By: Group E
November 25th 2002
Do you have any idea?
How many valves are there in the McMaster
Boiler House??
450!
Agenda
• Introduction
• Valve Selection
• Types of valves and actuators
• Valve Sizing
• Valve Arrangements
• Troubleshooting
• Safety Issues
• Economics
Valve Selection
VALVE BODY + ACTUATOR
=
CONTROL VALVE!
Types of Valves
Gate Diaphragm
Butterfly
Globe
Valve
McKetta, John J., Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1997
Types of Actuators
Diaphragm Electric
Piston Hydraulic
McKetta, John J., Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1997
Selection of Valves
exercise
Butterfly Valve
feed
product
air
Source: http://www.chemicals-technology.com/contractor_images
fuel
Source: http://www.chemeng.mcmaster.ca/courses/che4n4/SafetyEngineering/Safety_HAZOP_2002.ppt
Selection of Valves
Source: http://www.yorkland.net/valves.htm
Valve Sizing
The 6 Steps to Sizing a Valve are:
1. Define the System
2. Define a maximum allowable pressure drop for
the valve
3. Calculate the valve characteristic
4. Preliminary valve selection
5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
6. Check the gain across applicable flow rates
Adapted from http://www.cheresources.com
Valve Sizing
Step 1. Define the System
Imagine a system pumping water from one
tank to another through a piping system:
•total pressure drop = 150 psi
•The fluid is water at 70 0F
•Design flow rate of 150 gpm, operating flow rate of
110 gpm, and a minimum flow rate of 25 gpm
•The pipe diameter is 3 inches
Valve Sizing
Step 2. Define a maximum allowable pressure drop
for the valve
A valve should be designed to use 10-15% of the total pressure
drop or 10 psi, whichever is greater.
What would the pressure drop over the valve be in OUR system??
15 psi!
Valve Sizing
Step 3. Calculate the valve characteristic
For our system,
Therefore, the flow charactertistic for this system is 39
Note that this Cv is with the valve at 100% open
Valve Sizing
Step 4. Preliminary valve selection
The calculated Cv should not be used directly to choose the valve.
The Cv value should be used as a guide in the valve selection, not a
hard and fast rule. Some other considerations are:
a. Never use a valve that is less than half the pipe size
b. Avoid using the lower 10% and upper 20% of the valve stroke.
The valve is much easier to control in the 10-80% stroke range.
Valve Sizing
Step 4. Preliminary valve selection
For our case, it appears the 2 inch valve will work well for our Cv
value.
Valve Sizing
Step 5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
Is your system more likely to operate closer to the maximum
flowrates more often than the minimum flowrates? Or is it more
likely to operate near the minimum flowrate for extended
periods of time?
It's difficult to find the perfect valve, but you should find one
that operates well most of the time.
Valve Sizing
Step 5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
What is the Cv value at our minimum flow rate?
Will the valve we’ve chosen be acceptable?
Valve Sizing
Step 5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
Cv = 6.5
What stroke is associated with this Cv?
A stroke of ~35%! This is good!
Valve Sizing
Step 6. Check the gain across applicable flow rates
For our system,
Change in flow Change in Stroke
Flow (gpm) Stroke (%) Cv Values
(gpm) (%)
25 35 6.5
110-25 = 85 73-35 = 38
110 73 28
150 85 39
150-110 = 40 85-73 = 12
Therefore, our gains are: Gain #1 = 85/38 = 2.2
Gain #2 = 40-12 = 3.3
Valve Sizing
Step 6. Check the gain across applicable flow rates
The difference between the gain values should be less than 50% of
the higher value, but the gain should never be less than 0.50.
For our system,
•50% of the higher value is 0.5 x 3.3 = 1.65
•The difference between the gains is 3.3 – 2.2 = 1.1
•The gain is greater than 0.5
Therefore, the valve we selected seems OKAY!
Valve Arrangements
1. Series
2. Parallel
3. Series & Parallel
4. Bypass
5. Double block & Bleed
Examples – Workshop
pH Control Example
Base
What type of Valve
arrangement is applicable?
Acid
CSTR
pH
Volume of Base
Troubleshooting
Common Symptoms
• Valve will not respond to signal.
• Sticky Valve
• Sluggish Valve
• Jumpy Valve
• Rotary valve does not rotate
– refer to Handout for detailed analysis
Safety
• Power Failure
• Fluid Forces
• Thermal Expansion
• Electrical Hazards
• Hazards Peculiar to
the Process
2000
Economics
1800 Butterfly
1600 Segment Ball
1400 Eccentic Rotary Plug
1200
Globe
Pounds
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Size (inches)
