Frederick Winslow Taylor brought his theory of scientific management to the
organization of the assembly line in other industries; this unleashed incredible productivity and
reduced the costs of commodities produced on assembly lines around the world.[21]

Consumerism has long had intentional underpinnings, rather

than just developing out of capitalism. As an example, Earnest
Elmo Calkins noted to fellow advertising executives in 1932
that "consumer engineering must see to it that we use up the
kind of goods we now merely use", while the domestic theorist
Christine Frederick observed in 1929 that "the way to break
the vicious deadlock of a low standard of living is to spend
freely, and even waste creatively".[22]

The older term and concept of "conspicuous consumption" Black Friday shoppers, DC USA
originated at the turn of the 20th century in the writings of
sociologist and economist, Thorstein Veblen. The term
describes an apparently irrational and confounding form of
economic behaviour. Veblen's scathing proposal that this unnecessary consumption is a form of
status display is made in darkly humorous observations like the following:

It is true of dress in even a higher degree than of most other items of consumption, that
people will undergo a very considerable degree of privation in the comforts or the
necessaries of life in order to afford what is considered a decent amount of wasteful
consumption; so that it is by no means an uncommon occurrence, in an inclement
climate, for people to go ill clad in order to appear well dressed.[23]

The term "conspicuous consumption" spread to describe consumerism in the United States in the
1960s, but was soon linked to debates about media theory, culture jamming, and its corollary
productivism.

By 1920 most Americans had experimented with occasional installment buying.[24]

In the 21st century

Madeline Levine criticized what she saw as a large change in American culture – "a shift away from
values of community, spirituality, and integrity, and toward competition, materialism and
disconnection."[25]
Businesses have realized that wealthy consumers are the most
attractive targets of marketing. The upper class's tastes,
lifestyles, and preferences trickle down to become the
standard for all consumers. The not-so-wealthy consumers
can "purchase something new that will speak of their place in
the tradition of affluence".[26] A consumer can have the
instant gratification of purchasing an expensive item to
improve social status.

Emulation is also a core component of 21st century McDonald's and KFC restaurants in
consumerism. As a general trend, regular consumers seek to China
emulate those who are above them in the social hierarchy. The
poor strive to imitate the wealthy and the wealthy imitate
celebrities and other icons. The celebrity endorsement of products can be seen as evidence of the
desire of modern consumers to purchase products partly or solely to emulate people of higher
social status. This purchasing behavior may co-exist in the mind of a consumer with an image of
oneself as being an individualist.

Cultural capital, the intangible social value of goods, is not solely generated by cultural pollution.
Subcultures also manipulate the value and prevalence of certain commodities through the process
of bricolage. Bricolage is the process by which mainstream products are adopted and transformed
by subcultures.[27] These items develop a function and meaning that differs from their corporate
producer's intent. In many cases, commodities that have undergone bricolage often develop
political meanings. For example, Doc Martens, originally marketed as workers boots, gained
popularity with the punk movement and AIDs activism groups and became symbols of an
individual's place in that social group.[28] When corporate America recognized the growing
popularity of Doc Martens they underwent another change in cultural meaning through counter-
bricolage. The widespread sale and marketing of Doc Martens brought the boots back into the
mainstream. While corporate America reaped the ever-growing profits of the increasingly
expensive boot and those modeled after its style, Doc Martens lost their original political
association. Mainstream consumers used Doc Martens and similar items to create an
"individualized" sense identity by appropriating statement items from subcultures they admired.

When consumerism is considered as a movement to improve rights and powers of buyers in

relation to sellers, there are certain traditional rights and powers of sellers and buyers.[29]

American Dream has long been associated with consumerism.[30][31] According to Sierra Club's
Dave Tilford, "With less than 5 percent of world population, the U.S. uses one-third of the world's
paper, a quarter of the world's oil, 23 percent of the coal, 27 percent of the aluminum, and 19
percent of the copper."[32]

China is the world's fastest-growing consumer market.[31][33] According to biologist Paul R.

Ehrlich, "If everyone consumed resources at the US level, you will need another four or five
Earths."[34]

Criticism
Since consumerism began, various individuals and groups have consciously sought an alternative
lifestyle. These movements range on a spectrum from moderate "simple living",[35] "eco-conscious
shopping",[36] and "localvore"/"buying local",[37] to Freeganism on the extreme end. Building on
these movements, the discipline of ecological economics addresses the macro-economic, social and
ecological implications of a primarily consumer-driven economy.
In many critical contexts, consumerism is used to describe the
tendency of people to identify strongly with products or
services they consume, especially those with commercial
brand-names and perceived status-symbolism appeal, e.g. a
luxury car, designer clothing, or expensive jewelry.
Consumerism can take extreme forms – such that consumers
sacrifice significant time and income not only to purchase but
also to actively support a certain firm or brand.[38] As stated
by Gary Cross in his book "All Consuming Century: Why
Consumerism Won in Modern America", he states Buy Nothing Day demonstration in
"consumerism succeeded where other ideologies failed San Francisco, November 2000.
because it concretely expressed the cardinal political ideals of
the century – liberty and democracy – and with relatively little
self-destructive behavior or personal humiliation." He
discusses how consumerism won in its forms of expression.
However, many people are skeptical of this over-romanticised
outlook.

Opponents of consumerism argue that many luxuries and

unnecessary consumer-products may act as a social
mechanism allowing people to identify like-minded
individuals through the display of similar products, again
utilizing aspects of status-symbolism to judge socioeconomic
status and social stratification. Some people believe
relationships with a product or brand name are substitutes for
healthy human relationships lacking in societies, and along Shop Until You Drop by Banksy, in
with consumerism, create a cultural hegemony, and are part of London.
a general process of social control [39] in modern society.
Critics of consumerism point out that consumerist societies
are more prone to damage the environment, contribute to global warming and use resources at a
higher rate than other societies.[40] Dr. Jorge Majfud says that "Trying to reduce environmental
pollution without reducing consumerism is like combatting drug trafficking without reducing the
drug addiction."[41]

In 1955, economist Victor Lebow stated:

Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of
life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual
satisfaction and our ego satisfaction in consumption. We need things consumed,
burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever-increasing rate.[42]

Figures who arguably do not wholly buy into consumerism include Pope Emeritus Benedict
XVI,[43] Pope Francis,[44] German historian Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), who said: "Life in
America is exclusively economic in structure and lacks depth"[45]), and French writer Georges
Duhamel (1884–1966), who held American materialism up as "a beacon of mediocrity that
threatened to eclipse French civilization".[45] Pope Francis also critiques consumerism in his book
"Laudato Si' On Care For Our Common Home." He critiques the harm consumerism does to the
environment and states, "The analysis of environmental problems cannot be separated from the
analysis of human, family, work-related and urban contexts, nor from how individuals relate to
themselves, which leads in turn to how they relate to others and to the environment."[46] Pope
Francis believes obsession with consumerism leads individuals further away from their humanity
and obscures the interrelated nature between humans and the environment. Francis Fukuyama
blames consumerism for moral compromises.[47]

Another critic is James Gustave Speth. He argues that the growth imperative represents the main
goal of capitalistic consumerism. In his book The Bridge at the Edge of the World he notes,
"Basically, the economic system does not work when it comes to protecting environmental
resources, and the political system does not work when it comes to correcting the economic
system".

In an opinion segment of New Scientist magazine published in August 2009, reporter Andy
Coghlan cited William Rees of the University of British Columbia and epidemiologist Warren Hern
of the University of Colorado at Boulder saying that human beings, despite considering themselves
civilized thinkers, are "subconsciously still driven by an impulse for survival, domination and
expansion ... an impulse which now finds expression in the idea that inexorable economic growth
is the answer to everything, and, given time, will redress all the world's existing inequalities."[48]
According to figures presented by Rees at the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America,
human society is in a "global overshoot", consuming 30% more material than is sustainable from
the world's resources. Rees went on to state that at present, 85 countries are exceeding their
domestic "bio-capacities", and compensate for their lack of local material by depleting the stocks of
other countries, which have a material surplus due to their lower consumption.[48] Not only that,
but McCraken indicates that the ways in which consumer goods and services are bought, created
and used should be taken under consideration when studying consumption.[49]

Furthermore, some theorists have concerns with the place commodity takes in the definition of
one's self. Media theorists Straut Ewen coined the term "commodity self" to describe an identity
built by the goods we consume.[50] For example, people often identify as PC or Mac users, or
define themselves as a Coke drinker rather than Pepsi. The ability to choose one product out of an
apparent mass of others allows a person to build a sense "unique" individuality, despite the
prevalence of Mac users or the nearly identical tastes of Coke and Pepsi.[50] By owning a product
from a certain brand, one's ownership becomes a vehicle of presenting an identity that is
associated with the attitude of the brand. The idea of individual choice is exploited by corporations
that claim to sell "uniqueness" and the building blocks of an identity. The invention of the
commodity self is a driving force of consumerist societies, preying upon the deep human need to
build a sense of self.

Not all anti-consumerists oppose consumption in itself, but they argue against increasing the
consumption of resources beyond what is environmentally sustainable. Jonathan Porritt writes
that consumers are often unaware of the negative environmental impacts of producing many
modern goods and services, and that the extensive advertising-industry only serves to reinforce
increasing consumption.[51]
Likewise, other ecological economists such as Herman Daly and Tim
Jackson recognize the inherent conflict between consumer-driven consumption and planet-wide
ecological degradation.

Consumerism as cultural ideology

In the 21st century's globalized economy, consumerism has become a noticeable part of the
culture.[52] Critics of the phenomenon not only criticized it against what is environmentally
sustainable, but also the spread of consumerism in cultural aspects. However, several scholars
have written about the intersection of consumer culture and the environment. Discussions of the
environmental implications of consumerist ideologies in work by economists Gustave Speth[53]
and Naomi Klein,[54] and consumer cultural historian Gary Cross.[55] Leslie Sklair proposes the
criticism through the idea of culture-ideology of consumerism in his works. He says that,
 First, capitalism entered a qualitatively new globalizing phase in the 1950s. As the
electronic revolution got underway, significant changes began to occur in the
productivity of capitalist factories, systems of extraction and processing of raw
materials, product design, marketing and distribution of goods and services. […]
Second, the technical and social relations that structured the mass media all over the
world made it very easy for new consumerist lifestyles to become the dominant motif
for these media, which became in time extraordinarily efficient vehicles for the
broadcasting of the culture-ideology of consumerism globally.[56]

As of today, people are exposed to mass consumerism and product placement in the media or even
in their daily lives. The line between information, entertainment, and promotion of products has
been blurred so people are more reformulated into consumerist behaviour.[57] Shopping centers
are a representative example of a place where people are explicitly exposed to an environment that
welcomes and encourages consumption. Goss says that the shopping center designers "strive to
present an alternative rationale for the shopping center's existence, manipulate shoppers' behavior
through the configuration of space, and consciously design a symbolic landscape that provokes
associative moods and dispositions in the shopper".[58] On the prevalence of consumerism in daily
life, Historian Gary Cross says that "The endless variation of clothing, travel, and entertainment
provided opportunity for practically everyone to find a personal niche, no matter their race, age,
gender or class."[59]

Arguably, the success of the consumerist cultural ideology can be witnessed all around the world.
People who rush to the mall to buy products and end up spending money with their credit cards
could become entrenched in the financial system of capitalist globalization.[57]

See also
Anthropological theories of value Horace Kallen (philosopher)
Bourgeois personality Hyperconsumerism
Commercialism Hypermobility (travel)
Commodity fetishism "Keeping up with the Joneses"
Consumer Bill of Rights Keynesianism
Consumer capitalism Moonlight clan
Consumer ethnocentrism Overconsumption
Consumer movement Participatory culture
Consumtariat Philosophy of futility
Cost the limit of price Planned obsolescence
Ecoleasing Planetary boundaries
Economic materialism Post-materialism (economics)
Ethical consumerism Productivism
Frugality Prosumer
Geoffrey Miller (psychologist) Sharing economy
Greed Steady state economy
Homo consumericus
American Psycho
Dawn of the Dead
Fight Club
Idiocracy
One-Dimensional Man
 The Century of the Self
The Joneses
The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less
They Live

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American Consciousness (https://books.google.com/books?id=CTkjVQfF5QkC). University of
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Retrieved 28 October 2018.
16. Ewen, Stuart (1998). PR!: A Social History of Spin (https://books.google.com/books?id=tqaws
wEACAAJ) (reprint ed.). Basic Books. ISBN 9780465061792. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
17. Linda Levy Peck (2005). Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century
England (https://books.google.com/books?id=-jM0ZvlYofoC). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 9780521842327. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
18. Czarnecka, Barbara; Schivinski, Bruno (17 June 2019). "Do Consumers Acculturated to Global
Consumer Culture Buy More Impulsively? The Moderating Role of Attitudes towards and
Beliefs about Advertising" (https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/26848/1/Czarnecka%20and%20S
chivinski%20Accepted%20JGM.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Global Marketing. 32 (4): 219–238.
doi:10.1080/08911762.2019.1600094 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08911762.2019.1600094).
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manticscholar.org/CorpusID:182181403).
19. "Coming to live in a consumer society" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130810222240/http://w
ww.quarc.de/fileadmin/downloads/Coming%20to%20live%20in%20a%20consumer%20societ
y%20%28chapter%202%29.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.quarc.de/filead
min/downloads/Coming%20to%20live%20in%20a%20consumer%20society%20%28chapter%
202%29.pdf) (PDF) on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013. "The origins of the
consumer society as we know it today can be traced back a few hundred years. According to
McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb (1982) the birthplace can be found in eighteenth century
England. However, as McCracken (1988) has pointed out, the consumer revolution as a whole
needs to be seen as part of a larger transformation in Western societies, which began in the
sixteenth century. The social changes brought about by that transformation resulted in the
modification of Western concepts of time, space, society, the individual, the family and the
state. This provided the base on which the consumer revolution could thrive and develop into a
mass phenomenon.McCracken (1988) was one of the first scholars offering acomprehensive
review of the history of consumption. He approached the subject by dividing the course of
events into three moments. The first moment falls within the last quarter of the sixteenth
century in Elizabethan England where profound changes in consumption pattern occurred in a
small section of the population. This was the moment where some of the established concepts,
notably the concepts of space, the individual and the family began to falter. The circumstances
bringing about these changes served as a primer for the consumer movement that would
come a century later. McCracken describes this as the second moment. It was characterized
by a heightened propensity to spend, by a greatly extended choice of goods, and an increased
frequency of purchases. Fashion started to play an important role too, and, for the first time,
the individual as a consumer became the target of manipulative attempts. The origins of
modern marketing instruments can be traced back to this time. With the rise of the third
moment, the consumer movement was already a structural feature of life (McCracken, 1988).
However, the development was not yet completed. The 19th century added new qualities to
the movement and turned it into a 'dream world of consumption' (Williams, 1982)."
20. Ryan in Ritzer 2007, p. 701
21. Ryan in Ritzer 2007, p. 702
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Credit (https://archive.org/details/financingamerica00cald_0/page/222). Princeton, NJ:
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222). ISBN 0-691-05827-X.
25. Levine, Madeline. "Challenging the Culture of Affluence (http://www.nais.org/publications/isma
gazinearticle.cfm?ItemNumber=150274)". Independent School. 67.1 (2007): 28–36. Archived
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cle.cfm?ItemNumber=150274) 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
26. Miller, Eric. Attracting the Affluent. Naperville, Illinois: Financial Sourcebooks, 1990.
27. Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture".
Oxford UP, 2001, p.78
28. Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture".
Oxford UP, 2001, p. 79
29. Gary Armstrong; Stewart Adam; Sara Denize; Philip Kotler (2014). Principles of Marketing (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=UKyaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA463). Pearson Australia. p. 463.
ISBN 978-1-4860-0253-5.
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s/tupperware-consumer/). PBS.
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(https://qz.com/994345/the-meteoric-rise-of-chinese-consumerism-will-reshape-the-world-and-
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35. See for example: Janet Luhrs's The Simple Living Guide (NY: Broadway Books, 1997); Joe
Dominquez, Vicki Robin et al., Your Money or Your Life (NY: Penguin Group USA, 2008)
36. See for example: Alan Durning, How Much is Enough: The Consumer Society and the Future
of the Earth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992)
37. See for example: Paul Roberts, The End of Food (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008); Michael
Shuman, The Small-mart Revolution (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2007)
38. Eisingerich, Andreas B.; Bhardwaj, Gunjan; Miyamoto, Yoshio (April 2010). "Behold the
Extreme Consumers and Learn to Embrace Them" (http://hbr.org/2010/04/vision-statement-be
hold-the-extreme-consumersand-learn-to-embrace-them/ar/1). Harvard Business Review. 88:
30–31.
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unday/sundayitems.asp?id=SEV20060406083003&eTitle=Focus&rLink=0%2F).
Newindpress.com. Archived from the original (http://www.newindpress.com/sunday/sundayite
ms.asp?id=SEV20060406083003&eTitle=Focus&rLink=0/) on 14 April 2008.
40. Global Climate Change and Energy CO2 Production—An International Perspective (http://ww
w.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/co2.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20090228111224/http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/co2.htm) 28
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41. Majfud, Jorge (2009). "The Pandemic of Consumerism" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013071
9034751/https://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2009/toprotectsuc
ceedinggenerations/pid/21570). UN Chronicle. Archived from the original (https://www.un.org/
wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2009/toprotectsucceedinggenerations/pid/2157
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42. Lebow, Victor. http://hundredgoals.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/journal-of-retailing.pdf
43. Web log. 17 July 2008. http://babs22.wordpress.com/2008/07/17/australia-pope-attacks-
consumerism/
44. "Loss of Biodiversity". Laudato Si': on Care for Our Common Home: Encyclical Letter, by Pope
Francis, Our Sunday Visitor, 2015, pp. 27–27.
45. Stearns, Peter. Consumerism in World History. Routledge
46. https://www.cssr.org.au/justice_matters/dsp-default.cfm?loadref=643
47. Fukuyama, Francis (1992). "15: A Vacation in Bulgaria". The End of History and the Last Man
(https://books.google.com/books?id=NdFpQwKfX2IC). Simon and Schuster (published 2006).
p. 169. ISBN 9780743284554. "[...] what Havel identifies as 'the general unwillingness of
consumption-oriented people to sacrifice some material certainties for the sake of their own
spiritual and moral integrity' is a phenomenon that is hardly unique to communist societies. In
the West, consumerism induces people to make moral compromises with themselves daily,
and they lie to themselves [...] in the name of [...] ideas like 'self-realization' or 'personal
growth.'"
48. Coghlan, Andy. "Consumerism is 'eating the future' " (https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1
7569-consumerism-is-eating-the-future.html). Retrieved 12 December 2009.
49. Miles, Steven (31 August 1998). Consumerism: As a Way of Life (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Fp8WVG1S_QAC&q=consumerism&pg=PP10). SAGE. ISBN 9780761952152.
50. Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture".
Oxford UP, 2001, p. 279
51. "Consumerism – Big Ideas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100420040645/http://www.mymulti
plesclerosis.co.uk/big-ideas/consumerism.html). Archived from the original (http://www.mymulti
plesclerosis.co.uk/big-ideas/consumerism.html) on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
52. James, Paul; Scerri, Andy (2012). "Globalizing Consumption and the Deferral of a Politics of
Consequence" (https://www.academia.edu/3230921). Globalizations. 9 (2): 225–240.
doi:10.1080/14747731.2012.658249 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14747731.2012.658249).
S2CID 67761604 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67761604).
53. Gustave., Speth, James (2008). The bridge at the edge of the world : capitalism, the
environment, and crossing from crisis to sustainability (https://archive.org/details/bridgeatedge
ofwo00spet). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300136111. OCLC 177820867 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/177820867).
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(First Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York. ISBN 9781451697384.
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55. S., Cross, Gary (2000). An all-consuming century : why commercialism won in modern
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ww.worldcat.org/oclc/50817376).
56. Sklair, L. 2012. Culture-Ideology of Consumerism. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of
Globalization
57. Leslie Sklair, from Chapter 5 of Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives, 3rd edn, Oxford
University Press, 2002. Reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press
58. Jon Goss(1993), The "Magic of the Mall": An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the
Contemporary Retail Built Environment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,
Vol. 83, No. 1. (Mar. 1993), pp. 18–47
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Consumerism, 4th Ed. (https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bmNEpSs3er4C&oi

=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Consumerism&ots=8ysS4O8gEf&sig=80fL8teOt4w_Cdn74cggreJTugY&re
dir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Consumerism&f=false)
Consumerism: As a Way of Life (https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Fp8WVG1
S_QAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP10&dq=Consumerism&ots=XY8cr2aItu&sig=_fKSQFAyEcynl1PRsqVz
qeGW6aI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Consumerism&f=false)
Consumerism—An Interpretation (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00222429700
3400410)

Ryan, Michael T. (2007) "consumption" in George Ritzer (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of
Sociology, Blackwell Publishing, 2007, 701–705

External links
AdBusters (https://web.archive.org/web/19970217210710/http://www.adbusters.org/), an anti-
consumerism magazine
"Consumer Culture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130126052213/http://www.brunswickgrou
p.com/files/html/brunswickreviewIssue6/assets/pdf/6-Consumer-Culture.pdf), by Ginny
Wilmerding.
Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy (http://www.steadystate.org), a
post-consumerist macro-economic framework
 Circles of Sustainability (http://www.circlesofsustainability.org/), website for the Circles of
Sustainability approach
Consumerium Development Wiki (http://develop.consumerium.org/wiki/Main_Page), a wiki
related to consumer activism
"Consumers may not realize the full impact of their choices" (http://www8.nationalacademies.or
g/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12794)
A Global Consumer Solidarity Movement (https://web.archive.org/web/20160323061855/http://
www.consumersolidarity.org/,/)
Global-local consumption (https://www.academia.edu/4501557/Globalization_and_Culture_Vo
l._3_Global-Local_Consumption_editor_with_Imre_Szeman_Sage_Publications_London_201
0), by Imre Szeman and Paul James
"Globalizing consumption" (https://www.academia.edu/3230921/Globalizing_Consumption_and
_the_Deferral_of_a_Politics_of_Consequence) by Paul James and Andy Scerri
Peter Medlin, WNIJ, "Illinois Is the First State to Have High Schools Teach News Literacy,"
National Public Radio, August 12, 2021 (https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1026993142/illinois-is
-the-first-state-to-have-high-schools-teach-news-literacy)
"Obedience, Consumerism, and Climate Change" (http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/19050-the-e
xperiment-requires-that-you-continue-obedience-to-corporate-state-authority-in-an-increasingly
-dangerous-consumer-society), by Yosef Brody
Postconsumers (http://www.postconsumers.com), moving beyond addictive consumerism
Renegade Consumer (http://www.renegadeconsumer.com/), an actively anti-consumerism
organization

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