Lewis Carroll

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (/ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/; 27

The Reverend
January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen
name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer of children's Lewis Carroll
fiction, notably Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its
sequel Through the Looking-Glass. He was noted for his
facility with word play, logic, and fantasy. The poems
Jabberwocky and The Hunting of the Snark are classified in
the genre of literary nonsense. He was also a mathematician,
photographer, inventor, and Anglican deacon.

Carroll came from a family of high-church Anglicans, and

developed a long relationship with Christ Church, Oxford,
where he lived for most of his life as a scholar and teacher.
Alice Liddell, daughter of the Dean of Christ Church, Henry
Liddell, is widely identified as the original for Alice in
Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this. Scholars are
divided about whether his relationship with children included
an erotic component.

In 1982, a memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled in Poets'

Corner, Westminster Abbey. There are Lewis Carroll societies Carroll in 1857
in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and Born Charles Lutwidge
promotion of his works.[1][2] Dodgson
27 January 1832
Daresbury, Cheshire,
England
Contents Died 14 January 1898
Background and early life (aged 65)
Guildford, Surrey,
Education
England
Home life
Occupation Author · illustrator · poet ·
Rugby
mathematician ·
Oxford
photographer · teacher ·
Character and appearance inventor
Health problems Education Rugby School
Social connections University of Oxford
Politics, religion, and philosophy
Genre Children's literature ·
Artistic activities fantasy literature ·
Literature mathematical logic ·
Alice books poetry · literary
The Hunting of the Snark nonsense · linear
Sylvie and Bruno algebra · voting theory
Notable Alice's Adventures in
Photography (1856–1880)
works Wonderland
Inventions
Mathematical work Through the Looking-
Mathematical logic Glass
Algebra The Hunting of the Snark
Recreational mathematics "Jabberwocky"
Correspondence Curiosa Mathematica,
Part I: A New Theory of
Later years
Parallels
Death Curiosa Mathematica,
Controversies and mysteries Part II: Pillow Problems
Sexuality "The Principles of
Ordination Parliamentary
Missing diaries Representation"
Migraine and epilepsy Parents Charles Dodgson
(father)
Legacy
Relatives Edwin Dodgson (brother)
Works
Literary works Charles Dodgson (great-
grandfather)
Mathematical works
Other works Signature

See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

Background and early life

Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English (with Irish
connections), conservative and high-church Anglican. Most of Dodgson's
male ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-
grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to
become the Bishop of Elphin in rural Ireland.[3] His paternal grandfather,
another Charles, had been an army captain, killed in action in Ireland in
1803 when his two sons were hardly more than babies.[4] The older of
these sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carroll's father. He went
to Westminster School and then to Christ Church, Oxford. He reverted to
Lewis Carroll the other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically
gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to
a brilliant academic career. Instead, he married his first cousin Frances Jane
Lutwidge in 1830 and became a country parson.[5][6]

Dodgson was born in All Saints' Vicarage at Daresbury, Cheshire, near Warrington,[7] the eldest boy and
the third child. Eight more children followed. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of
Croft-on-Tees in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and the whole family moved to the spacious rectory. This
remained their home for the next 25 years.
Charles's father was an active and highly conservative cleric of the Church of England who later became
the Archdeacon of Richmond[8] and involved himself, sometimes influentially, in the intense religious
disputes that were dividing the church. He was high church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, an
admirer of John Henry Newman and the Tractarian movement, and did his best to instil such views in his
children. Young Charles was to develop an ambivalent relationship with his father's values and with the
Church of England as a whole.[9]

Education

Home life

During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home. His "reading
lists" preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect: at the
age of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrim's Progress. He
also spoke with a stammer – a condition shared by most of his siblings[10]
– that often inhibited his social life throughout his years. At the age of
twelve he was sent to Richmond Grammar School (now part of Richmond
School) in Richmond, North Yorkshire.
Lewis Carroll self-portrait c.
1856, aged 24 at that time
Rugby

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School where he was evidently

unhappy, as he wrote some years after leaving:

I cannot say ... that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years
again ... I can honestly say that if I could have been ... secure from annoyance at night, the
hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear.[11]

Dodgson did not claim he suffered from bullying but cited little boys as the main targets of older bullies at
Rugby.[12] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, who was Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though it is hard
for those who have only known him as the gentle and retiring don to believe it, it is nevertheless true that
long after he left school, his name was remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his fists in
defence of a righteous cause", which is the protection of the smaller boys.[12]

Scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had a more promising boy at his age
since I came to Rugby", observed mathematics master R. B. Mayor.[13] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's
Assistant; Being a Compendium of Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook that the young Dodgson used –
still survives and it contained an inscription in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles
Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"[14] Some pages also included annotations such as the one found in p. 129,
where he wrote "Not a fair question in decimals" next to a question.[15]

Oxford

He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the University of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of
his father's old college, Christ Church.[16] After waiting for rooms in college to become available, he went
into residence in January 1851.[17] He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons
home. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of
47.[17]

His early academic career veered between high promise and irresistible distraction. He did not always work
hard but was exceptionally gifted and achievement came easily to him. In 1852, he obtained first-class
honours in Mathematics Moderations and was shortly thereafter nominated to a Studentship by his father's
old friend Canon Edward Pusey.[18][19] In 1854, he obtained first-class honours in the Final Honours
School of Mathematics, standing first on the list, graduating Bachelor of Arts.[20][21] He remained at Christ
Church studying and teaching, but the next year he failed an important scholarship through his self-
confessed inability to apply himself to study.[22][23] Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him the
Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,[24] which he continued to hold for the next 26 years.[25]
Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson was to remain at Christ Church, in various capacities, until his death,
including that of Sub-Librarian of the Christ Church library, where his office was close to the Deanery,
where Alice Liddell lived.[26]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young adult Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and
slender, and he had curly brown hair and blue or grey eyes (depending on
the account). He was described in later life as somewhat asymmetrical, and
as carrying himself rather stiffly and awkwardly, although this might be on
account of a knee injury sustained in middle age. As a very young child,
he suffered a fever that left him deaf in one ear. At the age of 17, he
suffered a severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably
responsible for his chronically weak chest in later life. In early childhood,
he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as his "hesitation"; it remained
throughout his life.[26]

The stammer has always been a significant part of the image of Dodgson.
While one apocryphal story says that he stammered only in adult company
and was free and fluent with children, there is no evidence to support this
1863 photograph of Carroll
idea.[27] Many children of his acquaintance remembered the stammer,
by Oscar G. Rejlander
while many adults failed to notice it. Dodgson himself seems to have been
far more acutely aware of it than most people whom he met; it is said that
he caricatured himself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,
referring to his difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but this is one of the many supposed facts often
repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. He did indeed refer to himself as the dodo, but whether
or not this reference was to his stammer is simply speculation.[26]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never so debilitating that it prevented him from applying his
other personal qualities to do well in society. He lived in a time when people commonly devised their own
amusements and when singing and recitation were required social skills, and the young Dodgson was well
equipped to be an engaging entertainer. He reportedly could sing tolerably well and was not afraid to do so
before an audience. He was adept at mimicry and storytelling, and was reputedly quite good at
charades.[26]

Social connections
In the interim between his early published writings and the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to
move in the pre-Raphaelite social circle. He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him.
Around 1863, he developed a close relationship with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his family. He would
often take pictures of the family in the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. He also knew
William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Arthur Hughes, among other artists. He knew fairy-tale
author George MacDonald well – it was the enthusiastic reception of Alice by the young MacDonald
children that persuaded him to submit the work for publication.[26][28]

Politics, religion, and philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally
conservative. Martin Gardner labels Dodgson as a Tory who was "awed by lords and inclined to be
snobbish towards inferiors".[29] The Reverend W. Tuckwell, in his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900),
regarded him as "austere, shy, precise, absorbed in mathematical reverie, watchfully tenacious of his
dignity, stiffly conservative in political, theological, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's
landscape".[30] Dodgson was ordained a deacon in the Church of England on 22 December 1861. In The
Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is full of such modest depreciations of
himself and his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to be reproduced here) that
God would forgive him the past, and help him to perform His holy will in the future."[31] When a friend
asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of the Church of
England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added:

I believe that when you and I come to lie down for the last time, if only we can keep firm hold
of the great truths Christ taught us—our own utter worthlessness and His infinite worth; and
that He has brought us back to our one Father, and made us His brethren, and so brethren to
one another—we shall have all we need to guide us through the shadows. Most assuredly I
accept to the full the doctrines you refer to—that Christ died to save us, that we have no other
way of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it is by faith in Him, and through
no merit of ours, that we are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially say, "I owe
all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross of Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)[32]

Dodgson also expressed interest in other fields. He was an early member of the Society for Psychical
Research, and one of his letters suggests that he accepted as real what was then called "thought
reading".[33] Dodgson wrote some studies of various philosophical arguments. In 1895, he developed a
philosophical regressus-argument on deductive reasoning in his article "What the Tortoise Said to
Achilles", which appeared in one of the early volumes of Mind.[34] The article was reprinted in the same
journal a hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article by Simon Blackburn titled "Practical
Tortoise Raising".[35]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, contributing heavily to the family magazine
Mischmasch and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and
1856, his work appeared in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller
magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was humorous, sometimes
satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not
think I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in
which I do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian
Advertiser), but I do not despair of doing so someday," he wrote in
July 1855.[26] Sometime after 1850, he did write puppet plays for
his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di
Bragia.[36]

In March 1856, he published his first piece of work under the

name that would make him famous. A romantic poem called
"Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship of "Lewis
Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his real name: Lewis was
the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for
Lutwidge, and Carroll an Irish surname similar to the Latin name
One of Carroll's own illustrations
Carolus, from which comes the name Charles.[6] The transition
went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin as
"Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back into English
as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".[37] This pseudonym was chosen by editor
Edmund Yates from a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C.
Westhill, and Louis Carroll.[38]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell arrived at Christ Church, bringing

with him his young family, all of whom would figure largely in
Dodgson's life over the following years, and would greatly
influence his writing career. Dodgson became close friends with
Liddell's wife Lorina and their children, particularly the three
sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. He was widely assumed
for many years to have derived his own "Alice" from Alice
Liddell; the acrostic poem at the end of Through the Looking-
Glass spells out her name in full, and there are also many
superficial references to her hidden in the text of both books. It has
been noted that Dodgson himself repeatedly denied in later life that
his "little heroine" was based on any real child,[39][40] and he
frequently dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding
their names in acrostic poems at the beginning of the text. Gertrude
Chataway's name appears in this form at the beginning of The
Hunting of the Snark, and it is not suggested that this means that
any of the characters in the narrative are based on her.[40]
"The chief difficulty Alice found at
Information is scarce (Dodgson's diaries for the years 1858–1862 first was in managing her flamingo".
are missing), but it seems clear that his friendship with the Liddell Illustration by John Tenniel, 1865.
family was an important part of his life in the late 1850s, and he
grew into the habit of taking the children on rowing trips (first the
boy Harry, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend[41] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay or
Godstow.[42]

It was on one such expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the outline of the story that eventually
became his first and greatest commercial success. He told the story to Alice Liddell and she begged him to
write it down, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, illustrated
manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.[42]
Before this, the family of friend and mentor George MacDonald
read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and the enthusiasm of the
MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication. In
1863, he had taken the unfinished manuscript to Macmillan the
publisher, who liked it immediately. After the possible alternative
titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice's Golden
Hour – the work was finally published as Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland in 1865 under the Lewis Carroll pen-name, which
Dodgson had first used some nine years earlier.[28] The
illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently
thought that a published book would need the skills of a
professional artist. Annotated versions provide insights into many
of the ideas and hidden meanings that are prevalent in these
books.[43][44] Critical literature has often proposed Freudian
interpretations of the book as "a descent into the dark world of the
subconscious", as well as seeing it as a satire upon contemporary
mathematical advances.[45][46]

The overwhelming commercial success of the first Alice book The Jabberwock, as illustrated by
changed Dodgson's life in many ways.[47][48][49] The fame of his John Tenniel for Lewis Carroll's
alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon spread around the world. He was Through the Looking-Glass, including
inundated with fan mail and with sometimes unwanted attention. the poem "Jabberwocky".
Indeed, according to one popular story, Queen Victoria herself
enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so much that she commanded that he
dedicate his next book to her, and was accordingly presented with his next work, a scholarly mathematical
volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.[50][51] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this
story, commenting "... It is utterly false in every particular: nothing even resembling it has occurred";[51][52]
and it is unlikely for other reasons. As T. B. Strong comments in a Times article, "It would have been clean
contrary to all his practice to identify [the] author of Alice with the author of his mathematical
works".[53][54] He also began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued with his seemingly
disliked post at Christ Church.[28]

Late in 1871, he published the sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. (The title
page of the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date of publication.[55]) Its somewhat darker mood
possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death in 1868 plunged him into a depression that
lasted some years.[28]

The Hunting of the Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his next great work, The Hunting of the Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem,
with illustrations by Henry Holiday, exploring the adventures of a bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one
beaver, who set off to find the snark. It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary
reviewers,[56] but was enormously popular with the public, having been reprinted seventeen times between
1876 and 1908,[57] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.[58]
Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti reputedly became convinced that the poem was about him.[28]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 years after the publication of his masterpieces, Carroll attempted a comeback, producing a two-
volume tale of the fairy siblings Sylvie and Bruno. Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative worlds,
one set in rural England and the other in the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The
fairytale world satirizes English society, and more specifically the world of academia. Sylvie and Bruno
came out in two volumes and is considered a lesser work, although it has remained in print for over a
century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form of photography under the
influence first of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his Oxford
friend Reginald Southey.[59] He soon excelled at the art and became a
well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed
with the idea of making a living out of it in his very early years.[28]

A study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every

surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over half of his surviving
work depicts young girls, though about 60% of his original photographic
portfolio is now missing.[60] Dodgson also made many studies of men,
women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls,
dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.[61] His pictures of children were taken
with a parent in attendance and many of the pictures were taken in the
Photo of Alice Liddell taken Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good
by Lewis Carroll (1858) exposures.[41]

He also found photography to be a useful entrée into higher social

circles.[62]During the most productive part of his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such as John
Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday, Lord
Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.[28]

By the time that Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, over 24 years), he had established his own
studio on the roof of Tom Quad, created around 3,000 images, and was an amateur master of the medium,
though fewer than 1,000 images have survived time and deliberate destruction. He stopped taking
photographs because keeping his studio working was too time-consuming.[63] He used the wet collodion
process; commercial photographers who started using the dry-plate process in the 1870s took pictures more
quickly.[64] Popular taste changed with the advent of Modernism, affecting the types of photographs that he
produced.

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. This was a
cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting the most commonly used penny stamp, and
one each for the other current denominations up to one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase
decorated with a picture of Alice on the front and the Cheshire Cat on the back. It intended to organize
stamps wherever one stored their writing utensils; Carroll expressly notes in Eight or Nine Wise Words
about Letter-Writing it is not intended to be carried in a pocket or purse, as the most common individual
stamps could easily be carried on their own. The pack included a copy of a pamphlet version of this
lecture.[65][66]

Another invention was a writing tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking in the dark, thus
eliminating the need to get out of bed and strike a light when one woke with an idea. The device consisted
of a gridded card with sixteen squares and a system of symbols representing an alphabet of Dodgson's
design, using letter shapes similar to the Graffiti writing system on a Palm device.[67]
He also devised a number of games, including an early version of
what today is known as Scrabble. He appears to have invented –
or at least certainly popularized – the "doublet" (see word ladder),
a form of brain-teaser that is still popular today, changing one word
into another by altering one letter at a time, each successive change
always resulting in a genuine word. For instance, CAT is
transformed into DOG by the following steps: CAT, COT, DOT,
DOG.[28] The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were the
subject of Martin Gardner's March 1960 Mathematical Games
column in Scientific American. Reconstructed nyctograph, with
scale demonstrated by a 5 euro cent.
Other items include a rule for finding the day of the week for any
date; a means for justifying right margins on a typewriter; a
steering device for a velociam (a type of tricycle); fairer elimination rules for tennis tournaments; a new sort
of postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; rules for a win in betting; rules for dividing a number
by various divisors; a cardboard scale for the Senior Common Room at Christ Church which, held next to a
glass, ensured the right amount of liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip to fasten
envelopes or mount things in books; a device for helping a bedridden invalid to read from a book placed
sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.[28]

He also proposed alternative systems of parliamentary representation. He proposed the so-called Dodgson's
method, using the Condorcet method.[68] In 1884, he proposed a proportional representation system based
on multi-member districts, each voter casting only a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to take
seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now called Liquid democracy.[69]

Mathematical work
Within the academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily
in the fields of geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic,
and recreational mathematics, producing nearly a dozen books under his
real name. Dodgson also developed new ideas in linear algebra (e.g., the
first printed proof of the Kronecker–Capelli theorem),[70][71] probability,
and the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some
of this work was not published until well after his death. His occupation as
Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Church gave him some financial
security.[72]

Mathematical logic A posthumous portrait of

Lewis Carroll by Hubert von
His work in the field of mathematical logic attracted renewed interest in the Herkomer, based on
late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines and diagrams photographs. This painting
and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the second part of now hangs in the Great Hall
of Christ Church, Oxford.
Dodgson's symbolic logic book have sparked a reevaluation of Dodgson's
contributions to symbolic logic.[73][74][75] It is recognized that in his
Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson introduced the Method of Trees, the
earliest modern use of a truth tree.[76]

Algebra
Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation[77] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants,
led them to the alternating sign matrix conjecture, now a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The discovery in the 1990s of additional ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria
Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated mathematical ideas in their creation.[78]

Correspondence
Dodgson wrote and received as many as 98,721 letters, according to a special letter register which he
devised. He documented his advice about how to write more satisfying letters in a missive entitled "Eight or
Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing".[79]

Later years
Dodgson's existence remained little changed over the last twenty years of
his life, despite his growing wealth and fame. He continued to teach at
Christ Church until 1881 and remained in residence there until his death.
Public appearances included attending the West End musical Alice in
Wonderland (the first major live production of his Alice books) at the
Prince of Wales Theatre on 30 December 1886.[80] The two volumes of
his last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 and 1893, but the
intricacy of this work was apparently not appreciated by contemporary
readers; it achieved nothing like the success of the Alice books, with
disappointing reviews and sales of only 13,000 copies.[81][82]

The only known occasion on which he travelled abroad was a trip to Lewis Carroll in later life
Russia in 1867 as an ecclesiastic, together with the Reverend Henry
Liddon. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first
commercially published in 1935.[83] On his way to Russia and back, he also saw different cities in
Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland, and France.

Death
Dodgson died of pneumonia following influenza on 14 January 1898 at
his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the county of Surrey,
just four days before the death of Henry Liddell. He was two weeks away
from turning 66 years old. His funeral was held at the nearby St Mary's
Church.[84] His body was buried at the Mount Cemetery in Guildford.[28]

He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its stained glass

windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Controversies and mysteries The grave of Lewis Carroll at

the Mount Cemetery in
Guildford
Sexuality
Some late twentieth-century biographers have suggested that Dodgson's interest in children had an erotic
element, including Morton N. Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),[85] Donald Thomas in his
Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: A
Biography (1996). Cohen, in particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional
outlets", and further writes:

We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference for drawing and
photographing children in the nude. He contended the preference was entirely aesthetic. But
given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms,
his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more than he dared
acknowledge, even to himself.[86]

Cohen goes on to note that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of his

friends that his attachment to the nude female child form was free of any
eroticism", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface"
(p. 229). He argues that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-
old Alice Liddell and that this was the cause of the unexplained "break"
with the family in June 1863,[28] an event for which other explanations are
offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short
of identifying Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's
diaries and papers), but they concur that he had a passion for small female
children and next to no interest in the adult world. Catherine Robson refers
to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".[87]
Lewis Carroll portrait of
Several other writers and scholars have challenged the evidential basis for Beatrice Hatch
Cohen's and others' views about Dodgson's sexual interests. Hugues
Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's child photography within the
"Victorian Child Cult", which perceived child nudity as essentially an expression of innocence.[88] Lebailly
claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream and fashionable in Dodgson's time and that most
photographers made them as a matter of course, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret
Cameron. Lebailly continues that child nudes even appeared on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very
different social and aesthetic assessment of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of
Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, and to have
presented it as some form of personal idiosyncrasy, when it was a response to a prevalent aesthetic and
philosophical movement of the time.

Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular on his controversial sexuality. She argues
that the allegations of paedophilia rose initially from a misunderstanding of Victorian morals, as well as the
mistaken idea – fostered by Dodgson's various biographers – that he had no interest in adult women. She
termed the traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention to the large amounts of
evidence in his diaries and letters that he was also keenly interested in adult women, married and single,
and enjoyed several relationships with them that would have been considered scandalous by the social
standards of his time. She also pointed to the fact that many of those whom he described as "child-friends"
were girls in their late teens and even twenties.[89] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only
many years after his death, when his well-meaning family had suppressed all evidence of his relationships
with women in an effort to preserve his reputation, thus giving a false impression of a man interested only
in little girls. Similarly, Leach points to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed as the source of the dubious
claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.[90]
In addition to the biographical works that have discussed Dodgson's sexuality, there are modern artistic
interpretations of his life and work that do so as well – in particular, Dennis Potter in his play Alice and his
screenplay for the motion picture Dreamchild, and Robert Wilson in his musical Alice.

Ordination

Dodgson had been groomed for the ordained ministry in the Church of England from a very early age and
was expected to be ordained within four years of obtaining his master's degree, as a condition of his
residency at Christ Church. He delayed the process for some time but was eventually ordained as a deacon
on 22 December 1861. But when the time came a year later to be ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to
the dean for permission not to proceed. This was against college rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him
that he would have to consult the college ruling body, which would almost certainly have resulted in his
being expelled. For unknown reasons, Liddell changed his mind overnight and permitted Dodgson to
remain at the college in defiance of the rules.[91] Dodgson never became a priest, unique amongst senior
students of his time.

There is currently no conclusive evidence about why Dodgson rejected the priesthood. Some have
suggested that his stammer made him reluctant to take the step because he was afraid of having to
preach.[92] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty in reading lessons and prayers rather
than preaching in his own words.[93] But Dodgson did indeed preach in later life, even though not in
priest's orders, so it seems unlikely that his impediment was a major factor affecting his choice. Wilson also
points out that the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, had strong views
against clergy going to the theatre, one of Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms of
Christianity (he was an admirer of F. D. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy).[94] Dodgson
became deeply troubled by an unexplained sense of sin and guilt at this time (the early 1860s) and
frequently expressed the view in his diaries that he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the
priesthood and this sense of sin and unworthiness may well have affected his decision to abandon being
ordained to the priesthood.[95]

Missing diaries

At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.[96]
The loss of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been removed by an unknown hand. Most
scholars assume that the diary material was removed by family members in the interests of preserving the
family name, but this has not been proven.[97] Except for one page, material is missing from his diaries for
the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).[98][99] This was a period when
Dodgson began suffering great mental and spiritual anguish and confessing to an overwhelming sense of
his own sin. This was also the period of time when he composed his extensive love poetry, leading to
speculation that the poems may have been autobiographical.[100][101]

Many theories have been put forward to explain the missing material. A popular explanation for one
missing page (27 June 1863) is that it might have been torn out to conceal a proposal of marriage on that
day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has never been any evidence to suggest
that this was so, and a paper offers some evidence to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach
in the Dodgson family archive in 1996.[102]

This paper is known as the "cut pages in diary" document, and was compiled by various members of
Carroll's family after his death. Part of it may have been written at the time when the pages were destroyed,
though this is unclear. The document offers a brief summary of two diary pages that are missing, including
the one for 27 June 1863. The summary for this page states that Mrs. Liddell told Dodgson that there was
gossip circulating about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as about his relationship with "Ina",
presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the
Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in response to this
gossip.[103][104] An alternative interpretation has been made regarding
Carroll's rumoured involvement with "Ina": Lorina was also the name of
Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial and surprising is that
the document seems to imply that Dodgson's break with the family was not
connected with Alice at all; until a primary source is discovered, the events
of 27 June 1863 will remain in doubt.

Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary for 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of
migraine with aura, describing very accurately the process of "moving
fortifications" that are a manifestation of the aura stage of the
syndrome.[105] Unfortunately, there is no clear evidence to show whether
The "cut pages in diary"
this was his first experience of migraine per se, or if he may have
document, in the Dodgson
previously suffered the far more common form of migraine without aura, family archive in Woking
although the latter seems most likely, given the fact that migraine most
commonly develops in the teens or early adulthood. Another form of
migraine aura called Alice in Wonderland syndrome has been named after Dodgson's little heroine because
its manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It is also known as micropsia and
macropsia, a brain condition affecting the way that objects are perceived by the mind. For example, an
afflicted person may look at a larger object such as a basketball and perceive it as if it were the size of a golf
ball. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson may have suffered from this type of aura and used it as an
inspiration in his work, but there is no evidence that he did.[106][107]

Dodgson also suffered two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by a Dr. Morshead,
Dr. Brooks, and Dr. Stedman, and they believed the attack and a consequent attack to be an "epileptiform"
seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have concluded from this that
he was a lifetime sufferer of this condition, but there is no evidence of this in his diaries beyond the
diagnosis of the two attacks already mentioned.[105] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have
suggested that Carroll may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always
completely lost but altered, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the same experiences as Alice in
Wonderland. Carroll had at least one incident in which he suffered full loss of consciousness and awoke
with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary and noted that the episode left him not feeling himself
for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform" and Carroll himself
later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.

Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not available in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart,
consultant neurologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her
conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely had
migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about
making a diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.[108]

Legacy
There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and
the investigation of his life.[109]

Copenhagen Street in Islington, north London is the location of the Lewis Carroll Children's Library.[110]
In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled a memorial stone to him in
Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.[111] In January 1994, an
asteroid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered and named after
Carroll. The Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood near his birthplace in
Daresbury opened in 2000.[112]

Born in All Saints' Vicarage, Daresbury, Cheshire, in 1832, Lewis

Carroll is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury in its
stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's
Adventures in Wonderland. In March 2012, the Lewis Carroll Lewis Carroll memorial window (Mad
Centre, attached to the church, was opened.[113] Hatter and March Hare pictured) at
All Saints' Church, Daresbury,
Cheshire
Works

Literary works
La Guida di Bragia, a Ballad Opera for the Marionette Theatre (around 1850)
"Miss Jones", comic song (1862)[114]
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
Phantasmagoria and Other Poems (1869)
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (includes "Jabberwocky" and
"The Walrus and the Carpenter") (1871)
The Hunting of the Snark (1876)
Rhyme? And Reason? (1883) – shares some contents with the 1869 collection, including
the long poem "Phantasmagoria"
A Tangled Tale (1885)
Sylvie and Bruno (1889)
The Nursery "Alice" (1890)
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893)
Pillow Problems (1893)
What the Tortoise Said to Achilles (1895)
Three Sunsets and Other Poems (1898)
The Manlet (1903)[115]

Mathematical works
A Syllabus of Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
The Fifth Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, With Their Application to Simultaneous Linear
Equations and Algebraic Equations
Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879), both literary and mathematical in style
Symbolic Logic Part I
Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
The Game of Logic (1887)
Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
 The Theory of Committees and Elections, collected, edited, analysed, and published in
1958, by Duncan Black

Other works
Some Popular Fallacies about Vivisection (https://www.academia.edu/9962213/)
Eight or Nine Wise Words About Letter-Writing
Notes by an Oxford Chiel (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Notes_by_an_Oxford_Chiel)
The Principles of Parliamentary Representation (1884)

See also
Lewis Carroll identity
Lewis Carroll Shelf Award
RGS Worcester and The Alice Ottley School – Miss Ottley, the first Headmistress of The
Alice Ottley School, was a friend of Lewis Carroll. One of the school's houses was named
after him.
Carroll diagram
Origins of a Story
The White Knight

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child/dreamchild5.html). Retrieved 5 January 2011.
102. Dodgson Family Collection, Cat. No. F/17/1. "Cut Pages in Diary (https://web.archive.org/we
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104. "Text available on-line" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072055/http://www.lewiscarro
ll.cc/cutpages.html). Looking for Lewis Carroll. Archived from the original (http://www.lewisca
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105. Wakeling, Edward (Ed.) "The Diaries of Lewis Carroll", Vol. 9, p. 52
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107. Podoll, K; Robinson, D (1999). "Lewis Carroll's migraine experiences". The Lancet. 353
(9161): 1366. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74368-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-673
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ISBN 978-0-312-67371-0.
109. "Lewis Carroll Societies" (http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/societi
es.html). Lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
110. " 'A most curious thing' / Lewis Carroll Library" (https://web.archive.org/web/2015040303314
8/http://www.designbybeam.com/environment/lewis-carroll-library-3).
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ment/lewis-carroll-library-3/) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
111. "LEWIS CARROLL IS HONORED ON 150TH BIRTHDAY" (https://www.nytimes.com/1982/
12/18/arts/lewis-carroll-is-honored-on-150th-birthday.html). The New York Times. 18
December 1982. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
112. "Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood near Daresbury Runcorn" (https://www.woodlandtrust.org.u
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113. About Us (http://lewiscarrollcentre.org.uk/about-us/), Lewis Carroll Centre & All Saints
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sent to Yates the manuscript of the words of a 'melancholy song', entitled 'Miss Jones', he
hoped that it would be published and performed by a comedian on a London music-hall
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115. The Hunting of the Snark and Other Poems and Verses, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903

Bibliography
Clark, Ann (1979). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. London: J. M. Dent. ISBN 0-460-04302-1.
Cohen, Morton (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography (https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00
mort/page/30). Vintage Books. pp. 30–35 (https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00mort/pag
e/30). ISBN 0-679-74562-9.
Collingwood, Stuart Dodgson (1898). The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll (http://www.guten
berg.org/files/11483/11483-h/11483-h.htm). London: T. Fisher Unwin.

Leach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis
Carroll. London: Peter Owen.
Pizzati, Giovanni: "An Endless Procession of People in Masquerade". Figure piane in Alice
in Wonderland. 1993, Cagliari.
Reed, Langford: The Life of Lewis Carroll (1932. London: W. and G. Foyle)
Taylor, Alexander L., Knight: The White Knight (1952. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd)
Taylor, Roger & Wakeling, Edward: Lewis Carroll, Photographer. 2002. Princeton University
Press. ISBN 0-691-07443-7. (Catalogues nearly every Carroll photograph known to be still
in existence.)
Thomas, Donald (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Barnes and Noble, Inc. ISBN 978-0-
7607-1232-0.
Wilson, Robin (2008). Lewis Carroll in Numberland: His Fantastical Mathematical Logical
Life. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9757-6.
Woolf, Jenny: The Mystery of Lewis Carroll. 2010. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-
312-61298-6

Further reading
Black, Duncan (1958). The Circumstances in which Rev. C. L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll)
wrote his Three Pamphlets and Appendix: Text of Dodgson's Three Pamphlets and of 'The
Cyclostyled Sheet' in The Theory of Committees and Elections, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Bowman, Isa (1899). The Story of Lewis Carroll: Told for Young People by the Real Alice in
Wonderland, Miss Isa Bowman. London: J.M. Dent & Co.
Carroll, Lewis: The Annotated Alice: 150th Anniversary Deluxe Edition. Illustrated by John
Tenniel. Edited by Martin Gardner & Mark Burstein. W. W. Norton. 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-
24543-1
Dodgson, Charles L.: Euclid and His Modern Rivals. Macmillan. 1879.

Dodgson, Charles L.: The Pamphlets of Lewis Carroll

Vol. 1: The Oxford Pamphlets. 1993. ISBN 0-8139-1250-4
Vol. 2: The Mathematical Pamphlets. 1994. ISBN 0-9303-26-09-1
Vol. 3: The Political Pamphlets. 2001. ISBN 0-930326-14-8
Vol. 4: The Logic Pamphlets. 2010 ISBN 978-0-930326-25-8.
Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2016). The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of
Wonderland. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674970762.
 Goodacre, Selwyn (2006). All the Snarks: The Illustrated Editions of the Hunting of the
Snark. Oxford: Inky Parrot Press.
Graham-Smith, Darien (2005). Contextualising Carroll, University of Wales, Bangor. PhD
thesis.
Huxley, Francis: The Raven and the Writing Desk. 1976. ISBN 0-06-012113-0.
Kelly, Richard: Lewis Carroll. 1990. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Kelly, Richard (ed.): Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 2000. Peterborough, Ontario:
Broadviewpress.
Lovett, Charlie: Lewis Carroll Among His Books: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Private
Library of Charles L. Dodgson. 2005. ISBN 0-7864-2105-3
Waggoner, Diane (2020). Lewis Carroll's Photography and Modern Childhood. Princeton:
Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19318-2.
Wakeling, Edward (2015). The Photographs of Lewis Carroll: A Catalogue Raisonné.
Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76743-0.
Wullschläger, Jackie: Inventing Wonderland. ISBN 0-7432-2892-8. — Also looks at Edward
Lear (of the "nonsense" verses), J. M. Barrie (Peter Pan), Kenneth Grahame (The Wind in
the Willows), and A. A. Milne (Winnie-the-Pooh).
N.N.: Dreaming in Pictures: The Photography of Lewis Carroll. Yale University Press &
SFMOMA, 2004. (Places Carroll firmly in the art photography tradition.)

External links
Digital collections

Works by Lewis Carroll in eBook form (https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/lewis-carroll) at

Standard Ebooks
Works by Lewis Carroll (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Carroll,+Lewis) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about Lewis Carroll (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3
A%22Carroll%2C%20Lewis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lewis%20Carroll%22%20O
R%20creator%3A%22Carroll%2C%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%20Car
roll%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carroll%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Le
wis%20Carroll%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carroll%2C%20Lewis%22%20OR%20
description%3A%22Lewis%20Carroll%22%29%20OR%20%28%221832-1898%22%20AN
D%20Carroll%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Lewis Carroll (https://librivox.org/author/71) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Works by Lewis Carroll (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL22098A) at Open Library
The Poems of Lewis Carroll (http://www.poetry-index.net/LewisCarroll.html)
Lists and images of 1st editions (https://sites.google.com/site/lewiscarroll1steditions/)
Images of the illustrated editions of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland from 1899 to the
present day (https://sites.google.com/site/lewiscarrollillustratedalice/)
Illustrators of The Hunting of the Snark (https://sites.google.com/site/lewiscarrollillustratedsn
ark/)

Physical collections

Guide to Harcourt Amory collection of Lewis Carroll (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Houg

h:hou00171) at Houghton Library (https://web.archive.org/web/20111121125844/http://hcl.ha
rvard.edu/libraries/houghton/), Harvard University
 Lewis Carroll (http://www.bl.uk/people/lewis-carroll) at the British Library
The Fales Library Guide to the Alfred C. Berol Collection of Lewis Carroll (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20090307134836/http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/fales/berol.html)
Lewis Carroll online exhibition (http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/web/carroll/) at the
Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Lewis Carroll Scrapbook Collection at the Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov/intldl/c
arrollhtml/lchome.html)
Guide to The Alfred C. Berol Collection of Lewis Carroll (https://web.archive.org/web/200903
07134836/http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/fales/berol.html) in the Fales Library at New
York University
Sewell, Byron W.; Sewell, Susan R. "Byron W. Sewell and Susan R. Sewell: A Preliminary
Inventory of Their Collection of Lewis Carroll at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research
Center" (https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.hrc.utexas.edu%
3A8080%2Fhrcxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dead%2F00284.xml%26query%3Dcarroll%2C%2
520lewis%26query-join%3Dand&date=2009-09-12). Harry Ransom Center at the University
of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original (http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/vie
w?docId=ead/00284.xml&query=carroll,%20lewis&query-join=and) on 12 September 2009.
Retrieved 12 September 2009.
"Archival material relating to Lewis Carroll" (https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/
c/F62506). UK National Archives.

Biographical information and scholarship

Lewis Carroll at victorianweb.org (http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/carroll/index.html)

Edward Wakeling's Lewis Carroll site (http://www.wakeling.demon.co.uk/) — extensive
information on Lewis Carroll by scholar Edward Wakeling.
Lewis Carroll: Reality & Myth (http://www.real-lewis-carroll.com/) — comparing some of the
legends with the factual reality.
Lewis Carroll Resources: interactive tools, databases, and bibliographies for Carroll
scholars (http://lewiscarrollresources.net)
Jabberwocky (http://www.jabberwock.co.uk/blog/)- The Official Blog of biographer Jenny
Woolf.
Contrariwise: the Association for New Lewis Carroll Studies (http://www.contrariwise.wild-re
ality.net/) — articles by leading members of the 'new scholarship'
Lewis Carroll's Shifting Reputation (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/Lewis-Carr
olls-Shifting-Reputation.html?c=y&page=1)

Other links

Lewis Carroll (https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author3.htm) at the Internet

Book List
Lewis Carroll (http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?3059) at the Internet Speculative Fiction
Database
Lewis Carroll (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0140902/) at IMDb
Newspaper clippings about Lewis Carroll (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003019)
in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
The Lewis Carroll Society (http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/)
Lewis Carroll Society of North America (http://www.lewiscarroll.org/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&oldid=1058020309"

This page was last edited on 1 December 2021, at 00:12 (UTC).

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