CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers an overview of the research background and the

rationale for choosing the topic of hegemonic patriarchy in Elif Shafak’s The 10

Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World as well as the research question and

the objective of the study. Significance of the study is provided to show the

benefits of the study. It is followed by the description of the research method

discussing the research design, data source, data collection, and data analysis.

Several key terms are defined by the end of this chapter to ease the readers in

understanding the study.

A. Background of the Study

Women are always interesting to talk. The discussion of women seems to

be never ending. The issues related to women became a long issue that seems to

be never finished to discuss (CNN, November 29th, 2019). Not just in the form of

subordination, women even experience more extreme act up to the level of

murder. Mass media such as television, radio, newspapers or online media never

stop reporting issues related to women. Sexual harassment, rape, beatings,

oppression and murder are common stories that tend to inspire others to do the

same.

Historically, discussions about women or feminism have appeared long

ago. The emergence of feminism is closely related to political and social

movements that fight for the equal rights as the position of women in their social

environment has been constructed for a long time, before the emergence of

1
feminism concept. The social construction for some women is uncomfortable

because only a small number can enjoy its position in the society. Discomfort and

dissatisfaction with the position of women is due to the subordinate position or the

second sex (Beauvoir, 2003) which is the result they tend to be marginalized,

treated not good (violence), stereotypes, and was given a double work load. That

construction reaps opposition to feminism because it excluded women from the

notion of humanity intact. Woman getting unfair treatment and are potentially at

acts of marginalization, subordination, and violence. This unfair treatment in turn

will produce the construction of inequality views of society, as explained above,

that women do not have an equal position as men. They are viewed lower than

men. Departing from here, women begin to shape and design the concept of

feminism in such a way to make women stand equally with men.

While the study of feminism in literature itself developed around the

1960s, during the Civil Rights Campaign in America and Europe (Plain, 2007).

The feminism term has transformed into the academic study of literary text and

discussed by most scholars of social, politics, literature, and so on.

Even though the draft conceptualization of feminism is ripe and the voice

to have gender equality is carried out rapidly, an inequality view against women

still continues to occur and is very easy to find. In fact, in the modern era, the

issue of women, especially violence, is increasingly sadistic and rampant. Not

only used as the second sex, women today are no different than animals. In 2020,

WHO estimates that of the 204 million children under the age of 18 across the

region, 9.6 per cent experience sexual exploitation, 22.9 per cent physical abuse

and 29.1 per cent emotional harming, moreover, 700 are murdered every year

2
([Link], 2020). This shows that human trafficking that makes women the

object of trade is rife. That happens in almost every country of the world, either in

developed country or in developing country.

In addition, the subordination, marginalization, subordination, unfairness,

oppression, and violence against women not only occur outside the home – public

– but also inside the home. One of the causes is due to the existence of a

patriarchal ideology that places women in an inferior position and this

understanding is used in civil and household life. This shows that the family as the

smallest system of society has formed a patriarchal ideology so that it tends to

give rise to the view of women as the second class of human beings below men.

One of the causes why such a view happens is because women tends to be treated

as bodies that exist for the use or the consumption of others, stripped of their

individuality and personality (Fredrickson and Robert, 1997, as cited by Jeroen

Vaes, Paola Paladino, and Elisa Puvia, 2011). Such a view will in turn tend to lead

to the acts of subordination, marginalization, subordination, unfairness, and

violence, and oppression.

The concept of patriarchy itself actually had appeared before the

emergence of the feminism term. The word patriarchy comes from Greek which

means “father who rules the family” (Pierik, 2018). Literally, patriarchy means

the father’s rules to describe the specific type of male-dominated family including

children, slaves, wives, and domestics servants which all under the rules of the

men dominantion (Sultana, 2011, cited by Ramadhan, 2019). This shows that the

term and the patriarchal practices firstly emerged from the domination of men,

father, in the family as the smallest system of society. The father has an absolute

3
power to control over the household and the members such as mother, children,

and so on.

After the emergence of feminism, the definition and the concept of

patriarchy become wider and include in several social aspects. Some theorists

argue that the patriarchy relation is changed as it is a constructed relation which is

inevitabilities (Pierik, 2018). The current definition of patriarchy relation, as

stated by Napikosi (2009), is understood as the power of men to control over

women. Patriarchy is a phenomenon that positions women in the second position

or inferior beings and men in the superior. It is an ideology and symbol of men

principles power to show the power over women’s sexuality and fertility, and to

describe the institutional structure of men domination (Kramarae, Treichler, and

Russo, 1985). In short, this can be understood that men have more particular

privilege and women do not have what men have, men have more power over

women. Patriarchy is a social structures system shown by the practices of man

action that dominate, oppress, and exploit women (Walby, 1990). This social

system in turn leads to the conception in society that men are in the dominant

position and the women subordinated position. To discuss the feminism the

patriarchy relation is very important to put as it can describe the relationship

between men and women in social life. The patriarchy relation also can be used to

point out the causes of why women are in the subordinated position.

The discussion of patriarchy not only dwells on the domestic sphere, but it

manifests in all parts of social life. Patriarchy can occur in two regions; private

patriarchy and public patriarchy. Walby (1990) divides the forms of patriarchy

into private patriarchy and public patriarchy. Basically, the form of private

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patriarchy makes the arena of household and family production as the main arena

of oppression of women. While public patriarchy is basically a form of mastery

practice by the ideology of patriarchy in the public arena; such as occupations,

countries and cultures related to the mastery of men in the field of education and

mass media. The patriarchy indicates that men have a privilege in institutions,

while women do not. The subordination against women caused by patriarchal

system takes several forms; discrimination, exploitation, oppression, violence, and

disregard.

While structurally, Walby (1990) divides patriarchy into several structures.

These patriarchal structures go on with transmitting the tendency of gender

inequality practices. Patriarchal structures according to Walby are: a) patriarchy in

household production in the form of assignments for women in caring for children

and doing household chores; b) patriarchy in work with wages in the form of

separation of women's and men's work positions and salary differences; c)

patriarchy in the state in the form of the absence of women in important positions

in government and the limited women in playing a role in the legal and political

fields; d) patriarchy in sexuality in the form of the position of women who are

considered as sexual service providers and emotional service providers or

providers of full affection; e) patriarchy relating to male violence in the form of

physical, psychological, and verbal violence; and f) patriarchy in culture, in the

form of "ideal feminism" demands for women in the family, education, religion,

and mass media.

In relation to literary works, the issue patriarchy is often raised as a hot

issue. The issue that put women as the object of subordination has drawn a lot of

5
criticism and opposition from feminist figures. One of them is Elif Shafak (2019)

through her work entitled 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World. As stated

by Dubey (2013), human being is an expressive creature that expresses their ideas,

feeling, and thought into writing. Shafak uses literary works to convey her ideas

to the readers. Literary works also participate in supporting and shaping an

ideology in society. Literary works are used as a struggle tool to create a more

equal and harmonious life in both the public and domestic spheres.

In the novel, it is seen that there is practice of irregularity towards women.

This is because of the existence of patriarchal ideology. The patriarchal ideology

system will impact to practices that put women lower than man such as violence,

subordination, oppression, and dehumanization (Mikkola, 2016, p.8). The

patriarchal ideological system which is believed by the general public has caused

the existence of women's relations with men to be questioned. The general public,

especially men, constructs that women must behave gently, gracefully, and speak

soft language. This kind of social construction as if requires women to have

demands that must be in accordance with the construction, to the extent that they

are willing to do anything to achieve the construction perceived by the community

(Wolf, 2004). When women have adjusted to what the community constructs,

women will tend to experience social injustice in the form of sexual violence,

sexual harassment, rape, and can even lead to murder (Harris, 2017). This again

leads to the emergence of community perceptions that women occupy the second

position in all aspects of life and as if they could not surpass their position as men

in the social arena of society.

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 Even though there have been many discussions concerning about women,

but in general relations women still tend to be in a position of subordination

(Wiyatmi, 2009). Therefore, the attention and the discussion of the problem are

still relevant for discussion. The discussion relating to women's issues cannot be

separated from the social concept of patriarchy and gender that developed in the

international realm. Women's issues not only develops and taking place in the

social fabric of society but also expressed in literary works

In the novel, the story also gives an overview of patriarchal practices and

the portrayed of prostitution in the City of Istanbul, Turkey. The main character,

Leyla, is described in the novel as someone who works as a prostitute in the City

of Istanbul (Elif Shafak, 2019). She must serve the men who want to enjoy her

body. The presence of Leyla as a commercial sex worker is a form of Shafak’s

criticism of social life in the city of Istanbul, which is still rife in the current sale

and purchase of women. Reporting from [Link], Turkey is currently

ranked number 10 out of 12 countries with the largest prostitution business in the

world. This happens as the society construction that views women lower than men

still spreads. In addition, in an interview on the Penguin Books UK YouTube

channel page (uploaded on July 9th, 2019), Shafak explained that this novel stems

from the discovery of the corpse of a sex worker in a trash can on the outskirts of

Istanbul, Turkey. This is what inspired Shafak to raise her to write a literary work

as well as a form of criticism of patriarchal practices and the rampant prostitution

business in Turkey. Literary works used as a media to convey problems related to

experiences in life in writing.

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 Studying the novel 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World with the

theme of hegemonic patriarchy is very important at this time, considering the

practices of patriarchy are still rife in various places. The novel 10 Minutes 38

Seconds in This Strange World was published in July 2019 and won the Booker

Prize in London ([Link]). So that research with the object of this

novel becomes quite interesting also challenging given the cruelty and research on

this novel has not been found.

In addition to raising the issue of hegemonic patriarchy, Elif Shafak has

also written a novel entitled The Bastard of Istanbulity. The main theme of the

novel is the issue of identity between Turks and Armenians. The study of this

novel had been done by M. Zai'mil Alivin (2017). In his research, he describes the

process of forming the identities of Istanbulities consisting of Turks and

Armenians as two conflicting identities.

Research on literary works with the theme patriarchy has been carried out

by several researchers. There are several studies on patriarchy. The first study is

done by Mua’rrof (2016). This study discusses the aspects of patriarchy towards

women characters contained in Muktar Mai’s In the Name of Honour. Mua’rrof

wrote his analysis quite intelligently. In the study, it found that there are three

types of patriarchy in the novel; patriarchy relations in paid employment,

patriarchy relations in the state, and the act of violence.

The other researcher is Anggreini (2016). She explains how the patriarchy

ideology is portrayed in Roald Dahl’s Matilda. The results of the study show that

the patriarchy lies on Matilda’s family; namely male domination, male

8
identification, male centerdness, and obsession with control. In the study,

Anggreini also shows the patriarchy practices impact toward the characters; those

are characters who oppose the practices and the one who comply.

Two years after Mua’rrof amd Anggreini, in 2018 Ragasatiwi conducted a

research that focused on describing types of patriarchy towards three women

characters. She uses the novel of Paula Hawkins’ entitled The Girl in the Train as

the object of the research. The study employs the feminist literary criticism and

the theory of six structures by Walby. As the results, Ragasatiwi indicates three

types of patriarchy in the novel; patriarchy relations in paid employment,

patriarchy relations in the state, and the act of violence.

Based on the previous study above, the researcher finds some information.

In this study, the researcher applies feminist literary criticism as the approach of

this study in order to analyze the literary work with the feminism aspects issue.

Moreover, the researcher would be able to describe the analysis of hegemonic

patriarchy depicted in the novel. This present study is conducted to get in-depth

understanding concerning of hegemonic patriarchy. This study employs the

concept of hegemonic patriarchy by Sylvia Walby (1990). The study is expected

to portray the hegemonic patriarchy described in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38

Seconds in This Strange World. In this study, the researcher focuses on the

practices of patriarchy in the novel and how the characters’ struggles against

patriarchy.

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B. Research Questions

Based on the background above, several problems related to research can be

formulated as follows.

1. What are the patriarchal practices described in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes

38 Seconds in This Strange World based on Walby’s perspective?

2. How do the characters struggle against patriarchal practices described in

Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World?

C. Research Objectives

Based on the research questions above, the objectives of study can be

formulated as follows.

1. To know the patriarchal practices described in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes

38 Seconds in This Strange World based on Walby’s perspective.

2. To know the characters’ struggles against patriarchal practices described

in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World.

D. Significance of the Study

Based on the topic, there are considerations and purposes that have been

decided by the writer. The researcher expected that this study would be beneficial

theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, the researcher expected to contribute the literary

understanding that is related to hegemonic patriarchy through

feminism literary criticism approach and theory of patriarchy by

Sylvia Wilby.

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 2. Practically, this study is intended to develop the study towards Elif

Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World seen from

the perspective feminist literary criticism approach and Sylvia

Welby’s perspective on patriarchy.

In addition, this research is also expected to provide useful information for

academics, students and future researchers. For academics, this study may be

material information about the feminist literary criticism approach method and

theory of patriarchy. For students, this research is expected to help to understand

how to analyze literary works especially 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange

World novel. For future researchers, this research is expected to be a reference in

literary research using a feminist literary criticism and the theory of patriarchy.

E. Scope and Limitation

In order to clear up this study, the researcher will give scope and limitation

in this study. The researcher simply used the novel of Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38

Seconds in This Strange World, published in 2019. The researcher only analyzes

the novel from the relations of patriarchy. The theory used is the theory of six

structures of patriarchy which include patriarchal relations in household,

patriarchal relations in paid work, patriarchal relations state, male violence,

patriarchal relations in sexuality, and patriarchal relations in culture.

F. Definition of the Key Terms

To avoid confusion, the researcher gives the definition of terms frequently

used in this study. The followings are the terms frequently found in this study.

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 1. Feminist literary criticism: A tool to analyze a literary work by using

feminism theory. It determines how a literary work represents the

relationship between women and men in all aspects.

2. Hegemony: It is a position of being the strongest and the most powerful

and therefore able to control others.

3. Patriarchy: A system of society that men are structured to power and

dominate women in all aspects which implies a dominance and

submission.

G. Relevant Studies

In addition to raising the topic of hegemonic pathriarchy, Elif Shafak also

had written a novel entitled The Bastard of Istanbulity. The main theme of the

novel is the issue of identity between Turks and Armenians. The study of this

novel had been done by M. Zai’imil Alivin (2017). In his research, he describes

the process of forming identities if istanbulities consisiting of Turks and

Armenians as two conflicting.

Research on literary works with the theme patriarchy has been carried out

by several researchers. There are several studies on patriarchy. The first study is

done by Mua’rrof (2016). This study discusses the aspects of patriarchy towards

women characters contained in Muktar Mai’s In the Name of Honour. Mua’rrof

wrote his analysis quite intelligently. In the study, it found that there are three

types of patriarchy in the novel; patriarchy relations in paid employment,

patriarchy relations in the state, and the act of violence.

The other researcher is Anggreini (2016). She explains how the patriarchy

ideology is portrayed in Roald Dahl’s Matilda. The results of the study show that

12
the patriarchy lies on Matilda’s family; namely male domination, male

identification, male centerdness, and obsession with control. In the study,

Anggreini also shows the patriarchy practices impact toward the characters; those

are characters who oppose the practices and the one who comply.

Two years after Mua’rrof amd Anggreini, in 2018 Ragasatiwi conducted a

research that focused on describing types of patriarchy towards three women

characters. She uses the novel of Paula Hawkins’ entitled The Girl in the Train as

the object of the research. The study employs the feminist literary criticism and

the theory of six structures by Walby. As the results, Ragasatiwi indicates three

types of patriarchy in the novel; patriarchy relations in paid employment,

patriarchy relations in the state, and the act of violence.

The other researcher that employs the theory of patriarchy had ever been

conducted by Ramadhana (2019). Ramadhan uses the novel of Arundhati Roy that

entitled The God of Small Things. In the research, he describes all patriarchal

structures that include patriarchal relations in household, patriarchal relations in

paid work, patriarchal relations state, male violence, patriarchal relations in

sexuality, and patriarchal relations in culture. Besides he discovers how the main

characters’ efforts against patriarchal practices; namely breaking the stereotype

how man should be, showing that one of the female characters was not

subordinated by fighting her husband for the violence, and breaking the stereotype

how women should be.

In addition to raising the theme of patriarchy in this study, the researcher

also raised the other term related to women, gender discrimination. One study is

13
about gender discrimination conducted by Khairunnisa' (2017). In her research,

she clearly explained how gender discrimination attacks women. Her analysis is

complex. Besides gender discrimination, Khairunnisa also focused her research on

the realm of women's agencies. The object being studied was Eka Kurniawan's

novel titled Cantik itu Luka. In the research, it is found that forms of gender

discrimination are marginalization, subordination, stereotyping, violence, and

double workload. Besides gender discrimination, she also explains the women’s

agencies in the research using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory that includes habitus,

field, capital, and doxa.

Besides, study of gender discrimination is conducted by Fian Fajri

Mulaika Tiska (2015). In her thesis, she examined gender discrimination in the

main female characters. She used feminist literary criticism approach that focuses

on gender studies. Tiska used the theory by Filip Spanoli in 2008. In the novel

examined, she found that there were five factors causing gender discrimination.

Those are religion, family law, workplace discrimination, education, and physical

factor.

Those previous studies that inspire the researcher to conduct research on

Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World through feminist

literary criticism, more specifically radical feminism, and the theory of patriarchy

by Sylvia Walby. This research focuses on the six patriarchal system described in

the novel and how the characters fight for the patriarchy practiced in the novel.

14
H. Research Methodology

This chapter discusses the methodology that is used in collecting the data

of this research. This chapter consists of 1) research design, 2) data source, 3)

research instrument, 4) data collection, and 5) data analysis. The explanation of

those sections is as follows.

1. Research Design

This research is literary criticism which deals with the discipline of

interpreting, analyzing and evaluating literary works. Literary criticism is the

reasoned consideration of literary works and issues. It applies, as a term, to

any argumentation about literature, whether or not specific works are

analyzed. Literary criticism is an extension of social activity of interpreting. It

is a tool for interpreting literature. According to Abrams (1953), literary

criticism covers four kinds of approach to analyze the work of art. Those are

mimetic, expressive, pragmatic and objective approach. This research aims to

analyze work using mimetic approach which considers literary work not

merely as independent work, but rather something influenced and inspired by

the universe. In this case, the researcher attempts to explain the interpretation

of Elif Shakaf’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World viewed by

Wilby’s theory and feminist literary criticism. By conducting this study, the

researcher expects that this study will assist the readers to get understanding

about the analysis on literary work.

In this research, the researcher uses descriptive analysis that explains all

of the problems through the theories and also explores the theories used to

describe the detail of the cases.

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 2. Data Source

The data source of the research is the novel of Elif Shafak, 10 Minutes 38

Seconds in This Strange World. The data used by the researcher in analyzing the

novel is form of dialogue, monologue, and expression of the characters and also

the author in the novel which are written in the form of words, phrases, and

sentences. This novel is published on 2019, May, in Turkey by Penguin

Publishing.

3. Data Collection

The data collection of this research is done through several processes.

The first process is doing close reading the novel to gain the general information

of the story. The second process is reading which focuses to understand the

hegemonic patriarchy existing in the novel. Then the data which indicate to

hegemonic patriarchy are highlighted and marked to sort data. When all data are

already collected, the researcher analyzes the hegemonic patriarchy from data by

analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating.

4. Data analysis

At the beginning of the research, the researcher searches and discovers

the hegemonic patriarchy and the characters’ against patriarchy in 10 Minutes 38

Seconds in This Strange World.

After all data have been collected, the next step is classifying the data.

The first step is that the researcher classifies the six structures of patriarchy. The

second one is that the researcher classifies each six structures of patriarchy which

has been presented before into the smaller part. Third, the researcher classifies

16
 the struggle of characters against patriarchy in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38

Seconds in This Strange World.

Thus, the final stage of data analysis is to draw conclusion on the data

according to theory mentioned above.

I. Outline of the thesis

This research consists of four chapters that contain introduction,

theoretical framework, discussion and findings, and conclusion.

Chapter I: Introduction

It contains a background as introduction overall. So that, this chapter

covers the background of the study, problems of the study, significances of

the study, scope and limitation, definition of key terms, previous studies,

research method, and systematic discussion in this chapter to give easiness to

learn another chapter further.

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

This chapter contains theoretical discussion in the form of meanings

and concepts taken from book excerpts related to the composition of the

thesis as well as some literature reviews relating to this research.

Chapter III: Finding and Discussion

This chapter includes the data analysis follows the process of the data

analysis corresponding with the significances of the study and based on the

theory used. The discussion or the explanation and data analysis intended to

answer the problem of the study.

17
 Chapter IV: Conclusion and suggestion.

The conclusion contains substantive findings related to the problems of

the study and significances of the study and the findings with theoretically.

Meanwhile, the suggestion must come from the results of the analysis.

Reference

18
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher reviews some theorists related to the study

that include patriarchy and feminism. In this chapter, the researcher gives an

explanation about patriarchy especially six structures of patriarchy by Sylvia

Walby and a brief explanation about feminism and more specifically about radical

feminism.

A. Feminism

Speaking of feminism, of course, first of all, it talks about something very

commonly discussed. In the study of feminism, one cannot possibly discuss it

without talking about the woman who underlies the study's understanding.

Women and feminism are like an inseparable entity. They are interrelated things.

Thus, the discussion of women's issues is incomplete without starting with the

understanding of feminism.

Understanding feminism conceptually will make it easier to understand the

issue of women both their role as subjects of social change movements or as

objects in social life. As stated by Linda Alcoff in Mikkola (2016, p. 5) that;

…the concept woman is “the central concept of feminist theory” in being “the

necessary point of departure for any feminist theory and feminist politics, predicated as

these are on the transformation of women’s lived experience in contemporary culture and

the reevaluation of social theory and practice from a woman’s point of view ”.

19
 Therefore, understanding feminism can be used as a starting point to

understand women and the patriarchy relations.

The term feminism was first brought by socialist activist named Charles

Fourier in 1837. Etymologically, feminism comes from the Latin word meaning

woman. The emergence of the term feminism cannot be separated from human

progress and civilization that shows efforts to improve the status of women in the

social system of society (Steans & Lloyd, 2009). The emergence of feminism is

really related to the social and political movement that fights for the equal rights

as the construction of women’s position is viewed lower than men.

The emergence of feminism movement was centered in Europe where at

that time there was a system of industrial capitalism. The industrial capitalism

system has a big impact on all aspects of the social system of society, including

the lives of women both from the upper middle class women and lower class

women (Steans & Lloyd, 2009). They do not have rights to education, political

rights and the right to work outside the home, which results an inequality between

men and women. World history records that in general women are the losers in all

fields and are always prioritized by men. Women have highlighted that throughout

history men have more opportunities than women. As a result, women are

identified with the private and domestic worlds, while men are identified with the

public world.

Seeing this reality, feminists consider that the separation of the private and

domestic world of women and the public world of men as an effort to get rid of

and discuss the role of women from the social life of society. Departing from here,

20
the idea of feminism emerged. The idea of feminism itself refers to the belief that

men and women have equal positions in various opportunities, treatments, respect

and social rights. Therefore, most definitions of feminism center on the demand

for equality or equal rights for women.

Generally, feminism is a concept that states and demands equal rights

between men and women. Feminism focuses on three aspects: 1) the object of the

study is about woman’s experiences in any social condition, 2) woman is the

central of the research process, in which it means to try to see the social problem

from the woman’s view, and 3) as the critic to struggle woman’s right and bring

woman to have the equal right as man, better life (Ritzer and Goodman as cited by

Dhinnoor, 2016). The main point of this matter is to demand humanity and

equality for woman.

The basic thought of feminism is that male domination is derived from

special arrangement, economy, and politics in current society. The aim of

feminism is the liberation and gender interrelation. Ratna (2006) defines feminism

is a woman movement for rejecting that can marginalize, subordinate, and

dehumanize caused by the dominated culture, weather in politic, economy,

education, and social. The goal of feminism is to struggle and raise the woman’s

level. Feminism is said to be the movement to end the sexist oppression of women

(Hook, 2000). Therefore, feminism refers to woman movement that struggle

against man’s oppression to change woman’s position in social life, to gain

equality. However, some people misunderstand the term of feminism. Some think

feminism is a struggle against men or against the nature of women, while in fact,

the purpose of feminism is not so. What is desired from feminists is that they fight

21
for gender equality and demand equal opportunities like men in various aspects.

As explained above, the presence of feminism is an effort so that women and men

have the same role in social life. This refers to the belief that men and women

possess attitudes of respectability, social position, and equal.

At least the notion of feminism has three important components. Nancy

(2009) states that; First, a belief that there is no sex difference (sex equality), ie

opposing the existence of a hierarchical position between the sexes. Equations are

not only quantities, but also include quality. The position of a hierarchical relation

produces superior and inferior positions. Here, there is control from the superior

group over the inferior group. Second, the recognition that social construction has

taken place that is detrimental to women. Relations between men and women that

exist today are the result of social construction, not determined by nature (divine

nature). Third, feminism sues differences that mix sex and gender, so that women

are made as a separate group in society. As a result of this grouping, women tend

to become "the other human being", not human (human norm), so it is difficult to

realize about their personal existence.

Feminists often speak out to make some changes to create a social

construction system where men and women must be equally respected. They often

affirm and involve their role in the arena of politics, society, education, art, and

several other social aspects (Bressler, as cited by Rozaqoh, 2009). The voice of

feminism is nothing but to oppose the views of society about the position of

women who are below the men. Feminists want equality as well as men's position

and rights.

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 B. Radical Feminism

As time goes by, feminism has developed. Feminism is not a monolithic

perspective. In its development, the perspective of feminism consists of several

kinds if examined one by one. Various perspectives include: liberal, marxist,

radical, socialist, critical and postmodern feminism (Steans & Lloyd, 2009).

Nevertheless, these perspectives have similarities, which are both aimed at

improving the status of women in social life. However, the researcher only

focuses on the discussion of radical feminism.

Radical feminism is a flow of feminism whose emergence comes from the

construction of community thinking which states that the position of women is

actually not equal to men. The emergence of radical feminism started around

1960-1970s. Radical feminism is also called the second wave of feminism. If

Marxist feminism believes that there are two main classes in society, namely the

working class and capitalists, while the radical feminism argues that there are two

main classes in the society; namely men and women (West, 2017). The men are

the oppressors and women as the oppressed. For radical feminists, life that is

conventionally characterized by particularism and love actually emerges through

processes of subordination and domination. They consider that women's freedom

will only be achieved through a change in the most personal and intimate spaces

in human relations.

Radical feminism believes that the main cause of why women are often

oppressed is because of patriarchy system. In this case, women opposed the

system (Lewis, 2018). Thompson (2018 as cited by Ramadhan, 2019) stated that

the struggle against the male domination had political priority over other forms of

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politics, not only because of a pressing need to redress the harms done to women,

but because liberation of women would mean the liberation of all. Therefore, to

have equal rights between women and men is to remove the patriarchy system.

Radical feminists also gave rise to a patriarchal concept to explain the

institutionalization of men domination for women. All forms of dominations in

social institutions are caused by the existence of patriarchal system. They view

that patriarchy as dividing societal rights, privileges, and power along the lines of

sex, and as result oppressing women and privileging men (Higgins, 2018 as cited

by Ramadan, 2019). Here, men are the one who hold the power so that they can

dominate almost all institutions such as state, media, workplace, etc.

In addition, for the rise of patriarchal concept to explain the domination

and the understanding that gender is not a problem regarding individual identity or

sexuality, in this case, radical feminism is able to find conclusions between sex

and gender, when discussing operations that occur against women, radical

feminism rejects sex / gender-system, which considers that the sex of an

individual determines the gender - both identity and expression - of that

individual. For radical provinces, sex and gender are two separate and

independent things - as well as sexual orientation.

At least, radical feminism views patriarchy as the main center of the

occurrence of women’s subordination. Therefore, radical feminism is very

appropriate to employ as approach to analyze the hegemonic patriarchy, exactly

the six patriarchy structures – patriarchy in household, patriarchy in paid work,

patriarchy in state, male violence, patriarchy in sexuality, and patriarchy in culture

– represented in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World.

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 C. Feminist Literary Criticism

The term of feminism is not only related to the movement of women in

obtaining equal rights to men. Feminism began to change into a scientific study

both in the fields of political science, economics, culture, and literature (Plain,

Gill & Sellers Susan, 2007). In the study of literary criticism, feminist perspective

is called feminist literary criticism. This theory aims to prevent the contradiction

among theories. In feminist literary criticism, it is important to have at least four

focuses; first: to discover, examine, and measure the woman’s author in the past

in which patriarchy culture is expressed clearly; second, to examine literary works

with the feminist approach; third, to express woman’s and man’s ideology; fourth,

to discover gynocritic aspect, to understand the creative process of feminist author

reflected in literary works (Endraswara, 2008). The point is in analyzing the

literary work.

The feminist approach focuses on the study of women. Sholwalter as cited

by Sugihastuti and Suharto (2005) states that in literary science, feminism is

related to the concept of feminist literary criticism that directs the focus of her

analysis on women to see their role in literary work. Feminist literary criticism

shows that women bring perception and hope into literary work. In addition,

feminism is nothing but increasing the position and degree of women to be equal

or equal to the position and degree of men. The struggle to achieve this goal

includes several ways, including through the field of literature which will in turn

move towards emancipation; feminist struggle for equality (Endarswara, 2008).

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 In addition, according to Rutven in Wirdjosutejo and Pradopo (2004),

feminist literary criticism, among others, examines how women are presented,

how the text is realized with gender relations and social differences. Feminist

literary works also discuss how women are portrayed and how the potential that

women have in the midst of patriarchal power in literary works.

As a study, feminism has theoretical assumptions which form the

foundation of the theory. Kenneth Waltz (1979) has stated that a theory has at

least one theoretical foundation. In this case, feminism is also built on the basic

assumptions that form the foundation of its perspective. First, feminists do not

consider human nature as unchanging. Feminism believes that humans in addition

to being rational creatures also have the ability to develop themselves through the

educational process. Second, from a feminist perspective, we cannot make a clear

distinction between a "fact" and a "value". Third, there is a close relationship

between knowledge and power and between 'theories' about the world and habits,

namely how to involve your-self with the physical and social environment around.

Fourth, feminists share a commitment to ideas about social progress and the

freedom or emancipation of women. This is different from postmodern feminists

who reject the claim of universality. They are more likely to discuss 'power' and

its meaning in a specific cultural control.

The existence of feminism in this study is related to seeing how to

maintain the main character in the novel, because the significance of women's

defense can be emulated if it is examined through obtaining feminism. Feminist

literary criticism might be defined as a knife to analyze the roles and the position

between women and men portrayed in literature. However, feminism cannot

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possibly reveal the complete conceptual limitations unless complemented by other

supporting theories. Therefore, it is also used the concept of patriarchy by Sylvia

Wilby (1990) to see how the patriarchy “works” in the novel.

D. Patriarchy

The concept of patriarchy itself actually had appeared before the

emergence of the feminism term. The word patriarchy comes from Greek which

means “father who rules the family” (Pierik, 2018). Literally, patriarchy means

the father’s rules to describe the specific type of man-dominated in family

including children, slaves, wives, and domestics servants which all under the rules

of the men domination (Sultana, 2011, cited by Ramadhan, 2019). This shows that

the term and the patriarchal practices firstly emerged from the domination of men,

father, in the family as the smallest system of society. The father has an absolute

power to control over the household and the members such as mother, children,

and so on.

After the emergence of feminism, the definition and the concept of

patriarchy become wider and include in several social aspects. Some theorists

argue that the patriarchy relation is changed as it is a constructed relation which is

inevitabilities (Pierik, 2018). The current definition of patriarchy relation, as

stated by Napikosi (2009), is understood as the power of men to control over

women. Patriarchy is a phenomenon that put women in the second position or

inferior beings and men in the superior. It is an ideology and symbol of men

principles power to show the power over women’s sexuality and fertility, and to

describe the institutional structure of men domination (Kramarae, Treichler, and

Russo, 1985). In short, this can be understood that men have more particular

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privilege and women do not have what men have, men have more power over

women. Patriarchy is a social structures system shown by the practices of man

action that dominate, oppress, and exploit women (Walby, 1990, p.20). This

social system in turn leads to the conception in society that men are in the

dominant position and the women subordinated position. To discuss the feminism

the patriarchy relation is very important to put as it can describe the relationship

between men and women in social life. The patriarchy relation also can be used to

point out the causes of why women are in the subordinated position.

The discussion of patriarchy not only dwells on the domestic sphere, but it

manifests in all parts of social life. Patriarchy can occur in two arenas; private

patriarchy and public patriarchy. Walby (1990) divides the forms of patriarchy

into private patriarchy and public patriarchy. Basically, the form of private

patriarchy makes the arena of household and family production as the main arena

of oppression of women. While public patriarchy is basically a form of mastery

practice by the ideology of patriarchy in the public arena; such as occupations,

countries and cultures related to the mastery of men in the field of education and

mass media. The patriarchy indicates that men have a privilege in institutions,

while women do not. The subordination against women caused by patriarchal

system takes several forms; discrimination, exploitation, oppression, violence, and

disregard.

In addition, Walby (1990) also makes conceptualization of patriarchy

based on the structures. There are six structures, namely a) patriarchy in

household production in the form of assignments for women in caring for children

and doing household chores; b) patriarchy in work with wages in the form of

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separation of women's and men's work positions and salary differences; c)

patriarchy in the state in the form of the absence of women in important positions

in government and the limited women in playing a role in the legal and political

fields; d) patriarchy in sexuality in the form of the position of women who are

considered as sexual service providers and emotional service providers or

providers of full affection; e) patriarchy relating to male violence in the form of

physical, psychological, and verbal violence; and f) patriarchy in culture, in the

form of "ideal feminism" demands for women in the family, education, religion,

and mass media.

E. Walby’s Six Structures of Patriarchy

In this sub-chapter, the researcher is going to explain Walby’s six

structures of patriarchy. The six structures of patriarchy is important to use as a

term since the man’s position is in dominant or superior and the women’s position

is in subordination or inferior. As Walby stated that,

“The use of social structures is important here, since it clearly implies rejection

both of biological determinism, and the notion that every individual man is in a dominant

position and every women in a subordinate one.” (Walby, 1990, p.20)

In addition, Walby (1990) also states, patriarchy also needs to be

conceptualized at different of abstraction. At most abstract level, patriarchy exists

as a system of social relation. While, at a less abstract level it is composed of six

structures, namely patriarchal relation in household, patriarchal relation in paid

work, patriarchal relation in state, patriarchal relation in sexuality, male violence,

and patriarchal relation in cultural relation (p.20). The six structures are derived

from theoretical and empirical studies that represent the most significant

constellation in social relations that shape gender relations. In other words Walby

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(1990) assumed that the six structures could be precisely used to reveal the

various forms of oppression of women in the period and place studied.

1. Patriarchal relation in household (mode of production)

Patriarchal relation in household or mode of production is one of two structures

that take place at an economic level. Women's "workers" are controlled by their

husbands in the bonds of marriage and domestic relations. It takes the form of a

production relation in which labor is shown rather than the obligation which

replaces the labor. Work done by women can be arranged starting from cooking,

washing, and taking care of children. A woman as a wife does the work for her

husband. The wife did not get a job because it was a consequence of the marriage

bond. The husband can control his wife's labor because he has power, whereas the

wife only produces. In fact, the husband can sell his wife's energy.

There are three theoretical stages of the claime by Walby (1990): first, that

the division of domestic labor is the main form of difference between men and

women; second, that the division has a significant influence on other aspects of

social relations; third, that all by itself are quite significant forms of inequality.

This shows that the division of domestic work is not the same between men and

women in the household. While the unequal distribution of domestic work shows

that women have less division in consumption of household goods than men, from

food to leisure time.

The division of labor is a fundamental aspect of patriarchal relations in the

family. This unfair distribution of women is part of a discursive formation that

continues over time and ultimately strengthens the position of men in community

and state life. In the family, women are more responsible than men. The division

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of labor in the family makes women responsible for their children. The

uncomfortable position in discriminatory family life, in the end is closely related

to situations that are not favorable for women in other living spaces, namely the

lack of access to leisure activities and participation in public life (Cyba, 2005).

These aspects cause gender inequality in society.

Regarding the above reality, the family has become a "small country" with

a set of rules that harm the interests of women. The family continuously becomes

an instrument of patriarchal power and incarnates as a discursive apparatus in

which the husband as the head of the family becomes the leader who represents

the interests of the patriarchal society and state.

2. Patriarchal Relation in Paid Work

This kind of structure refers to different treatment experienced by men and

women in workplace. Walby (1990) stated that the main key in patriarchal relation

in paid work is the closing access done by men for women. This includes the

separation of women from the works in the paid work. This condition will lead to

the devaluation of women’s work and low wages for women workers. This is a

factual social system with determinist effect. The determinist effect is not just

experienced by women in the workplace, but further in other arenas including in

domestic space in gender relation. The social relation that occur is that men as the

excluder and devalue and women as the excluded and devalued.

In capitalist-industrialist society, the concrete aspect in patriarchal relation

is the division of jobs in workplace. The division of job or work has several forms

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weather vertically and horizontally and part-time and full-time work. In the

vertical and horizontal hierarchy, women are categorized as the less-skilled one

than men. The difference of part-time and full-time makes the different number of

legal protection given to the workers. Therefore, it leads women engage in less

paid work and earns less than men. A legal right to equal pay has not resulted in

the eradication of the gender pay gap (Higgin, 2018, as cited by Ramadan, 2019).

This matter is because women are seen as subordinate and marginal category of

worker. They are also viewed as less-skilled.

3. Patriarchal Relation in State

The state is another structure in patriarchal relation in Walby’s

perspective. Women are disassociated from the access towards human resources

and state power as patriarchal system. Women are underrepresented nearly

everywhere in parliaments, legislatures, the military and other bodies (Higgin,

2018). This is an example of women that are kept away from the role in the state

affairs. In addition, the laws and regulation are not applied to women.

Further, Walby explained that patriarchal relation in state can effect

several serious impacts in gender relation such as, a) establishing rules about

marriage and divorce, b) fertility, by legalizing or crystallizing abortion, c) new

contraception and reproductive technology (biological); d) sexuality, with the

birth of a court rule regarding childbearing by a lesbian, e) about homosexuality,

f) about prostation and pornography, g) male violence, with judicial actions

especially relating to rape, sexual abuse, and sexual violence, h) housing policies

prioritized for victims of sexual violence, and i) regarding belief systems, such as

by setting parameters that allow input from religious influences.

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 4. Male Violence

Various assumptions arise that male violence arises because of individual

phenomena that are random and sometimes considered as a result of psychological

decline in some men. However, Walby (1990) flatly rejects this assumption and

says that the emergence of male violence is its origin because of social structure.

Most men use violence to control and control women. However, not all men use

violence to dominate women.

Violence against men against women is very likely to occur in the world

of domestic - domestic violence - and the realm of public - public violence.

Domestic violence occurs in the realm of households which is usually in the form

of violence against wives. While public violence occurs in public places such as

rape, sexual harassment at work, and physical assault. This kind of structure is

considered as a matter that harms women. Male violence happens in order to

intimidate women on purpose. In short, men use violence to dominate women.

5. Patriarchal Relation in Sexuality

The key-term of patriarchy relation in sexuality is heterosexuality.

Heterosexuality has been decided by society as the norm (Johannasdottir, 2019, as

cited by Ramadan 2019). The sexuality is a structure which means sexual practice

to differentiate from lesbianism and homosexuality. The purpose of the norm is to

lead women to serve men signed by getting married. Therefore, it seems men are

needed and women depend on men. Then, it causes a sexual double standard in

society that men blame women who are sexually active as slags and those who are

not as drags.

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 In addition, sexuality influences other aspects of gender relation. Sexuality

becomes even more important in constructing social relations than is the custom

in social theory. Sexuality is a social practice that cannot be reduced in the level

of psychology and biology (Walby, 1990). Sexuality is historical variable and

cultural across in its form.

6. Patriarchal Relation in Culture

34