See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/338311131
A critical history of marine protected areas
Chapter · January 2020
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102698-4.00001-0
CITATIONS READS
5 567
2 authors:
John Humphreys Robert Clark
57 PUBLICATIONS 647 CITATIONS
Association of IFCA
28 PUBLICATIONS 114 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Fisheries & Aquaculture View project
Manila Clam View project
All content following this page was uploaded by John Humphreys on 06 April 2020.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
0
1
1234542678495
3
634
3
5256369
6)*+,
!"#$%$&'(
-,.,/01234-*/56-/*6/+78*-9/4+-,:01;04,+<0.,=7;04,+<0.,=78*-,/>?-*@>0<A
B50., =/4*)*+=04/C-+=/4-/+3*>D0*+/493,-0*E.,=04-,:7;00F/78*-,/>?-*@>0<
EG+,436,
HIJKLMNKOLPQRLOQSPTUVWPLJVXJVYSPVSZ[\H]KS^VV_TRJVYOLPJKV`VRJWSPJLOSXVUJMPabJKV`VNTUUTUNRLOS
QLYVPUNIL`SIQL^VQVUJXSU`VJPSXVYJLJKVcPRJdLPIYeLUNPVRRLUfSJTLUSI\SPgRTUhijklmLnV^VPUVn
TQWVJMRnSRWPL^TYVY`aJKVTUTJTSJTLUTUhiojLOSWPLXVRRnKTXKYVIT^VPVYV_XIMRT^VPTNKJRJLRL^VPVTNURJSJVR
L^VPSYpSXVUJnSJVPRMWJLkqqUQLMJlrKVOLIILnTUNYVXSYVRnVPVQSPgVY`aSNPLnTUN`LYaLORXTVUJTcX
V^TYVUXVLUJKVMJTITJaLO[\HRSUYSXXVIVPSJTUN[\HYVRTNUSJTLURlHOJVPJKVsTLtuSPJKvMQQTJwTUhiikS
NIL`SI[\HSPVSJSPNVJLOhqxnSRVRJS`ITRKVYlySTIMPVJLSXKTV^VJKTR`aJKVkqhqYVSYITUVnSROLIILnVY`a
TJRPVWISXVQVUJnTJKtHTXKTJSPNVJhhwPVzMTPTUNhqxXL^VPSNV`akqkqlvTUXVJKVUSXaXIVLOJSPNVJtNSQTUNw`a
RL^VPVTNURJSJVRKSRUVXVRRTJSJVYPVWVSJVYVOOLPJRJLJTNKJVU[\HJVXKUTXSIPVzMTPVQVUJRlHJVXKULXPSJTXSIIa
YPT^VUYTSIVXJTXSIRJaIVLOTUJVPUSJTLUSIWLITXaYV^VILWQVUJKSRWMJTUXPVSRTUNVQWKSRTRLURJPLUNVPQSU{
SNVQVUJSUYVUOLPXVQVUJRLIMJTLURbnTJKLMJRMOcXTVUJPV|VXJTLULUJKVRLXTL{VXLULQTXOSXJLPRnKTXKITV
`VKTUYJKVNSQTUNWPL`IVQl\PLWLRSIRJLTUXPVSRVJKVSPVSJSPNVJJL}qxSPVzMVRJTLUS`IVMUJTIRMXKJTQVSRS
QLPVXLURTYVPVYPLIVOLP[\HRTRVRJS`ITRKVYnTJKTUSXLQWPVKVURT^VNIL`SIXLURVP^SJTLURJPSJVNaSWWIaTUN
JLhqqxLOJKVQSPTUVVU^TPLUQVUJl
?/ :~04>+
HTXKTrSPNVJhhmTRJLPaLO[\HR[SPTUV\PLJVXJVYHPVSR[\HR[\H\LITXal
/9/F0</*,012;E0F-6:3*>/,/*,
HgVaV^VUJTUJKVQLYVPUNIL`SITQWVJMROLPQSPTUVWPLJVXJVYSPVSRZ[\HR]nSRJKVJKTPY
UTJVYfSJTLUReLUOVPVUXVLUJKV
SnLOJKVvVSZfe
v]nKTXKPSUOPLQ hiojJLhikl
HIJKLMNKfe
vTUXIMYVYXIVSPRJSJVQVUJRLUQSPTUVVU^TPLUQVUJSIWPLJVXJTLUbTJRQSTU
TQWSXJnSRJLOLPQSITRVSNPLnTUNTUXITUSJTLUJLV_JVUYUSJTLUSIpMPTRYTXJTLUROPLQ SJKPVV
QTIV`SUYLOXLSRJSInSJVPRJLSkqqUSMJTXSIQTIVtu_XIMRT^VuXLULQTXLUVwZuu]nTJKTU
nKTXKQSPTJTQVUSJTLURKS^VV_XIMRT^VPTNKJRL^VPQSPTUVPVRLMPXVRlHIJKLMNKULJTQQVYT{
SJVIaPSJTcVYbJKVVOOVXJnSRJLXLQWIVJVSJPSURTJTLUOPLQJKVRVSSR`VILUNTUNTUWPTUXTWIVJL
SIIUSJTLURZSUYJKVPVOLPVTUSRVURVULUV]bJLSUSPPSUNVQVUJnKVPV`aQMXKLOJKVXLUJTUVU{
JSIRKVIOXSQVnTJKTUJKVWMP^TVn LOTUYT^TYMSIRJSJVRlrKTRTUJMPUWPL^TYVYSRJPLUN
""
=,,+>0-04@00000 0
34 85¡¢£¢£79¤43¥5¦17734 859393¤¦
m Z[\]^_`_]abc_d`e^fegha^_ijk^e`j]`jla^jad
0123456713534816795671301
57060
18
5679
85
73
176567136113
73
7166
76534
1377767
1085
7678
656
776 !"#$51
657
4
3
5175671301
50
25
4736
85
73
397
138
36736
%7$
5
134&&'(
12346
58
678
5)1
4!13
13 567135*5
+,6
-.57
!13
/05
401
6
731
1
567131085
73
76
73616
76731
474
3
61
+
10,85736
6
750
16
6
45
5,)!*(12345146520
.76
6
37131019
73
760
186
534615475
36
51 !"#$1317456
4
6
74
56566
567
104
7356736
6
75
16
6
45
5,3562
9
13567135
81328
365345
+
601247875
57
456
56616
13673
365
08
.57
!13
59
6
27
6109*(7
1:
736
3567135566
36713,;251466<0
877316612
66566
319*(
71
616
61
9
36*176
5
7
6
418735362=67459*(56
>1
6?
00
13 56713591328
3673>1
7451
$(1
657
45
5
546@<53419
7319
4515<3510
5,;251466<A?13
1
234B0C346D26
:
6)1
4!13
13 567135*5
+54
188
34
419
38
36
61-
5873
558566
102
36
1777610
567385
73
5
+1
9
/
53446E36
5
544459*(51756
4762E1236
7
,$795
651465D0
.6
87446E3.71
+234,46EB055
61
1
6
173736
619
38
3673
6673574
85
73
9
1316
5673(26
5751
328
127534
9
136
;
56.5
7
F
0124
18
228
4736158571
85
73
567135*5
+136
57
10
7567135
47346E4
&
53
5
=1256713767
4
065
56565367
3736
136732
4781
653
108
52
1
7735673766
-!139
3671313)
653410C36
35=
67135C81
653
&
755)56
01%57656/,F585
!139
36713146E405346
&2=
1
53 3713 .7
4G7
679
11
2
1
13 -8
!13
956713 10.7
4/5
657
47346E6,&&!146E60.16106
58
657
4
16
6
45
5731565
534
625
73
6
8534
87:
4 56
7613
95671381679
73567585
73
16
6713
8
01
56126
9*(
01
!"#$5346
.57!13
16
61
737675679
85
+
46
567131053
17
397
138
36767376
8167956713
706
40
18 HIJK9*(5547236616
6
75
9
1
01
6
16
6713100
57
1
0564
5473534106
3713785
73
76
1619*(551
361585
73
13
95=
67136
56
766
151057
9735
365679
6
8109*(17301
8
47
3=
67:
974
3
.465<6
:2
54
1
6
4
1361B@39*(5
1D61236
7
,$795
651465D07657875
328
533
45345E1236
7
73919
4C6124
316
41
9
6566
:2
7324
46
6
75
16
6
45
57615651
$73
6
317
73279
1013672126
6
755
516
6
8 9*( 7
5
4
45
573
6
6165
55
5
4656106
5341
36
55
5
16
6
4
720:7
36737L
61
57:
4737613
765539*(%1
9
8737828 7L
01
9*(5
316
7:
4,M
146660573
46626
816737:536159*(
65
659
3
45
365
G2
736
466317673
573
1376713106
3
401
7
3
=5
44
7713,"2=
31
651466405345
1731
21076
562
136
26776109*(,
F1
6534
*1237314664016
:
65
565
6501
857
4506
6
F71-&5
6$28876/, 146620
8713
657
46
!139
3671313.71175G79
76,!.G077362
34
9
=
1
41573247385
644NOPPQRS JKIJPITJHUKJJVKVJWKPXY
pqrqstuvwxytwyquzvtw{t|}~vwqutzqyzq~q~
01234564789
9 !"
#
$!%&
''()*+),-
).*$,)/&)))9)
90
9)1,$8(*,$&
2&
''3#
) )!9)9.4)9)5!6
1
,$/#87)))#&
''8#1%)%"
9
9 *:;&%-)))##;)
82
1,$<)
821,$%-#+)
*:;"
!
9 98*:;&
&
) 9))!)))!)
#
6,)* :));
9&9)9
)
9%))
)9.4==40>?64@AB274CD?>BE@AFB2BG47H401@1G?0B@@A54I54342>B>?64
B27J4@@012240>473A3>4F31=I51>40>47B54B3B271>K454==40>?64B54BLEB3470123456B>?12F4B3D543M
8*:;&
9&$
#
9 0%90)
)
N+69);)!4)&)%!0))"
&&-
8O)&
'& )#
P
QN+ )!)R1,$9)
%9
S9 )T"
%!%1,$&8#S9)8N+&
Q#U%"
$
1,$
%
9%)&%0)9)
1,$
#5!VV)
N+9-W15@7XB>BEB3412Y51>40>47Z54B38(;,$)
!Z>@B31=[B5?24Y51>40>?1281,$)#&9
N691*"
P&+4\%TV)V)
%
"
)
!))
!)1,$#*0)
6))#8
2
!VS#]9)9)!%.B0>?64@AFB2BG47M1,$#N"
)
^!)!!1,$%
R))%#
+%))&9
QN+)9)).>54F42L
71D3I51G5433/&%&%9%)
9
N+9&)
9 %
8N+&
Q#P
)9)R1,$9))
!%
%9.!
)/8;)
)#&
2./84-)#&
2#
_`a`bcdefghcfh`diecfjcklmnef`dnci`hi`omn`m
6!!)!"9! )"
!&)9
!))) )!)
#
+)()8Q 9!1,$#P
T ABCDEFGFDHIJFKGLEMLNOHEFPQRELGQDGQSHEQHK
012345607489539
65397
17
10238210
838897
2404
19723
37
49
128734942819371917918011397
11783
19747
13
891
873498!82"#$%&'
3
4128467('
8483982391
828
71237
7
1
7871506204174)02112189502471
742156
87349'3903287349'21
218734989519*4197
+,-
11
49501234524(748
828
7123157339712480238
4
49
1287349'6737
421
31973
851915
4912873494821873942180174
11873
01
31'
2373
8
83787'1
443
8024
11895 34531237%39
17
1
4112898268421024469539.619
1497
1
49
1073494/!
8
1197
139
21839693128484)678398151140197,
3
3
49351215
627
1214
0127
101234546739158418234601
3
7014
491287349473871508738
5139187158239121723
73491121514217
119123
712 )8239102471
7158218,8
351800315110427157
10
281827615562397
1232734254491219
149
873498!82"395# 418953131'5(&848
8784614/!#%38
178'&37159391749153121977014513987349'39
6539867303
374
82387349497
19473494082"'21121'89
768231'2161895496197%6
5194
7873498215123124 71221723802471
7158218701'1783
151421166381978
239137113715-
3
401374/!9419
8762137
1216749612465312197
9873498895602898734984129197842893873491773960/!497
1834
89531219713873139726197'
4391537
82387349397
198762147
183
89521723
7349'84937
891412731397
102183396147123944782346
1427
81119851749581912851937349
3
19
40817
189513987349'
895744
8718/!39745191502471
7349
8714231
4788997
1897129873498$93494244912873494 87621#34!'5&178
3
15871 43
8714231402471
71582188003
817447
71221723889582391
1932491978958150238234989811974*1
731:723
702471
7349;1
471
02471
7349;987628187621
491287349;8
731898119742
837874201
31;02471
73494218
801;21
2187349;8981197427
1678398161498762821462
1#11
<11
12'&=41127
11
871423182194767681
63189551037141
853937287313042789
142
493719
4839197397
14
3821042739402421'
89587710774
8237
1328003
87349#1>651'5&'7
111
402431588
216747
118
47017
182111"39747187318958268898
249373
39
3
7442121
1977
39"39491
471 800248
174
491287349
?66821183947
153
67314397129873498043
895028
73
142/!82119
12851937349895
47
182895511408
42539747
1023423731895
32
6789
1
47
101401895428938734902404397
178147462
1
8139
4497
1
44395193987723671#=60
21895=12127'5&
@14280
3
88218482391
828
7124239.619
137
5191546958231'39
6539
47
8712
469895197
3
4049197
@3
3
302471
7157
246
184247
12103
37189
@2427
10620414
491287349401
3151876214271'895
@/8981537
7
139719734948
31398
3
1211402471
73497
897
8747
1
6224695398218
bcdcefghijkfikcglhfimfnopqhicgqflcklcrpqcp s
01234567895
7955
535
482375
798653898435745384784535
7
8
536753
377353889
3
5
57
53
715
7 47357457
377
74!"""#7
7$
747%3
&'()*+,-+./0)1-,102+3.,456102+31-,,+0)71.8-19-,
:019014.;-,3*0)8:+1-,+)2+44.<0+1-2=.,+7/+5)+79041.,0<+3+)2<5315,+3/-+15,-47:90<99+46--)
,-4-,;-26*3+:.,.19-,-//-<10;->-+)41.?,.1-<1?+,1.,+33./19--)<3.4-2-);0,.)>-)1@A
0657
35735
73538578437
BCD!E9755
7775872783CD!C
867
677541637 BCD!ECD!C#
73185
74373F
538895
734
3G77448575747578437
%H
73473
557753675
7
988$3875
&'I10410>-1.41.??,-1-)20)8>.,-./19-.<-+)04?,.1-<1-219+)01+<15+33*
04J@'I),-<-)1*-+,4?,-445,-1.2-30;-,45<<-4441.,0-49+4,-4531-20)/+34-<3+0>4./;+41+,-+4
./19-.<-+)6-0)8?,.?-,3*?,.1-<1-2AI10410>-1.6-,-+30410<+6.51.5,2-K)010.)./LM(4@B
CD!ECD!C#%H
7
7875
948
7384893
36
545785
5
7
337
396537
89
7647173
4536419845
7648
7
89'19-)5>6-,48+>-NO9F
987175%CD!P#
8357$35
538827475
77Q358965
734835F
75
674357453847775
%
6
346
57
5
7735543657
89
2785
R6
3F78353
337%
H
7'674
7N3
473578
7R67789R6535532763
75845475
755324386
984
8937
23864
2777375373635
7'5
47
8
79975N3$
3
5
7R63518986565787
333
73847458G33
75
7
3727F
7589R653553275475
77S88CDDT#%
747327487675835
7 CD!C#
55775$
7G47
7
7
347
'J U.>+V-01>5<99+,2-,/.,+<10.)419+10);.3;--W?3.01+10.)745<9+4K49-,0-471.6-<3+0>-2+4
LM(4JNH
3
875
337
5
78575386
47538
375$777883788F
3
75
895
7
75
55
73789
6
5377278758
57
3147837
%
H
787589
6
537727875$
3548673585
7357453883147
15
7B8483
388X234875Y7278753!"EP H
70465
Z7845BXY!"EP#
37$
735
78763R63586
%[6
5377278758
39974948
54358
7425388
35
5754473
7895
7984743
5
55
74777
857547F89975$77788348$5
5
77234875 4574CDDP\84571
CD!]#%8
7R67515
7774
7789
372385
8
7425387883
7G83553835
743772348753
7558353727
948 8538
827475
58^84357453854751843
538
%
_8!`895
7357538
[6
537Y727875_8
3
58'8
7427
6
53F
16
75
787
7
43747
8647
984
6
537727875NH475!`%]7
F
53
7
5
7!Da5475#%B
37_8!`3
947R6751R6857
8$749645387984
799753277
3538
353
81878967489_8
$
3
5
86
85343F
378543584187
3845534537357453
6
$1
5872787
^848317753574475538
34753858
%45364_8!
77Q
587827451335
984
_8!D58476737R6351$35
38865437
CD!P#%H
7
78
47
8397
538337
55388727
%
H
73548653889
6
537727875831
773Q758
39537
3
948
74847
5435148575747
588753889474653F6
7
3$
3
'835
$7473713
53345335327487
64351898
JN&
78837883
83%87B737CDDP#%57453273574475538
5
70465Z78457
77
5
7
77948 $
3
347
385753882745
7
O <=>?@ABA?CDEAFBG@HGIJC@AKLM@GBL?BLNC@LCF
01234565788946
474748227
12852
9
4
819779
624
9194
46
21257
912
57822
47
251975
52
41297
9174
5974689321727
25249
45746223269027
4
8124
4002464
5
46
69
91297954
535
475722819
4
46285
54
2909727
997
2134
597
575787014
52
22578
9452329
97
2134
59747297952
14
5975
57
41572019
2
24124
4
209
27
546
945232725
2132122
5326762
42
9621
41257
28146
914
21
47465274
219
20192
!250654
597
9
2
2
27
597
469785
4001942
912
963578
241212091
257479
240
21
57
5
3962
7"###$%&527
52
94
92
465
578
2
'25
214
471264
5326
466
5
2
24
15
6019
2
2914
42641826
5062
24124
597
457
15
6
019
2
24124
5
57
2()266221"###*7
5
12
02
5
5
957
212
4
2124
5979
6
5062
24124
400241
9
27
92015915
5
29321
15
6019
2
24124
74
59746
89321727
(+1588
2
46,-".*7472327
572"###4
27
5974
22785327
9819578
293214662
27
9
1989
72
91
(/4962,--.*4764
26
19864182
462
(/25
2
46,-"0*+9
14
2852
432227
2
6571
212
27578
869469321482192321
5
2047
5974
198
222
59794523578904
5565
2
2272969854647297958946
57
957124
5786
4109
9
0965
5466
4791474821
479
21014
5
59721
74
2
05
247466
912
27
532
4
4129655
9
578(283921
2
46,--4*
2124
69782274
45
420
4729
2524
4
4
22
27
9
819
4
297
91297562
27
597
2
22797
2134
5974720695
4
597
5
57974152
'
9
929 42
2 904
562!24
0
59757)266221
("###*
4
641821
962597257
96
5062
247
15
6019
2
24124
120
12
27
2129875
5979
2722
9412
2
2572127
27
597
+
57014
52
24
21
12457
2
62
9
2159
97
27
5974724
257525
25
57
57
212
64
19 74
597460965
198
969464748227
62326
%97
2227
64978
240
01942
94157297
2134
597
22
5874
59794019
2
241249
9466827214
2
197857
214
597
2
227
954629795472969854650214
532
47245753546
064
9
575199
2827214646627829
45746223269027
57
241572
273519727
(7012
4772121
,-".*
!2129122
05
24
197897
27
5
57
297
2134
597
2
91574391957124
578
272147
5529
25122
53272
4723276285
54412
56622
5972
(%915218462,-"9*47
2:
150629
9 6572;(322
2
46,-".*929795232690
27
273519727
46
4574565
47
9546576
59747
22566
9191466
429621
9123216285
54
215
5229
2:04021041
;827125204
5
2
25091
4729
:79
425972
;91:758619
2
241572124
;
2125
41264
532620153294
46
97
57479
215
2427
97
19140991975
4
15
94
96
209321
919
20695
578
2
245
041
9
2516532659991
5
2727
5
97
2
4
21
597
4
4
212
457462464722
22797
2134
5974712
9122
14
5974722
465
2
57014
52420965
5466202527
92
52
527
546622
597462(7
012
4772121
,-".*7472327
5797
14
9
15
019
2
59791645
25451220695
4
5975
5
4466278578
578
92653218
2227
40
21
57
5
3962
2
5
4
97
27
5979
12227
691
2
227
57857
212
(19
5
272
198
941
5
47464757
154622
*4789321727
46482752
556226644129
2
rstsuvvwtvxtyxz{|yuy{tvu}~
011230452678079287
71084
12
56424676220
57
5200
52
4507
4
704507
6
55222767220
6545260562216545484
6424507
60206562522
5262309
8
552
607
64
352462840160852 !"224540
657
5465757#722
50606
75527
$485782450
306824
8026% !"6407
684084507
4
3
034
82
378
12
56&'(()'(*'4+220
80
23574550
522750
27657106
32654
30
6
0
524084507
752032
0507
64
384527026"22522660562216824545050
72
12
510
0650264
352042
802652266
270
52
4507
4542564687
509
523570
52254507
60887
2
02
5$7296545235204802212
56
4
$22
52756$52 !" 3217
6545287
50
0
87
82
64508
4$7
52
252
557083260
4523642228502$14
423527$0
75246571
",-67
522848$722
57626087652
60$
522.
023805204
!" 703234
5284084507
082474526602662
5048448520650867
60
8
30
/012345/440705$78
67
87
624507
4
3524404005$7267
826
4
3844805$57228502$01212
54
2080514
4212
54
!"4646784023
752852324654
3436& !"78!'(*)4+$87
6703450
207
6$68455223
034
824
3906254&'(*)+42322723287112
34507
67
8466084507
4
3
2750
46457407
6275657642
7
78
6&"26'(*:+
;0687
50
0
27
507
752528
0844
332
0
245
26760614
0265
75
<
650
!"708$
5050
4=
2
50
52
4507
4",-6762106607
4
37$0
06
40123576575232434507
7522456
45
42
07
12
5#2
82432
0507
7
6$5287380302>
388>&0823452352 !"684084507
6+46
?@324AB2A/C0412B40B2DD2E1/F25GH404C2B1IJ3I12E1H43/022EIAGA12HAKJ3IE2AA2AKL4M/141A40BAJ2N
E/2AKOL/ELE40EI013/MP121I1L232A1I341/I040B32J520/ALH201ID32AIP3E2ADI3AIE/45K2EI0IH/E40B
EP51P345203/ELH201Q&R2
80
9#
2
75S4
38T2
S02'(*U+
57
2080514
4212
54
64
352267
8262.
0235701212
5521 42
787
603223462662
504245
26766712771714
72
2772
12
5629
140
646522068
2
5$
70
52
4507
4704507
5720$522714
82760
52 !"62750
2012;06442
57106607
14$
7522
502$057
54507
42
60
820
82460
650
2
8$0
522.
0212
567 !"14$424243$248232$7
3
52844805$76712720
8712
4507
65732020
52462
8270
52
4507
4403
VWXWYZZ[XZ\X]\^_`]Y]_XZYabcdef
#71
8062
7
gh
82
87254&'((i+3268023506.
26507
4652jI5Gk34/57
140
27528507
4
3287
0623545432
05024
6246
75$2544042
88730
578067
&'(*l+8
2
54526707302605$7660
3084525450506
282664$57
62546032U(m7522454626226703022607
75065$27424567
507
40235762464
37824
614$
7524621752476285764605654246
;2242572467
67506%;2652452657282
5410507
6287112
34507
67
4244
3526287
3574
43<
6512
577 42494623140
287
624507
14$
21246
23
'(*n52 !"87346!7
266287112
32357%P3C2015G/0E324A21L2IE2404324
o /02EI5IC/E455G32J32A20141/F240BO255EI002E12BAGA12HAIDpq@AI3I1L232DD2E1/F2EI0A23F41/I0
x efghijkjhlmnjokpiqprslijtuvipkuhkuwliulo
012345136789
9
1313
44135751125123
22042123
9 12
0251
2622251336
61537213731031513!"#$%&'%('&)*+,
&'-%..'/01)+%/+,21-3'024+/56'/)+1789:,,6-*1,;<'6-*7+/=>6?'/*%7)@1/0
$-A'/@+'B"C
D,'-%/0E1-)%&-%/)&+26)+/?)%)*'E'1,+2+7+)4%E*+?*'&1&'1=21,'0-%('&1?'&'71)',)%)*'
F*&1,'G
15111315201236&',H+/)*'12%('&'-%..'/01)+%/CI*+,+,&'.+=
/+,-'/)%EJ%&0+/?+/)*''K+,)+/?D+-*+I1&?') %E)*'%/('/)+%/%/L+%7%?+-17M+('&,+)4
N)&1)'?+-71/LM2"+/J*+-*)*' O)1&?').6,)2'-%/,'&('0)*&%6?*,4,)'.,%E
$D,1/0P
151112512Q6231315201234513#R1EE%7'4')17CS"*1,&'F%&)'0
)*1))*+,F*&1,'J1,171,)=.+/6)'100+)+%/)%)*'D+-*+)1&?') 1/0*'122&'(+1)',
)*'F*&1,')%:T$J*+-*F'&*1F,/%)-%=+/-+0'/)1774-%6701FF74'U61774J'77)%)*'P
15
111315201234513&'E'&&'0)%+/)*'VO&'-%..'/01)+%/C
R1EE%7'4')17CS"*1,17,%0&1J/1))'/)+%/)%)*'+.F%&)1/-'%E:T$,+/?7%217+.F7'=
.'/)1)+%/-%..'/)+/?)*1)+/)*'-%/)'K)%ED+-*+I1&?') 10'W/+)+%/%E:T$,+,%E
+..'0+1)',)&1)'?+-1/0F%7+)+-17+.F%&)1/-'CX/)*+,-%/)'K)R1EE%7'4*1,,%6?*))%'76-+01)'
J*1))*'F*&1,'.+?*)+/F&1-)+-'.'1/1/0*1,+0'/)+W'01/6.2'&%E'.'&?+/?F&+/-+F7',
1/0'K-76,+%/,)*1)*'7F)%-71&+E4J*1).+?*)2''7+?+27'E%&-%6/)+/?)%J1&0,)*'D+-*+
)1&?')6/0'&)*':T$ -1)'?%&4C
D.%/?,)F&+/-+F7',&'71)'0)%)*'1-*+'('.'/)%E7%/?)'&.Q34-%/,'&(1)+%/%E2+%0+=
('&,+)41FF7+'0)%10'W/127'1&'1J+)*1-)+('?%('&/1/-'R1EE%7'4+/-760',)*'F&+/-+F7'
)*1)1/:T$ G3221Y3Z511251213Z23HI*+,GF&+/-+F7'H&'F&','/),
1-1)'?%&4,*+E)E&%. )*'%)*'&,1/024(+&)6'%E)*'/''0)%+/-760'+)&1+,',)*'U6',)+%/
%EJ*')*'&-6&&'/)0'W/+)+%/,%E$D,-%6701--%..%01)')*'-%/-'F)%E:T$.13+/?
)*'71))'&)'&.+/06'-%6&,'&'06/01/)CX/1/4'('/)J*+7':T$,/''0)%2'6/0'&F+//'0
2410'W/+)'-%/,'&(1)+%/%2['-)+('1/01FF&%F&+1)'.1/1?'.'/))*'+&%&+?+/17F6&F%,'.14
2'0+EE'&'/),6-*1,1522-7%,6&',&%6/0*+,)%&+-J&'-3,J*+-*12*1('$D)4F'
-%/,'&(1)+%/2'/'W),C
N+/-'R1EE%7'4H,S"F1F'&1,62,+0+1&42%04%E)*'%/('/)+%/%/L+%7%?+-17M+('&=
,+)4*1,10%F)'01&'-%..'/01)+%/)*1):T$,2'0'W/'01,E%77%J,\P2Z1Z52
27
1]12512
15
22^511_512`
3Z1512022Z134
`273
22
11
31234321ZQ15040135
1Q34315261537a`
233Q
21137310432315132a`
1512261a4452a3542a2
1527
51122413HC
X/)*+,0'W/+)+%/+)+,F%,,+27')%0+,-'&/1/6/0'&,)1/0127''EE%&))%F&'('/))*'+0'1%E
:T$,2'-%.+/?1I&%[1/>%&,'E%&)*'/6.2'&,?1.'%E%('&=-%6/)+/?C>%J'('&+/
)'&.,%E'-%7%?+-17F&%)'-)+%/1/0/%)J+)*,)1/0+/?&'-'/)0')1+7'0'EE%&),)%0+,)+/?6+,*
2')J''/$D,1/0:T$,Xb8cDd2")*'0+EE'&'/-',1&'1&?61274,62)7'
1/0+).+?*)2',6??',)'0)*1),62['-)'0)%(1&+%6,+/)'&1-)+/?F&',,6&',%F'&1)+/?%('&
4'1&,126&'16-&1)+-F&%-',,*1,-%.'-7%,')%0'W/+/?1/:T$ 1,1/$D)*1)0%',/H)
17&'104'K+,)C:&)%F6)+)1/%)*'&J141/$DJ*+-*+,/%)-177'01/$DCX/1/4'('/)
)*+,0'W/+)+%/J*+7'2'+/?+.F%&)1/)+/&'71)+%/)%)*'D+-*+I1&?') 17,%*1,+.F7+-1)+%/,
E%&J*1).14-%6/))%J1&0,1VO)1&?')C
]^_`abcd^_ e
0123456712
89
9
9
99 99
9
99
9
9 999
9
!
!"
9"
#$8
!
9
!
9
!9
999
%9"
#
99!
!9
99
&
9
"9
!
9
"
!
9
9
!9
9
'999
9
9
("
!
)
!
99
"%9
9
!
9
" !!9% 99
9
9
&
9
9!
99
9
9"99
9*
9
! 9
99
%99
9
!
9
%* 9
&9++
!9
,
999
9
9
-
9
!
9
9
*
)
.
!
.
9
!99/0
'../0
(%
!"
9
9
#
9
%
9
9
9
9 99 9
9%91
9
9
999
9
9
'&999%23+45
(&
9
9"
"
99
99)
"
%99
!
9
9
"!
9)
%
)
!
&
9!
"9
)9
99
9
9
'
9
67.8(%9
9
9
9
"
89:
% 9
9)
%9
91
!99
&
"
#
"9
9
)
!
%* $9
!
!9
9
9
.
9
6
-
99;<=>?@AB>CDEFGC@<FH<D@EI9!!
9
!
99
!
9
999
%
9)
9
9
"!!
99
!5)
1
! 9,99#
- 9
999 9
!
,
9#J
-&
!
9
*
9$K
'23+L(9
67.8-
23+L
92M89:
9!
M3N
!
"
-
9
!
!
9
!
!*
9
23M3
O!
9
%0
9'23+4%
(
9
99
)
" 9
9
9
)9
!9 "
#
"99
P9
!9
9,
-9
9
9
)
9
9
%
99
"
9
99
!9
9
*
!
&9
"9
9!!
9
9
*9 QR9
9'23+M("
9
!9
9999
!
#
!
ST=@U>=VW?XA@CYW>E<D<Z
YW>=D<Z[\/ *9'23+4(99
*9
!!9\R
99
1
!9
cd PQRSTUVUSWXYUZV[T\[]^WTU_`aT[V`SV`bWT`WZ
012314156789
427
767723
8537995
427
85542
2
424
427
5
2
87
95
48542587453456879 415379542
857
83559
732
423537
358
4148529584252
5678
427
758
95
47956
841582923427
76
41277235
427
8537
258555015852
4127
95
9185
8
!"#
$159
24
5763
885
48457627258247
731
585
85355
45
2
354155
76415854357
5827
6%325
467841574
427
76415
50&
4187
735
557318
4'5
#(45
241535764158759 29255589785)*&
8537585
415856785
784+,
-, 7.
634415325
42%38427
678
317232
70
4240678/
315
372
+0524574173
37
4545
56678447
4268423
87854854(1/5854!234124554!5#41585
55
4282488%
85825
584
55285477795412
47874534
415735
378
76325
42%324584
851702
4142
35842
537723
9
5
95
43283
94
35)*&3
15
.
37
3
27
058
54144531
738423825
25342345762
458
427
7
23873514187
185733
427
0241824888548543854532392
853427
$15857
54701231155
47
42
3852
59127
487
58)*&9
595
4
5
6783595
47
427
02417
487588565342
7
852
415
634780123125512
41592
8759.
41595
429529242336789785
)*&85
487
589
595
43884157784
2437473245024138702
7
441555795
4763798515
2574845678982
537
58427
02412
01231)*&3
978537
258584
.
55
44153355842
8704176)*&375852637
42
52
41537
457476415
4822
97857678587453427
485402479572
429
3137985
15
257982
548452
67895
415276)*&%158
74158325
42%3
878995
423547! ,76415982
5859
89:9;9<=9>
?78
).!"5@&3125595
42
982
537
58427
.)82
5*8A
287
95
47
58427
!+#!"5
-+
?82B?5'C007
$D758?!EF537995
427
47.GH47.9875)82
5*8745345&85
2%3427
F57842
8458H 5$15*7242376415A
287
95
4.5&34229*7239825G
25824*85
?0!.
IH50J227
F5
2854745766089423?2725824/7GHF5784*85F555!41
)7
5
427
7
?27723025824)7
485
?0!(*! 053227
KLI$15484523*
678?2725824!!M
415&2312?2725824$854
G
245H427
A
287
95
4*878995H7B
78925859)!@*84232478758
3576982
5874534585I72423315
5
54123
2958425266585
4485347825
85
*5853425.
45842
A
287
95
4
732545N!M+
8
4'5
*B D577769
2
H4
85@!-+MNO
05
47A54!+)22
982
5874534585)*ዶI170415
1678
24
5892
5
42
224
732
4235B7
8
76A
287
95
4)
595
4!@!+5M!@2
0
5HA# ED
252
5678&2
*8745345&85)
595
4457825.GHD
024'58
0
85
2)?75858C?
8
544C&*8755F4789?!EA5454802
2
25874534585
58
92
537
58427
7
437952
7%12
17474325
35+2!@+M!@5
AA!"5"7
32028534255"L@"LAA7
58427
7642?28A
875
A37
7923799
24
IJKJLJMNJO PP
012345267897
966236352426331223524236234511229
5627!16"#$9%7&62632432'62$24214 (&2239$12267)*69
+"789723197
,9-23.442/.162/626324326242634233
262432906326&628424207
1953322962911,
269
,9
19
+789#$9%7
09&62632432'629!5(11739
167-97
49&62263 22623563243953620107
67
49
7!97812'3
49+3623613523623645396351482642914
'363-229
5627897!16"7-97
98242:24214 3132662632432622239
5627!16" #$9%7&62632432 '6284242714 &2239$12267)*67
96
7049
5627897262637-98997
,9&62632432624242714 2239$3627!31
852184242
07
07
,9
;!57
4
906361426242316"96422!26242)62 352;!5135
82<81=35
4
9
;!57
,
95316"74263221239;!5!5316"632432
'62642235291!629
;!57
69!64'4319;!5662632432'627+1783>2619
;!57
,9+2126'1632432'62&223!32629;!57+1783>2619
;!57
9+2126'1352;!5&223!32623&62632432'62#812236
3352
,+212%9;!57+1783>2619
;!57
9?52&62632432'62-211 &62632432'627,35823226&28332239
;!57+1783>2619
;!52?!'7
,9'1;!5@+11!2638363&62632432'62#&'%9A21<
26$2432!263'433565&'7382462)422135(8312A221239B26
99+1783>261969
;!52?!'7
,9#A63%+2126-24-263)3526$2432'62<92!263
&2629B269;!5783>2619
827887
69+26&62632432'629-31227'9
C21125267+97
9+2126&62632432'629;!57+1783>261!627;C9
+62396626-22&626"'35637?619"7;!59619C21125267+97912"17!97?2112789
#$9%7
09'+11-26223328 32&62632432'629
3127A9#$9%7
,9D65236"&62632432'629D52&''4316;!5@?61
!632432'629;!57?!'7+1783>2619
3127A9723197
=9'36433.35262243262<24263262/26'45D623
352!239141A2636732662332264229':34!26<
3&620625326$432
=#8%7171=9
322*789723197
935264234522'45D62341E26>2352224324263<
263 !29&6214
71
71
19
32759723197
=93628412&62632432'62+2126A2&2239;!57+1
83>2619
34524789723197
9D5231252623322414162264529$41 =
71=76
9
34524789723197
19151235242352226424262622629$4141'1<
431#%98178=9D52$41418423 '2649
&'527
9&'52
#0%)2!5219)2!436352)42#)!D)%9
521789<097?221789<F97
=9&626324326264263331222123932631
8618312A22123#1%7
117
09
)G326799!97
49$2432!262D6236)42632439!263323326
#4%71
,7669
6327C9$97
0983139&D627&452339
-6!237
=9D52!23?231326316342$2411 ?326133
#-676
=%9
-2278973789703267597327)97+6H357!97012345267897857A97'336117&97
,996352
241<2414145262426263243262236"29':34!263&62
0625326$432
,#1%7=067=419
-2451<2513>7$97&4C2>27$97
09&62632432'628632323)4221359?61
?1120#??0%7+1783>2619
VW CDEFGHIHFJKLHMINGONPQJGHRSTGNISFISUJGSJM
0123456789
971
799897943434363436335333514336343603366
11!7"#$9
0123456789
97%&67'997(79097)**#9+3413143436343636
6523634369161,-
+4651615301!.135! /"*7)/$/)9
0103719973597)*9236! 30316363436053435106,314163451943%
,43!67
84&5606977
4341535304363.3371!0
3359663347891409
.7.97:
2317'97(414
0-813457;9713789701234567897.
729097)*<96636643,41436651-
406335313,4153519
431!7$/9
.7
9697(53!769
9713636547497<"9 214,:65181650
4341535304363
(12.
43!9+303,145=%84-<"-9=1106%138314,4655
517=1106%137
9
+47973597)*9+3.1
584&3!6066343,41535304335140653365263516,5
,415351534515346943%
,43!6784&5606977
4341535304363.3371!0
-
3359663347891409
27)9+3011345116413501331,35925305167=6519
27)*>9+3.
65231331,35(1603,145)*>9253051673?14&9
=8617<>98
4811
5
43903,145153=1408166116413501331,3554
05-
08166172530516(3346632!11
35@A)@A)>53979
=537'9=97&167;9'97 1561407:9=97)*>9036,163518B:34!353
6
631
1036:30651
6
03081-
634510313051698163451:355346*5)77)"$)>*9
=61769897)*"9%-64598
4356514:39:3457:1019
=1404&68143667)*A9+341631.!03!9428=1404&68143667.!03!7
6549
View publication stats