Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85 (11): 1229–1234, November 2015/Article

Estimation of demand and supply of livestock feed and fodder in

Rajasthan: a disaggregated analysis
PREM CHAND1, SMITA SIROHI2, SUNIL KUMAR SIROHI3 and VED PARKASH CHAHAL4

ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132 001 India

Received: 3 December 2012; Accepted: 30 April 2015

ABSTRACT
The paper estimates the district level availability and requirement of livestock feed and fodder in Rajasthan
using secondary data of triennium ending 2008–09. Availability of dry fodder and concentrates were estimated
using appropriate conversion ratios to different field crop production, while green fodder was estimated by applying
per hectare yield to different fodder sources. The requirement was worked out by converting livestock into adult
cattle units and multiplying by per unit consumption capacity. The annual availability of feed and fodder in the
state was estimated at 51.54 million tonne is against the requirement of 68.61 million tonne and thereby deficit of
around 25% per annum. The feed deficiency was estimated almost in all the districts except in the districts of
Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Churu and Ganganagar. The eastern and south eastern districts were deficit in
green fodder whereas western and southern hill districts were deficit in dry fodder. Other critical dimensions were
low roughage: concentration ration (1:0.06) and high population pressure on pasture and grazing lands. The policies
to develop silvi-pastoral model, creation of fodder banks/ storage facilities, strengthening extension system,
developing drought resistant and high yielding variety, crop varieties with emphasis on fodder component needs
priority attention.

Key words: Common property resources, Carrying capacity, Feed gap, Fodder demand, Fodder supply

Livestock production is an integral part of the farming farmers maintain a large herd of animals, which triggers a
system in the rainfed areas, especially in the ecologically vicious circle of continuous livestock increase. This causes
fragile semi-arid areas. The contribution of livestock sector sharp acceleration of environmental degradation consequent
is much higher in Rajasthan as compared to other parts of to surpassing carrying capacity and sustainability of natural
country. The contribution of livestock in value of output environment.
from agriculture at current prices in the state during 2008– Up-to-date information on feed and fodder requirement
09 was 36.84% while the corresponding figure at all India for livestock is essentially required for livestock
level was 26.87% (CSO 2011). However, there are numbers development planning not only for short-term and long-
of supply side constraints in livestock production in the term planning but also to develop a feed security system in
country. Availability of feed in quantity as well as quality the state. Although several attempts have been made to
is one of the most limiting factors to improve the livestock estimate the livestock feed and fodder availability in the
productivity (Birthal and Jha 2005). The supply of feeds country, very few and up-to-date comprehensive studies are
has always remained short of normative requirement (Jain available on estimation of availability and requirement of
et al. 1996, Singh et al. 1997, Ramachandra et al. 2007, feed at disaggregated level, particularly in arid and semi-
Dikshit and Birthal 2010, Thirunavukkarasu et al. 2011, arid region of country where livestock plays an important
GoI 2012). The situation is further aggravated in Rajasthan role. The present study develops a more realistic
where considerable area falls in arid and semi-arid zones. methodology and estimates feed availability and
To compensate for the low productivity of livestock, requirement in Rajasthan at district level.

Present Address: 1 Scientist (Sr. Scale) (prem3281 MATERIALS AND METHODS

@gmail.com, [email protected]), ICAR-Zonal Project Data source: The study is entirely based on secondary
Directorate, Zone-VII, JNKVV Campus, Jabalpur. 2Principal
data. District level data regarding land use, area and
Scientist ([email protected]), Dairy Economics, Statistics
and Management Division, 3([email protected]), Dairy Cattle production under different crops, livestock population for
Nutrition Division. 4Principal Scientist ([email protected]), triennium ending 2008–09 were collected from various
Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Council of Agricultural published and unpublished sources.
Research, KAB-I, New Delhi. Estimation of availability of livestock feed: Livestock

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1230 CHAND ET AL. [Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85 (11)

feed availability was estimated on dry matter (DM) basis buffaloes and crossbred cows that is approximately
from (i) roughages which includes straw and stalk, fodder equivalent to 7.5 kg/ACU. Similarly, Dikshit and Birthal
(green and dry), grass, etc., and (ii) concentrates which are (2010) also found all-India average feed consumption rate
made up of oilcakes, crushed pulses, grains, wheat and rice to be about 7.4–8.8 kg DM for adult female buffaloes
bran, husk, etc. The percentage of dry matter in different (ACU=1.3). The district wise feed demand was estimated
kind of feed and fodder was used as suggested by Ranjhan by multiplying the annual feed consumption per ACU with
et al. (1999). total number of ACUs in the respective district. The feed
Roughages: Dry fodder from crop-residues of various balance was then computed as% gap between the demand
utilizable cereals, pulses and oilseed crops was estimated and production.
based on the grain-to-straw ratio taken in earlier studies
(Jain et al. 1996, Ramachandra et al. 2007) as well as based RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
on information taken from subject matter specialist in the Estimation of dry fodder availability: The availability
study area. Further, it was assumed that 95% of crop- of dry fodders on dry matter basis was estimated from
residues are consumed by livestock (CSO 2012). cereals, pulses and other sources like oilseeds, guar seed,
Estimation of green fodder was made from the resources etc., (Table 1). The total dry fodder in the state was estimated
like forage crops, grasses from forest, pastures and grazing 23.94 million tonnes accounting nearly 6% of the dry fodder
lands, cultivable wasteland, etc. The data on area under production from all-India level (GoI 2012). More than 90%
fodder crops, both irrigated as well as unirrigated, forest, of dry fodder was contributed by straws, stalks and stovers
pasture and grazing lands and cultivable wasteland were of cereals. Pulses formed nearly 3% while about 7% was
collected from Land Utilization Statistics published by the coming from other sources include oilseed, guar seed, etc.
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Among different districts, Alwar contributed highest
India. The average yield of cultivated green fodder was
taken as 50 and 25 tonnes/ha under irrigated and unirrigated Table 1. District level availability of dry fodder from
different sources in Rajasthan
conditions, respectively (CSO 2012), from forest land 1.5
tonnes/ha and 1 tonne from fallow lands, cultural wastelands (DM in ‘000 tonnes)
and miscellaneous tree crops (Ramachandra et al. 2007 and District Cereals Pulses Others Total
DAHD Undated), and 0.3 DM tonne from permanent
pasture and grazing lands, an average biomass yield on dry Ajmer 366.50 12.29 5.85 384.64
matter basis suggested by CSWRI (Undated). Alwar 1752.81 8.25 91.50 1852.57
Concentrates: The concentrates are made up of oilcakes, Banswara 707.01 12.64 5.25 724.90
Baran 454.96 3.41 89.93 548.30
crushed pulses, grains, rice polish and wheat bran. It was
Barmer 282.52 13.07 19.73 315.32
assumed that 2% of wheat, 10% of maize, 1% of rice, 5% Bharatpur 1106.25 4.48 66.57 1177.31
of barley, sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet are fed to Bhilwara 826.75 13.17 18.43 858.35
the animals (Jain et al. 1996). In addition to the grains, Bikaner 335.59 67.23 183.22 586.04
wheat bran and rice polish were estimated to be 6% of wheat Bundi 649.53 12.58 34.76 696.88
production and that of rice polish to be 3% of rice Chittorgarh 1340.37 7.14 59.66 1407.17
production, respectively (Jain et al. 1996). To estimate the Churu 537.03 80.94 54.18 672.15
production of oilseed cakes, the ratio of meal to seed was Dausa 805.94 2.48 41.71 850.13
used as 55.7% of rapeseed and mustard, 31.7% of sunflower, Dholpur 549.74 2.16 18.37 570.26
Dungarpur 295.97 10.45 1.02 307.45
29.5% of soybean, 44.9% of groundnut, 67% of linseed,
Ganganagar 869.09 52.10 118.47 1039.66
39.4% of sesamum and nigerseed, and 10.4% of cottonseed Hanumangarh 1092.28 53.74 138.91 1284.93
(per bale) (Ranjhan et al. 1999) and it was assumed that Jaipur 1529.12 30.53 97.78 1657.43
85% of oilcake production is assumed to be available for Jaisalmer 40.54 14.52 19.69 74.75
livestock population. Jalore 385.54 15.76 29.15 430.45
Estimation of livestock feed requirement and gap: The Jhalawar 420.64 19.01 80.40 520.05
requirement of animal feed on dry matter basis was Jhunjhunu 841.27 37.75 25.83 904.85
estimated based on Livestock Population Census (2007). Jodhpur 670.90 28.37 68.07 767.34
The district wise livestock population of the state was Karauli 804.55 6.81 27.88 839.24
Kota 442.37 4.95 67.38 514.69
converted into adult cattle units (ACUs) as per Bhati (1981)
Nagaur 1158.41 91.79 63.30 1313.50
and Kumbhare at al. (1983). The capacity of consumption Pali 284.25 14.09 22.81 321.15
for the appetite of the animal is measured by the amount of Rajsamand 281.86 0.40 4.75 287.02
dry matter in the ration, which an animal can consume. The Sawaimadhopur 455.99 8.81 41.42 506.22
dry matter consumption was used @ 7 kg/ACU/day (i.e. Sikar 1018.64 29.08 55.52 1103.24
2% of the body weight of 350 kg) which is in accordance Sirohi 171.72 2.47 10.66 184.84
with GoI (2002) and Ramachandra et al. (2007). Based on Tonk 386.14 13.62 45.29 445.05
the field survey of irrigated region of Rajasthan, Chand and Udaipur 778.39 7.68 10.84 796.92
Sirohi (2012) reported average DMI as 10 kg/animal for Rajasthan 21642.68 681.79 1618.34 23942.81

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November 2015] DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF LIVESTOCK FEED AND FODDER 1231

followed by Jaipur, Chittorgarh, Nagaur and Hanumangarh. irrigation facilities and low rainfall, the green fodder
These 5 districts contributed nearly 1/3rd of the total dry production in these districts is high because of higher area
fodder production from the state. Around 34% of bajra, under unirrigated fodder crops, pastures and grazing land,
35% of rice and 45% of barley of the state is being produced and cultivable waste lands. Similarly, canal irrigated
by these districts. districts namely Hanumangarh and Ganganagar each
Estimation of green fodder availability: The green fodder contributed around more than 5% of total green fodder
production available from forage crops, pasture and grazing production in the state. Southern and eastern flood prone
lands, forest, cultivable waste lands, tops of sugarcane, districts namely Dholpur, Banswara, Swaimadhopur,
potato and sweet potato (Table 2). The total green fodder in Bharatpur and Dungarpar that had higher dry fodder
the state on dry matter basis was estimated 24.87 million availability were worse-off in terms of green fodder
tonnes. Interestingly, around 46% of total green fodder of production.
state was contributed only by 5 arid western districts namely On an average 61% of total green fodders are accounted
Bikaner, Jaisalmer Barmer, Churu and Jodhpur. Despite less by cultivated forage crops. There was wide inter-district
Table 2. District-wise availability of green fodder from different sources in Rajasthan
(DM in ‘000 tonnes)
Districts Fodder from forage crops Grasses Tops Total green fodder
Irrigated Un-irrigated Total

Ajmer 31.98 55.79 87.76 362.21 0.09 450.06

Alwar 53.45 156.55 210.01 140.64 0.28 350.93
Banswara 5.16 4.83 9.99 112.21 0.57 122.77
Baran 3.09 9.04 12.13 260.84 0.13 273.1
Barmer 22.74 1513.04 1535.78 878.96 0.00 2414.74
Bharatpur 16.13 117.11 133.24 50.06 3.23 186.53
Bhilwara 49.98 177.58 227.56 556.91 0.59 785.06
Bikaner 619.32 2386.43 3005.75 455.54 0.01 3461.3
Bundi 17.56 55.15 72.71 180.18 5.95 258.84
Chittorgarh 52.73 61.07 113.81 462.77 2.37 578.95
Churu 4.22 1444.59 1448.81 157.21 0.00 1606.02
Dausa 12.41 65.20 77.61 119.24 0.01 196.86
Dholpur 6.43 9.69 16.11 88.20 3.60 107.91
Dungarpur 4.70 12.87 17.57 176.64 0.40 194.61
Ganganagar 1159.62 283.37 1442.99 41.17 8.28 1492.44
Hanumangarh 904.64 921.91 1826.55 25.91 0.21 1852.67
Jaipur 140.52 207.89 348.41 360.91 0.10 709.42
Jaisalmer 138.81 1324.09 1462.90 1080.26 0.00 2543.16
Jalore 47.92 241.25 289.17 209.84 0.08 499.09
Jhalawar 12.65 7.89 20.54 271.89 0.16 292.59
Jhunjhunu 88.43 249.57 338.01 180.72 0.00 518.73
Jodhpur 108.37 699.74 808.11 502.68 0.00 1310.79
Karauli 2.83 17.93 20.77 217.61 0.31 238.69
Kota 8.35 16.05 24.40 325.71 0.25 350.36
Nagaur 56.24 553.59 609.83 302.70 0.14 912.67
Pali 38.21 278.77 316.98 419.44 0.00 736.42
Rajsamand 28.49 38.90 67.39 274.20 1.41 343
Sawaimadhopur 4.49 25.58 30.07 143.58 0.13 173.78
Sikar 86.98 304.81 391.79 196.99 0.18 588.96
Sirohi 45.65 82.23 127.88 217.70 0.04 345.62
Tonk 18.57 55.30 73.87 195.05 0.13 269.05
Udaipur 19.31 88.13 107.44 598.12 1.98 707.54
Rajasthan 3809.98 11465.95 15275.93 9566.08 30.65 24872.66

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1232 CHAND ET AL. [Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85 (11)

variability in green fodder availability from forage crops. of the farmers during all the seasons (Suresh et al. 2007),
In north western districts namely Hanumangarh and although in terms of production only 38% of green fodder
Ganganagar, more than 95% of green fodder came from was contributed by CPRs.
forage crops while in south districts namely Kota, Baran, Estimation of concentrates availability: The availability
Jhalawar and Banswara, the major green fodder source was of concentrates in the state was estimated to the tune of
grasses and trees from forest areas. Tops of sugarcane, potato 2.73 million tonnes (Table 3). The highest concentrates were
and sweet potato accounted negligible to green fodders estimated in the eastern districts namely Alwar and
production in the state (Table 2). Further, it is interesting to Bharatpur where dry fodder production was higher as
note that 3rd/4th of green fodder from forage crops was availability of concentrations and dry fodder are liked with
contributed by rainfed area and availability of which varies food crop production. While comparing with the earlier
year to year as it gets affected by monsoon. Common estimates (Jain et al. 1996), it appears that the availability
Property Resources (CPRs) are important nutritional source of concentrates in the state is almost stagnant as the case of
for small holders and small ruminant farmers. In Rajasthan, all-India estimates (Sampat et al. 2005).
CPRs constitute major source of green fodder for 85–99% Livestock feed and fodder supply-demand balance sheet:
The annual demand for livestock feed and fodder on the
Table 3. District-wise and source-wise availability of basis of adult cattle units and per unit intake capacity was
concentrates in Rajasthan estimated to be 68.61 million tonnes on dry matter basis
(DM in ‘000 tonnes) (Table 4) which comes around 1/10th of all-India feed and
fodder demand estimated by Dikshit and Birthal (2010).
District Grains, wheat bran Oilseed Total
and rice police cakes concentrates There was a wide inter-district variability in the feed demand
due to variability in the livestock population as well as its
Ajmer 10.53 6.14 16.67 composition. The highest demand exists in Jaipur followed
Alwar 74.84 179.11 253.95 by Udaipur, Barmer, Alwar and Jodhpur as these districts
Banswara 32.46 5.05 37.51 have higher population of dairy animals.
Baran 30.66 132.78 163.44 The percentage gap between the feed demand and supply
Barmer 6.42 6.89 13.31
was estimated to the tune of 24.88% in the state (Table 4).
The State Animal Husbandry Department of Rajasthan also
Bharatpur 53.78 150.93 204.71
estimated the feed deficit at around 27% in the state (GoR
Bhilwara 36.52 18.74 55.26
2007). In case of drought and western arid districts, the
Bikaner 12.43 48.85 61.28 shortage become more acute and goes up to 2/3rd of the
Bundi 39.90 54.66 94.56 demand (Singh 2011, Narain and Kar 2005). The shortfall
Chittorgarh 61.48 70.13 131.61 was not uniform across the districts. It was highest in
Churu 12.23 21.18 33.41 Dungarpur district (69.59%) followed by Ajmer (62.72%)
Dausa 30.42 58.12 88.54 Banswara (60.44%), Udaipur (59.32%) and Rajsamand
Dholpur 21.15 41.94 63.09 (55.56%). In general, the deficits were higher in southern
Dungarpur 13.14 0.52 13.66 districts. The livestock feed exceeded the demand in 5
Ganganagar 58.86 134.39 193.25 western and north western districts,viz. Hanumangarh,
Hanumangarh 61.49 60.45 121.94 Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Churu and Ganganagar. It was because
Jaipur 54.91 82.76 137.67
of well irrigated facility availability in the districts of
Hanumangarh and Ganganagar, while in remaining western
Jaisalmer 1.34 18.10 19.44
districts it was because of low livestock density. The
Jalore 10.27 40.87 51.14
regional variations were also observed in southern state of
Jhalawar 22.64 93.15 115.79 Karnataka (Raju et al. 2002, Anandan et al. 2003) and
Jhunjhunu 30.63 44.53 75.16 Himachal Pradesh (Dev et al. 2006).
Jodhpur 18.50 67.11 85.61 Livestock population pressure of common property
Karauli 28.79 56.56 85.35 resources: The livestock population pressure on feed and
Kota 29.34 105.14 134.48 fodder resources, viz. permanent pasture and grazing lands,
Nagaur 32.84 49.11 81.95 and net area sown was worked out in terms of area available
Pali 10.63 22.98 33.61 per ACU and presented in Table 4. The overall pressure on
Rajsamand 12.28 2.13 14.41 livestock feed resources (both grazing lands and net area
Sawaimadhopur 18.20 84.32 102.52 sown) in the state as a whole was worked out to be 1.43
Sikar 35.06 46.43 81.49
ACU/ha. For pasture and grazing lands, it was estimated at
15.84 ACU/ha, which is very high as compared to the
Sirohi 8.53 11.39 19.92
carrying capacity of CPRs in the semi-arid (Shankar and
Tonk 15.48 84.68 100.16
Gupta 1992) and in arid regions (0.2– 0.5 adult cattle unit;
Udaipur 33.86 8.14 42.00 Raheja 1966). It is also very high in comparison to the
Rajasthan 919.61 1807.27 2726.88 Himachal Pradesh where the average grazing pressure was

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Table 4. Supply, demand and gap of livestock feed and fodder demand across districts of Rajasthan

Districts Feed and fodder demand Livestock population pressure

ACU (No.) Feed demand Feed and Gap (%) Grazing Net Area Grazing lands
(million tonne) fodder lands sown and NSA
supply (ACU/ha) (ACU/ha) (ACU/ha)
(DM)

Ajmer 891.38 2.28 0.85 –62.72 11.37 2.12 1.79

Alwar 1244.95 3.18 2.46 –22.64 51.42 2.48 2.36
Banswara 879.68 2.25 0.89 –60.44 71.46 3.75 3.57
Baran 542.91 1.39 0.98 –29.50 15.18 1.62 1.47
Barmer 1419.39 3.63 2.74 –24.52 7.01 0.85 0.76
Bharatpur 625.58 1.60 1.57 –1.88 77.81 1.59 1.55
Bhilwara 967.87 2.47 1.70 –31.17 8.03 2.39 1.84
Bikaner 1018.75 2.60 4.11 58.08 19.77 0.76 0.73
Bundi 571.79 1.46 1.05 –28.08 23.39 2.24 2.04
Chittorgarh 1203.05 3.07 2.12 –30.94 14.14 2.67 2.24
Churu 707.25 1.81 2.31 27.62 18.74 0.61 0.59
Dausa 584.84 1.49 1.14 –23.49 22.42 2.68 2.40
Dholpur 376.96 0.96 0.74 –22.92 21.12 2.58 2.30
Dungarpur 668.65 1.71 0.52 –69.59 19.35 5.17 4.08
Ganganagar 869.95 2.22 2.73 22.97 6213.93 1.19 1.19
Hanumangarh 765.25 1.96 3.26 66.33 201.38 0.94 0.94
Jaipur 1570.23 4.01 2.50 –37.66 20.37 2.46 2.19
Jaisalmer 798.26 2.04 2.64 29.41 7.68 1.39 1.18
Jalore 853.33 2.18 0.98 –55.05 17.99 1.29 1.20
Jhalawar 698.86 1.79 0.93 –48.04 14.40 2.16 1.88
Jhunjhunu 660.72 1.69 1.50 –11.24 16.72 1.56 1.43
Jodhpur 1233.48 3.15 2.16 –31.43 10.11 1.00 0.91
Karauli 567.09 1.45 1.16 –20.00 18.36 2.93 2.52
Kota 461.74 1.18 1.00 –15.25 32.27 1.71 1.62
Nagaur 1211.03 3.09 2.31 –25.24 16.77 0.96 0.91
Pali 904.53 2.31 1.09 –52.81 9.94 1.49 1.29
Rajsamand 565.37 1.44 0.64 –55.56 9.83 5.88 3.68
Sawaimadhopur 444.14 1.13 0.78 –30.97 18.05 1.67 1.53
Sikar 990.79 2.53 1.77 –30.04 24.41 1.89 1.75
Sirohi 437.28 1.12 0.55 –50.89 13.11 2.76 2.28
Tonk 624.45 1.60 0.81 –49.38 14.78 1.42 1.29
Udaipur 1491.78 3.81 1.55 –59.32 17.24 5.84 4.36
Rajasthan 26851.33 68.61 51.54 –24.88 15.84 1.57 1.43

estimated 1.26 ACU/ha (Dev et al. 2006). The livestock the feed was contributed by crop residues which are having
population pressure was highest in southern and eastern as low nutritive value. The roughage concentration ratio was
compared to western and northern western districts. very low (1:0.06) in the state and it was less than state
The paper has estimated the livestock feed and fodder average for more than half of the districts mainly falling in
demand, supply and gap across different districts of western and southern part of the state. The overall pressure
Rajasthan. The study estimated the annual feed availability on feed resources (both grazing lands and net area sown) in
of 51.54 million tonnes against the requirement of 68.61 the state as a whole was worked out to be very high at 1.43
million ton thereby deficit of 24.87% per annum. Almost ACU/ha with wide inter-district variability. The stocking
all the districts were facing the deficit except of five western rate in terms of 15.81 ACUs/ha of pasture and grazing
and north western districts namely Hanumangarh, Bikaner, indicates that subsistence on these resources are subjected
Jaisalmer, Churu and Ganganagar. Nearly half (46%) of to heavy stress as a result of poor quality herbages on CPR

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1234 CHAND ET AL. [Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85 (11)

land, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. There is a need Government of India, New Delhi.
to develop silvi-pastoral model by integrating grasses and GoR 2007. Rajasthan state livestock development policy.
fodder trees, particularly in southern districts, creation of Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fishery,
fodder banks/ storage facilities in partnership with user Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
Jain D K, Sharma K N S, Walli T K and Rai S N. 1996. Estimates
groups, strengthening extension system and to develop a
of nutrient requirement and availability for bovine population
mechanism of participatory management of CPRs. Though across major states in India. Technical Bulletin, NDRI, Karnal.
varieties of fodder crops are available, there is a need to Kumbhare S L, Sharma K N S and Patel R K. 1983.
develop drought resistant and high yielding variety suitable Standardisation of Bovine Units. Indian Journal of Animal
for cultivation on agricultural lands or crop varieties with Sciences 53: 543–47.
fodder component needs emphasis. Narain P and Kar A. (Ed.) 2005. Drought in Rajasthan: Impact,
coping mechanism and management strategies. Central Arid
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