Class Dated: 26th March, 2020 -......

Class 1: 26th March, 2020, Thursday

Statistics I
Measures of central tendency

Dear students,

Important terms to learn before you start the first lesson of statistics i.e.
measures of central tendency:

I. Types of series : there are 3 types of series in statistics

1. Individual series: Individual Series is a statistical series in which all

the observations are listed out and all the observations have a
frequency of 1. For e.g. Let’s say, age in a class is : 17, 18, 20, 22, 21,
23, 16............
2. Discrete Series: Discrete Series is a statistical series in which all the
observations are listed out along with their corresponding frequency in
the form of a table. For example if there are 10 students in the class, a
discrete frequency table of their weight can be made as below:
Weight (in Kg) No of students
52 2
55 1
57 4
60 3

3. Continuous Series: Continuous Series is a statistical series in which

data is represented in the form of class intervals along with their
corresponding frequency. For example marks scored by students in a
class

Marks No of students
50-60 20
60-70 11
70-80 14

1
 80-90 15
Total 60

Key terms for understanding continuous series

1. Upper limit and lower limit in continuous series

The lower value of a class interval is called lower limit while the upper value of
a class interval is called upper series. For example, in class interval 50-60,
lower limit is 50 and upper limit is 60.

2. Exclusive Series

In such a series, for a particular class interval, all the data items having values
ranging from its lower limit to just below the upper limit are counted in the
class interval. In other words, the last figure of the upper limit is not counted in
such series in that particular interval. For example:

Marks No of students
50-60 20
60-70 11
70-80 14
80-90 15
Total 60
In above case, 50-60 class intervals will count only those students who scored
marks below 60 i.e 59.9. Any student scoring 60 marks will be counted in next
class interval i.e 60-70.

Remember, most of the series in statistical operations are

exclusive series.
3. Inclusive series: On the contrary to exclusive series, an inclusive series
includes both its upper and lower limit.
Marks No of students
10-19 20
20-29 11
30-39 14
40-49 15

2
 Total 60

So, in above example 19 will be included in class interval 10-19 and so on.
But inclusive series have limitation as they do not include any value between
upper limit of first class interval and lower limit of subsequent/next class
interval. For example

10-19, includes all observation till 19 and 20- 29 includes observation

between 20 to 29. But any values between 19 and 20 don’t find any place in
such series. Thus it becomes important to convert inclusive series to
exclusive series.

Converting inclusive series to exclusive series

Rule: you need to minus 0.5 in lower limit and add 0.5 in upper limit. For
example minus 0.5 from 10 will make it 9.5 and add 0.5 in 19 will make it
19.5 and so on.

Inclusive series Exclusive series

10-19 9.5-19.5
20-29 19.5-29.5
30-39 29.5-39.5
40-49 39.5-49.5

4. Open ended class interval: In an open-end series, the lower limit of the
first class in the series and the upper limit of the last class in the series is
missing.

Marks No of students
Less than 10 20
10-20 11
20-30 14
More than 30 15
Total 60

Rule of converting open ended series to close ended: determine class interval
on the basis of observation. For example, 10-20 and 20-30 has equal class

3
interval of 10, so we can assume that this series has class interval of 10
throughout and so we can convert

Less than 10 : as 0-10

More than 30: as 30-40 keeping a uniform class interval of 10 throughout.

Mid value: Mid value in a class interval is the middle most value of that
interval.

Formula of mid value (m) = lower limit + upper limit

2

For example, mid value of given series :

lower limit + upper limit
2
= 50+ 60
2
= 110/2 = 55
And so on for other class intervals
Marks Mid point No of students
50-60 55 20
60-70 65 11
70-80 75 14
80-90 85 15
Total 60

4
 Measures of central tendency (Average)

Meaning : one of the most important objectives of statistical analysis is to get

one single value that describes the characteristics of the entire mass of data.
Thus, average is a single value that represents a group of values.

Definition

Croxton & Cowden : An average value is a single value within the range of data
that is used to represent all of the values in the series. Since an average is
somewhere within the range of the data, it is also called a measure of central
value.

Objectives of studying average

1) To get a single value that describes the characteristics of the entire group.
For example it is difficult to remember the individual score of each
student in a class but the average will be a single figure which can give us
an idea about the performance of students in this class.
2) To facilitate comparison: average can help to compare different groups.
For example if we calculate the average of the performance of two
classes, we can compare which class performed better.

Requisites of a good average

1) Easy to understand
2) Simple to compute
3) Based on the all the items of the given series: if all the items of a
given series are included to calculate the average, then it is the best
average.
4) Should not be unduly affected by extreme value: although best
average includes all the values, but extreme values may affect the
average, so its better to eliminate them.
5) Capable of further algebraic treatment:

5
Types of average

You need to study 3 important types of average:

 Mean- Arithmetic mean

 Median
 Mode

ARITHMETIC MEAN
It is the most simple and widely used method of average. It is calculated by sum
total of all the observations divided by the total number of observations.

x̄ = ( Σ xi ) / N

 x̄ just stands for the “sample mean”

 Σ means “add up”
 xi “all of the x-values”
 N means “the number of items in the sample”

 Calculating mean in individual series

Q.1 The following data shows monthly income of 10 employees. Calculate the
average income of the employees of this office.

1780, 1760, 1690, 1750, 1840, 1920, 1100, 1810, 1050, 1950

Solution :

Hint : add all the observations and divide with number of observations

x̄ Σ X
=

6
= 1780+ 1760+ 1690+ 1750+ 1840+ 1920+ 1100+ 1810+ 1050+ 1950
10

= 16650
10
=1,665
Thus, the average income of the employees in this office is 1665.

 Calculating arithmetic mean in discrete series

Two methods can be used:
1. Direct method
2. Short cut method

Direct method
Mean: x̄ ΣfX
=

Σf

Q.2 Given below is the marks scored by a class of 60 students. Calculate the
arithmetic mean.

Marks No. of students

X f

20 8
30 12
40 20
50 10
60 6
70 4
Total 60

Hints for Solution:

Step 1: prepare a next column for fX

7
Step 2: calculate fX for each raw and then sum up all the fX

Step 3: sum up all the frequency

Step 4: divide the sum fX as obtained in step 2 by sum of all the frequency as
obtained in step 3.

Solution

Marks No. of students fX

X f

20 8 160
30 12 360
40 20 800
50 10 500
60 6 360
70 4 280
Total Σf = 60 ΣfX= 2460

Mean: x̄ = ΣfX
Σf

= 2460
60

= 41

Hence, average marks scored by students are 41.

Calculating mean using short cut method

Mean: x̄ = A + Σfd
Σf
8
Hint:

Step 1: take an assumed mean “A”, this is taken from value of X (Don’t make
mistake of taking it from value of f)

Step 2: minus assumed mean from value of X from i.e. X-A for every
observation. Term it as “d”

Step 3: multiple value of d with f, i.e. fd

Step 4: obtain sum of fd i.e. Σfd

Step 5: obtain Σf

Step 6: put all the values in the formula, x̄ = A + Σfd

Σf
Question 3

Solution:

Marks No. of students d= (X-A) fd

X f

20 8 -20 -160
30 12 -10 -120
40 20 0 0
50 10 10 100
60 6 20 120
70 4 30 120
Total Σf = 60 Σfd=60

Let A= 40

x̄ = A + Σfd
Σf

x̄ = 40 + 60
60
= 40+1
=41
Hence average marks is 41.

9
 Class 2: 28th March 2020

Practice question:
Question 4: Calculate arithmetic mean from the following distribution:

X f
5 10
15 20
25 35
35 40
45 25
55 25
65 15

Answer: 35.882

Calculating mean in continuous series

Two methods

1. Direct method
2. Short cut or step deviation method

1. Mean using Direct method

x̄ Σfm
=

Σf

Note: students kindly remember that since continuous series are in the
form of class interval, we always need to calculate the mid point (m).

Question 5: from the given data calculate arithmetic mean using Direct
method.

Marks No. of students

(X) (f)

10
 0-10 5
10-20 10
20-30 25
30-40 30
40-50 20
50-60 10

Hints for solution:

Step 1. Calculate mid point (m) of all the observations in a new column using
the method: lower limit plus upper limit, divided by 2

Step2.multiply mid point (m) with given respective frequency (f) of each class.
This will be your “fm”

Step 3. Calculate sum of “fm” i.e Σfm

Step4. Calculate sum of all the frequency i.e. Σf

Step 5. Divide Σfm by Σf

Solution:

Marks No. of students m fm

(X) (f)
0-10 5 5 25
10-20 10 15 150
20-30 25 25 625
30-40 30 35 1050
40-50 20 45 900
50-60 10 55 550
Σf=100 Σfm=3300

Mean: x̄ = Σfm
Σf
x̄ = 3300
100

x̄ = 33 Ans.

11
Calculation of mean using short cut or step deviation method

Mean : x̄ = A+ Σfd' x i
Σf
Where A= assumed mean, (which you need to assume from mid points)
d'= d/i
d= (m-A) i.e. deviation of mid points from assumed mean
i = class interval (i.e. upper limit – lower limit)

Hint for solution:

Step 1. Calculate mid point (m) of all the class interval in a new column

Step 2. Take an assumed mean from mid point i.e. from column “m”

Step 3: calculate “d”i.e. (m-A) for each observation

Step 4: calculate d' i.e. d(as obtained in step 3) divided by class interval

Step 5: calculate f d' i.e multiply given frequency with d'

Step 6: calculate Σfd'

Step 7: calculate Σf

Step 8: put all the values in the formula

Question 6

Marks No. of m d d' f d'

(X) students (m-A) (d/i)
(f)
0-10 5 5 -30 -3 -15
10-20 10 15 -20 -2 -20
20-30 25 25 -10 -1 -25
30-40 30 35 0 0 0

12
 40-50 20 45 10 1 20
50-60 10 55 20 2 20
Σf= 100 Σf d' =-20

Let A= 35

Here Class interval (i)= 10

Mean : x̄ = A+ Σfd' x i
Σf
x̄ = 35 + (-20) x10
100
= 35-2
=33Ans.
Hence the mean of the given data is 33.

Practice question:
Question 7 Calculate arithmetic mean to determine the average daily
income from the following data:
Income No. of persons
(X) (f)
400-500 368
500-600 472
600-700 969
700-800 567
800-900 304

Calculating arithmetic mean in open ended class

interval

Mean can not be calculated in case of open-ended class interval. We need

to adjust the classes to calculate mean in open ended classes.

Rule to adjust the classes: observe the other classes carefully (classes
which are close ended in the given distribution). We can adjust the open
classes on the basis of class interval present in close classes.

13
 Question 8: Calculate mean from the given data
Marks No. of students
(X) (f)
Below 10 4
10-20 6
20-30 10
30-40 15
40-50 8
Above 50 7

Hint for solution:

1. Observe the class interval in given close ended classes.

2. Class interval in other classes in 10 all through.
3. It gives us hint to adjust the first and last class with the same class interval i.e. 10
4. After making adjustment given data will be as below

Marks No. of students

(X) (f)
0-10 4
10-20 6
20-30 10
30-40 15
40-50 8
50-60 7

5. Now calculate the mean either using direct method or step deviation method

Calculation of mean in unequal class interval

Question 9: Calculate mean from the given data

14
Marks No. of students
(X) (f)
Below 10 4
10-30 6
30-50 10
50-60 7
60-70 3
70-80 9
80-90 5
90 and above 6

Hint: 1. Observe the pattern of class interval

2. In most of the classes, it is 10 only.

3. So, now correct the rest of the classes on an interval of 10. While you divide “x”
value, you need to divide the “f” value as well into same equal parts. So for example
here, 10-30 class has class interval of 20, but we need to adjust it on a class interval of
10, so we will divide the frequency as well by half i.e. by 2 and so on in other classes
as well
4. So, after adjusting the classes, distribution will be like as below

Marks No. of students

(X) (f)
0-10 4
10-20 3
20-30 3
30-40 5
40-50 5
50-60 7
60-70 3
70-80 9
80-90 5
90 -100 6
5. Calculate the mean now using either direct or step deviation method.

Challenging distribution
Observe the given distribution and decide if we can calculate mean in such
distribution.
Marks No. of students
Below 10 4
10-20 6
20-50 10
50-90 7
90-140 3

15
 Above 140 5

Note: It is not possible to find out trend of class interval in such distribution as it is
not uniform in any class. Thus mean can not be calculated in such distribution.

Remember: Mean can not be calculated in case of unequal class interval. Either you
adjust the classes, if it is not possible to adjust the classes then calculate other method
of average like median and mode instead of mean.

Mathematical properties of Arithmetic mean

1. Sum of deviations of items from the arithmetic mean is always zero. This shows
that mean is characterised as the point of balance.
2. Sum of the squared deviations of the items from the arithmetic mean is minimum,
this is why mean is used for calculating standard deviation.

Merits of mean

1. It is simplest average to understand and easy to compute.

2. It takes into consideration all the items in the given distribution
3. It is defined by a rigid mathematical formula and so capable of further algebraic
operations.

Limitations of mean

1. Value of mean is affected by the extreme value in the given distribution.

2. Mean can not be calculated in unequal class interval
3. Mean can not be calculated in open ended classes.

16
Class 3: 1 April 2020, Wednesday

Median
Meaning: Median means middle most value in a given distribution. Median is
calculated from the position of items in a given series so it is also called as positional
average.

Calculation of median in individual series

Remember: Since median is positional average, so it is very important to arrange the

given series either in ascending or descending order first.

Step1. Arrange the given series in ascending or descending order

Step 2. In case of odd number of observations, calculate N+1 th item.
2
Step 3 for odd series: Identify size of the N+1 th item. This will be your answer for
odd series. 2
Step 3 for even series: find the average of N+1 th item.
2
For example, if the given series has 8 items, so size of N+1th item will be 8+1th item
2 2
Will be 9/2th item i.e 4.5th item. Now we need to find out the average. i.e.
size of 4th item + size of 5th item will be the median.
2

Question1. Calculate median wages earned by the domestic help from the given
data of 7 workers.

Wages : 1245, 1100, 1070, 1135, 1170, 1145, 1265

Solution:

Hint: first arrange the series in ascending or descending order. So for example I am
arranging here in ascending order.
1070, 1100, 1135, 1145, 1170, 1245, 1265

17
Now calculate N+1 th item. Since N is 7, so 7+1 = 8/2th item i.e 4th item.
2 2
Now find out the 4th item in the arranged series, since the 4th item is 1145, so
Median is 1145. Answer.

Question 2: Calculate median from the following data.

346, 324, 406, 308, 542, 435, 657, 624

Solution:
first arrange the series in ascending or descending order. So for example I am
arranging here in ascending order.
308,324,346, 406,435, 542,624,657

Now calculate N+1 th item. Since N is 8, so 8+1 = 9/2th item i.e 4.5th item.
2 2
th th
Now find out the average of 4 and 5 items in the arranged series.
since the 4th item is 406 and 5th item is 435 so average is
406+435 = 841 = 420.5
2 2
Median is 420.5. Answer.

Calculating median in discrete series

Remember: In discrete and continuous series, finding cumulative

frequency is the must step after arranging the series

Cumulative frequency are calculated by adding each frequency from the

given frequency distribution table to the sum of its predecessors.

Steps to calculate median in discrete series;

Step 1: Arrange the given series in ascending or descending order. You

need to arrange value of “X” as well as respective frequency “f”.
Step 2 : find out the cumulative frequency for each observation. Make a
separate column for this next to frequency column
Step 3: Apply the formula, Median = N+1 th item.
2
Step 4: Now look at the cumulative frequency column and find out the
value which is either equal to N+1 or next higher to it.
2

18
The corresponding X values of this item is the median.

Question 3: Calculate median income from the following data

Income No. of persons
(X) (f)
1000 24
1500 26
800 16
2000 20
2500 6
1800 30

Solution:
First arrange the given distribution i.e X value and their respective f
value. Then prepare a column of cumulative frequency
Income No. of persons c.f.
(X) (f)
800 16 16
1000 24 40
1500 26 66
1800 30 96
2000 20 116
2500 6 122

Median = N+1 th item.

2
N= 122
Median = 122+1 th item
2
= 61.5th item
61.5th item lies in cumulative frequency 66, so the size of the 61.5th item
is 1500.
Thus, Median is 1500. Ans.

Practice Question:
Question 4: Calculate median marks scored by the students of the
given class
Marks (X) No. of students (f)
45 12
55 15
19
52 08
65 18
36 14
68 13

Calculation of median in continuous series

Hint:
In continuous series, we calculate N/2 to find the size of the median class,
and then use the below given formula:

Median = L+ N/2-c.f0 Xi
f
» L= Lower limit of the median class
c.f.0 = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f = Frequency of the median class
i = class interval of the median class

Question 5: Calculate median marks scored by the students of the

given class.
Marks No. of students
(X) (f)
40-45 10
35-40 15
30-35 26
25-30 30
20-25 42

Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the series in ascending order
Step2: Calculate cumulative frequency, for that prepare a new column
next to column “f

20
Step 3: Calculate N/2 and corresponding class will give you the median
class
Step 4: Now put all the values in the formula:
Median = L+ N/2-c.f0 Xi
f
Marks No. of students C.f0
(X) (f)
20-25 42 42
25-30 30 72
30-35 26 98
35-40 15 113
40-45 10 123
f = 123
Median class = Size of Nth item
2
Median = 123/2th item
= 61.5th item

Since 61.5th item lies in the class interval 25-30,

Therefore median class is 25-30

Median = L+ N/2-c.f0 Xi
f
L= 25, c.f0 = 42, f=30, i= 5

= 25 + 123/2-42 x 5
30

= 25+ 3.25
= 28.25 is the median marks obtained by this class. Answer

Question 6 Calculate the median from the given data

Marks No. of students
(X)
Less than 5 22
Less than 10 231
Less than 15 460
Less than 20 587
Less than 25 630

21
Less than 30 648
Less than 35 653

Solution:

Marks No. of students c.f.

(X)
0-5 22 22
5-10 209 231
10-15 229 460
15-20 127 587
20-25 43 630
25- 30 18 648
30- 35 5 653
Median class = size of N/2th item
= 653 th item
2
= 326.5th item
Since 326.5th item lies in cumulative frequency 460, therefore median
class is 10-15

Median = L+ N/2-c.f0 Xi
f
L= 10, c.f0 = 231, f=229, i= 5

= 10 + 653/2-231 x 5
229

= 10+ 2.09
= 12.09 is the median marks obtained by this class. Answer

22
Practice Question
Question 7. Calculate median from the given data.
Daily wages No. of Persons
(x)
100-110 6
110-120 25
120-130 48
130-140 72
140-150 116
150-160 60
160-170 38
170-180 22
180-190 3
190-200 10

Answer: 154.22

Calculation of median in case of unequal class interval

Since median is calculated on single class interval, so we need not to

adjust classes for calculating median. We can calculate median straight
forward using formula discussed above.

Marks No. of students

0-10 5
10-30 15
30-60 30
60-80 8
80-90 2

Mathematical properties of median

Sum of the deviation of items from median ignoring signs is the least.

23
 Try this to understand this property
Individual series: 4,7, 8 , 12, 13
Median in this distribution is 8. Take out deviations from 8 (ignoring
signs) and add them up.
Check your exercise while taking deviation from any other item.
What do you find ?????????
Answer is: sum of the deviation of items from median is always least.
Merits of Median
1. Since median is positional average, so Median is useful in open
end classes and unequal class interval.
2. Extreme values do not affect the median. Thus, median is the best
measure of average if the distribution has extreme values.
3. It is most appropriate average in dealing with qualitative data or
ranked data.

Limitations of median

1. Arrangement of data is mandatory for calculating median, while it is not

required for other measures.
2. Value of median is not determined by each and every items in the given
data.
3. It is not capable of further algebraic treatment. For example, we can not
calculate combined median but combined mean can be calculated.

24
 Class 4: 4th April 2020, Saturday
Mode
Mode is the most frequently occurring value in a given series which means the value which
appears maximum number of times ( i.e value with greatest frequency) in the given series.

Mode can also be determined graphically. In any given graph, the point where the curve
reaches it maximum height is called mode.

Definition:

Croxton and Cowden: The mode of a distribution is the value around which the items tend
to be most heavily concentrated.

Calculation of mode in individual series

In individual series, mode can be determined by observation. The item which occurs
maximum number of items is the mode.

For example:

6,2,4,6,8,2,6,9

In above series, 6 occurs 3 times, which is maximum in this series, so mode here is 6

Calculation of mode in discrete series

In discrete series, we will determine the highest frequency. The corresponding X value will
be the mode.

For example:

X f
25 12
30 16
35 5
40 24
45 19

Since the highest frequency here is 24, so mode is 40.

25
Challenging distribution

1. If two or more X values have same frequency

2. If the highest frequency and succeeding have a difference of less than 3
Such distribution can be bi-modal and determining mode by observation may not be
correct. So, we need to follow the grouping table.

Question1. Calculate mode from the following data.

Marks Frequency
X f
5 8
10 12
15 36
20 35
25 28
30 18
35 9

Solution:
The highest frequency in the given distribution is: 36
But the difference between the highest and succeeding frequency (35) is 1, so it is
difficult to determine mode by inspection and we need to prepare grouping table,
followed by analysis table. The highest frequency in the analysis table will give the
mode of the distribution.

Grouping table rule:

You need to make 6 columns; in each column maximum frequency will be circled/
marked.
Column 1: the given frequency column will be column 1.Mark the highest frequency
here
Column 2: group all the frequencies in to 2 s. Mark the highest frequency.
Column 3: leave the first frequency and group rest into 2s. Mark the highest
frequency.
Column 4: Group the frequencies into 3s. Mark the highest frequency.
Column 5: leave the first frequency and group rest frequencies into 2s. Mark the
highest frequency.
Column 6: Leave the first two frequency and group rest frequencies into 3s. Mark the
highest frequency.

26
Grouping table

Marks Column 2 Column 3 Column Column Column

X Column 1 4 5 6
5 8
]20
] 56
10 12 83
15 36
]48 99
20 35
]71
]63
25
30
28
18
]46
]27
]8 1
55

35 9

Analysis table
Column Frequency
No 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
I /
II / /
III / /
IV / / /
V / / /
VI / / /
Total 1 4 5 3 1
The maximum frequency here is 5. The corresponding X value is 20, so mode is 20.
Answer.

Calculation of mode in continuous series

Step1. Ascertain the modal class either by inspection or grouping table.
Step 2. Calculate the value of mode using the formula:

Mode (Mo) = L + Δ1 xi
Δ1+Δ2

Where:
L= lower limit of the modal class
Δ1 = ıf1-f0 ı
(f1 = frequency of the modal class, f0= frequency of the class
preceding modal class ignoring signs)
27
 Δ2 = ıf1-f2 ı
(f1 = frequency of the modal class, f2= frequency of the class
succeeding modal class ignoring signs)
i = class interval of the modal class

Note: It is important to make the class interval equal and adjust the frequency
accordingly for calculating mode.

Question 2: Find the value of mode from the given data.

Weight No. of students

(x) (f)
93-97 2
98-102 5
103-107 12
108-112 18
113-117 14
118-122 6
123-127 3
128-132 1

Solution:

Hint: Since the given series is inclusive series, we need to adjust it to be exclusive series.

Weight No. of students

(x) (f)
92.5-97.5 2
97.5-102.5 5
102.5-107.5 12
107.5-112.5 18
112.5-117.5 14
117.5-122.5 6
122.5-127.5 3
127.5-132.5 1

By observation, we can ascertain that 18 is the highest frequency so

Modal class is 107.5-112.5

28
Mode (Mo) = L + Δ1 xi
Δ1+Δ2
L= 107.5
Δ1 = ıf1-f0 ı
= ı18-12ı
=6

Δ2 = ıf1-f2 ı
= ı18-14 ı
=4
Putting values in the above formula
Mode = 107.5 + 6 x 5
6+4
Mode = 107.5 +30
10
Mode = 110.5 Answer

Practice question 3: Calculate mode from the given data.

Marks X f No. of students
(x) (f)
More than 0 0-10 3 80
More than 10 10-20 5 77
More than 20 20-30 7 72
More than 30 65
More than 40 55
More than 50 43
More than 60 28
More than 70 16
More than 80 10
More than 90 8
More than 100 0

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Challenging distribution

In case of bi-modal series, where mode is ill-defined, Mode can be calculated using
the empirical formula:

Empirical Mode:

Mode = 3Median-2 Mean

Question 4: Calculate modal weight from the following data.

Weight No. of Persons
(X) (f)
100-110 4
110-120 6
120-130 20
130-140 32
140-150 33
150-160 17
160-170 8
170-180 2

Merits of mode
1. Mode is not affected by extreme values
2. Mode can be used to describe qualitative phenomena
3. The Value of mode can be determined graphically, the point where curve reach
the maximum point is called mode.

Limitations of mode
1. Mode can not be calculated in bi-modal series.
2. Mode is not capable of further algebraic computation.
3. Mode is not based on each and every item in the given distribution.

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Symmetrical distribution
Symmetrical distribution is bell shaped curve. Its also called
normal curve.
In symmetrical distribution, mean, median and mode lies on
the same point.

Practice question: Which measure of central tendency is best

and why?

More practice questions can be found on

1. https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/frequency-grouped-
mean-median-mode.html
2. Statistical methods by S.P. Gupta

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