Number Worked examples Exercise 6.4 14. A millionaire leaves 1.4 million dollars in his will to be shared between his three children in the ratio of their ages. If they are 24, 28 and 32 years old, calculate to the nearest dollar the amount they will each receive. 15. A small company makes a profit of $8000. This is divided between the directors in the ratio of their initial investments. If Alex put $20,000 into the firm, Maria $35 000 and Ahmet $25 000, calculate the amount of the profit they will each receive. @ Inverse proportion Sometimes an increase in one quantity causes a decrease in another quantity. For example, if fruit is to be picked by hand, the more people there are picking the fruit, the less time it will take. a) If8 people can pick the apples from the trees in 6 days, how Jong will it take 12 people? 8 people take 6 days. 1 person will take 6 X 8 days. Therefore 12 people will take ©*® days, e 4 days, 1b) A cyclist averages a speed of 27 km/h for 4 hours. At what average speed would she need to cycle to cover the same distance in 3 hours? Completing it in 1 hour would require cycling at 27 x 4 km/h. Completing it in 3 hours requires eycling at 2x4 ‘km/h; that is 36 km/h. 1. A teacher shares sweets among & students so that they get 6 each, How many sweets would they each have got had there been 12 students? 2. The table below represents the relationship between the speed and the time taken for a train to travel between two stations. ‘Speed (km/h) | 60 120] 90 | 50 | 10 Time (h) 2{3]4 Copy and complete the table.Ratio and proportion Worked examples Exercise 6.5 3. 4 5. 1 ) b) 1 2 3. Six people can dig a trench in § hours. a) How long would it take: i) 4people ii) 12people —_ iii) 1 person? b) How many people would it take to dig the trench in: i) 3 hours 16 hours iii) 1 hour? Chairs in a hall are arranged in 35 rows of 18. a) How many rows would there be with 21 chairs to a row? b) How many chairs would there be in each row if there were 15 rows? A train travelling at 100 ksh takes 4 hours for a journey. How long would it take a train travelling at 60 knvh? A worker in a sugar factory packs 24 cardboard boxes with 15 bags of sugar in cach. If he had boxes which held 18 bags of sugar each, how many fewer boxes would be needed? A swimming pool is filled in 30 hours by two identical pumps. How much quicker would it be filled if five similar pumps were used instead? Increase and decrease by a given ratio A photograph is 12 cm wide and 8 cm tall. Itis enlarged in the ratio 3:2. What are the dimensions of the enlarged photograph? 3:2 isan enlargement of 3. Therefore the enlarged 12cm x $ that is 18 cm. ‘The enlarged height is 8 cm X 3; that is 12 cm, A photographic transparency 5 cm wide and 3 cm tall is projected onto a sereen. I the image is 1.5 m wide: i) calculate the ratio of the enlargement, ii) calculate the height of the image. i) Sem width is enlarged to become 150 em. So | cm width becomes 42: cm; that is 30 cm. Therefore the enlargement ratio is 30: 1. ) The height of the image = 3 em X 30 = 90em, Increase 100 by the following ratios: a) 8:5 b) 5:2 °) 7:4 d) 11:10 2) 9:4 f) 32:25 Increase 70 by the following ratios: a) 4:3 b) 5:3 °) 8:7 a) 9:4 e) 1:5 f) 17:14 Decrease 60 by the following ratios: a) 2:3 b) 5:6 o) 7:12 4) 3:5 e) 1:4 f) 13:15Number Exercise 6.6 1 2 3 Decrease 30 by the following ratios: a) 3:4 b) 2:9 ) 7:12 d) 3:16 e) 5:8 f) 9:20 Increase 40 by a ratio of 54. Decrease 40 by a ratio of 4:5. Increase 150 by a ratio of 7:5. Decrease 210 by a ratio of 3:7. A photograph measuring 8 cm by 6 em is enlarged by a ratio of 11: 4. What are the dimensions of the new print? A photocopier enlarges in the ratio7 :4, What would be the new size of a diagram measuring 16 cm by 12 em? A drawing measuring 10 cm by 16 cm needs to be enlarged. The dimensions of the enlargement need to be 25 cm by 40 em. Calculate the enlargement needed and express it as aratio, A banner needs to be enlarged from its original format. ‘The dimensions of the original are 4 em tall by 25 em wide. The enlarged banner needs to be at least 8 m wide but no more than 1.4 m tall, Calculate the minimum and maximum ratios of enlargement possible. A rectangle measuring 7 cm by 4 em is enlarged by a of 221, a) What is the area of: i) the original rectangle? the enlarged rectangle? b) By what ratio has the area been enlarged? A square of side length 3 cm is enlarged by a ratio of 3 a) What is the area of: i) the original square ii) the enlarged square? b) By what ratio has the area been enlarged? A cuboid measuring 3 cm by 5 em by 2 em is enlarged by a ratio of 2: 1. a) What is the volume of: i) the original cuboid? ii) the enlarged cuboid? b) By what ratio has the volume been increased? A cube of side 4 cm is enlarged by a ratio of 3 : 1 What is the volume of: the original cube? the enlarged cube? b) By what ratio has the volume been increased?Ratio and proportion 9, The triangle is to be reduced by a ratio of 1:2. dom o Bom a) Calculate the area of the original triangle. b) Calculate the area of the reduced triangle. ©) Calculate the ratio by which the area of the triangle has been reduced. 10, From questions $9 can you conclude what happens to vo- and three-dimensional figures when they are either enlarged or reduced? Student assessment | 1. A boat travels at an average speed of 15 km/h for 1 hour. a) Calculate the distance it travels in one hour. b) What average speed will the boat need to travel at in order to cover the same distance in 25 hours’ 2, A ruler 30 cm long is broken into two parts in the ratio 8:7, How long are the two parts? A recipe needs 400 g of flour to make 8 cakes. How much flour would be needed in order to make 24 cakes? 4, To make 6 jam tarts, 120 g of jam is needed. How much jamis needed to make 10 tarts? 5. The scale of a map is 1 : 25 000. a) Two villages are 8 cm apart on the map. How far apart are they in real life? Give your answer in kilometres. b) The distance from a village to the edge of a lake is 12 km in real life. How far apart would they be on the map? Give your answer in centimetres. 6. A motorbike uses petrol and oil mixed in the ratio 13 : 2. 2) How much of each is there in 30 litres of mixture? b) How much petrol would be mixed with 500 ml of oil? |. a) A model car is a 75 scale model. Express this as a ratio. b) If the length of the real car is 5.5 m, what is the length of the model car? An aunt gives a brother and sister $2000 to be divided in the ratio of their ages. If the gir] is 13 years old and the boy 12 years old, how much will each get’? 9, The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:5 : 8. Find the size of each of the angles.Number 10. A photocopying machine is capable of making 50 copies ‘each minute, a) If four identical copiers are used simultaneously how Jong would it take to make a total of 50 copies? 'b) How many copiers would be needed to make 6000 copies in 15 minutes? 1. It takes 16 hours for three bricklayers to build a wall Calculate how long it would take for eight bricklayers to build a similar wall. A photocopier enlarges by a ratio of 7: 4. A picture measures 6 cm by 4 cm. How many consecutive enlargements can be made so that the largest possible picture will fit on a sheet measuring 30 cm by 20 cm? Student assessment 2 1. A cyclist travels at an average speed of 20 km/h for 1.5 hours a) Calculate the distance she travels in 1.5 hours. b) What average speed will the cyclist need to travel in order to cover the same distance in | hour? 2. A piece of wood is cut in the ratio 3 :7. a) What fraction of the whole is the longer piece’? 'b) If the wood is 1.5 m long, how long is the shorter piece? 3. A recipe for two people requires + kg of rice to 150 g of meat. a) How much meat would be needed for five people? b) How much rice would there be in 1 kg of the final dish? 4, The scale ofa map is 1: 10 000, a) Two rivers are 4.5 cm apart on the map, how far apart are they in real life? Give your answer in metres. b) Two towns are 8 km apart in real life, How far apart are they on the map? Give your answer in centimetres. 5. a) A model train is a scale model. Express this as a ratio b) Ifthe length of the model engine is 7 cm, what is the true length of the engine? 6. Divide 3 tonnes in the ratio 2 : 5 13, 7. The ratio of the angles of a quadrilateral is2:3:3:4, Calculate the size of each of the angles. 8. The ratio of the interior angles of a pentagon is a2 5. Calculate the size of the largest angle.Ratio and proportion NB: All diagrams are not drawn to scale. 10. uu. 2. ‘A large swimming pool takes 36 hours to fill using three identical pumps. a) How long would it take to fill using eight identical pumps? b)_ Ifthe pool needs to be filled in 9 hours, how many pumps will be needed? ‘The first triangle is an enlargement of the second. Calculate the size of the missing sides and angles. Sem A tap issuing water at a rate of 1.2 litres per minute fills a container in 4 minutes. a) How long would it take to fill the same container if the rate was decreased to | litre per minute? Give your answer in minutes and seconds. b) Ifthe container is to be filled in 3 minutes, calculate the rate at which the water should flow. A map measuring 60 em by 25 em is reduced twice in the ratio’3 : 5, Calculate the final dimensions of the map.(7) Indices and standard form Worked examples Worked examples Exercise 7.1 The index refers to the power to which a number is raised. In the example 5* the number 5 is raised to the power 3. The 3 is, known as the index. Indices is the plural of index. a) S=5x5XS b) #=7x7x7x7 125 2401 0 3=3 @ Laws of indices When working with numbers involving indices there are three basic laws which can be applied. These are: Q) axa san Q) aa or ey ©@ Positive indices a) Simplify 4 x 4. bh). Simplity 2° + 2° eg a4ed eee > =4 ©) Evaluate # x 34 @) Evaluate (4). 3 x3ta3e4 (a= 400) zy = 2187 “e 4096 1. Using indices, simplify the following expressions: a) 3x3x3 b) 2x2%2x2x2 e) 4x4 d) 6xX6X6X6 ) 8X 8X8X8X8XS ns 2. Simplify the following using indices: a) 2X2X2%3x3 b) 4x4x4x4x4xS XS c) 3K3X4K4K4K5X5S d) 2X7X7X7X7 ce) 1X1x6x6 f) 3X3K3X4K4X6X6X6X6X6Indices and standard form Exercise 7.2 1. Write out the following in full: sg ax 6 2x 4x2 Without a calculator work out the value of the following: bh = 3 e 4 10 x 5° Bx BX axa OX PX HX 6 2K STKE KEKE vast Cre & ») 2S a) # b) co) 3 d) e) Px? fy a) 2 b) c) 8 d) ec) 108 1 2) 2x h) ‘Simplify the following using indices: a) 2x34 b) ce) BX5tXS? d) e) BxD f) a) #XEXSxS'XE h) Simplify the following: a) 84a by co) +2 dd) o& 9 8) i Simplify the following: a) sp 6) ©) coy ® 9 } Simplify the following: a) 2x2 a xs? 9 ® atx 25x 4? ) 9 ) Exes" ») xa CY xO x4 6 x4?Number @ The zero index The zero index indicates that a number is raised to the power 0. A number raised to the power 0 is equal to 1. This can be explained by applying the laws of indices. aaa However, therefore therefore a? = © Negative indices A negative index indicates that a number is being raised to a negative power: eg. 47. proved as follows. 1. =a" =a =1 Another law of indices states that a-*" = This can be a) °) °) a) °) e) 100 x 107 a) °) °) on exe 2x5? ay at 6x 107 9x3? 64x24 36 x 6 by ¢) i) 6) <) i) b) 3) oi b) ad f) - (from the second law of indices) Without using a calculator, evaluate the following: Pre Ox 69 PoP 32 5x10" 10 16x27 4x2 100 x 107t 4 r 5, ra & =Indices and standard form Worked examples Exercise 7.4 © Exponential equations Equations that involve indices as unknowns are known as exponential equations. a) Find the value of x if 2* = 32. 32 can be expressed as a power of 2, 32 = 28, ‘Therefore 2* = 2° e=S b) Find the value of mt if 3-9 = 1. 81 can be expressed as a power of 3, 81 = 3 Therefore 3~ Find the value of z in each of the following: a) 9 by 39 c) # = 64 d) 108*9=1 e) F=96-9 0 s= 125° 3. Find the value ofn in each of the following: a) (Gras b) dy=st 2) Gr =32 @d Gyaaey ©) Gar=2 0 Geyn4 4. Find the value of x in each of the following: a) or a. b) 27=128 3 pe a" f send + @ Standard form Standard form is also known as standard index form or sometimes as scientific notation. It involves writing large numbers or very small numbers in terms of powers of 10.