PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CDI- FUNDAMENTAL OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Module 1

Study Guide

Module 1 Outline

[Link] Investigation Process and Practices &Thinking

Cardinal points of Investigation
Qualifications of Interviewer
Kinds of Criminal Investigation
Phases of Criminal Investigation

B. Initial Steps in Crime Scene Investigation

Assignment of Duties of the Responding officers
Different Method of Searching Crime scene
Kinds of Sketch
Techniques of Interrogation
Role of Criminalistics
Special Crime Scene Investigation

C. Introduction to Police Intelligence & Secret Service

History of Intelligence
Definitions of Intelligence
Principles of Intelligence
Categories of Intelligence
Intelligence Report Writing
Classification of Line Intelligence:
Intelligence Analysis Depth

D. Sources of Information
Common Sources of Information Intelligence Purposes
Collection of agencies as a sources of information
Collection, Identify and Examine Captured Enemy Material.
Processing Information

E. Intelligence Operation
The Intelligence cycle
Phases of intelligence cycle
Types of Surveillance
Classification of Clandestine Operation
 Counterintelligence

F. Essential Elements of an Organized Crime group:

Organizational Structure
Networking/Connections
Modus Operandi
Motive
Criminal Gang

G. Concept of Organize Crime

How do Organized Criminal Group Works
Generic Types of Organized Crime
Essential Composition of Organized crimes
Categories of Organized crime Groups in Trafficking of Human Trafficking and and Smuggling of
Immigrants.

Module 1 Criminal Investigation Process and Practices &Thinking

Introduction

Criminal investigation is the systematic process of identifying collecting, preserving and

evaluating information for the purpose of bringing a criminal offender to justice. It deals with the
information in the sense that all collected data from various sources are evaluated, described including
those derived from observation, reports, humors which may be part of the subject of investigation.

It involves the activities of gathering and sorting facts, identifying and collecting evidence,
processing or evaluation of evidence locating the suspect, assembling proof of criminal guilt. (Pacling
R.C.2018)
In this Module, “”Criminal investigation process and practices &thinking- it is process of inquiring,
eliciting, soliciting and getting vital information, facts and circumstances in determining the truth. You
will learn in this module how to gathering information and to conduct investigation.

Learning Objectives

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

1. Define the meaning of crime, and criminal investigation

2. Explain how to gathering information and to conduct investigation
3. Determine how a crime has been committed
4. Interpret the nature of investigation

Topic 1. Criminal Investigation Process and Practices &Thinking

Sub-Topic 1.1. Cardinal Points of Investigation

SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

In the performance of the duties of an investigator must seek to establish the six cardinal points of
investigation, namely
 What specific offenses has been committed?
Where the offense was committed?
Who committed the offenses?
When were the offenses committed?
Why it was committed?
How the offenses was committed?

To learn more about the lesson, please refer to your textbook, https//[Link]

Learning Activity 1: Preparation for the next lesson

After the face to face discussion, prepare for a quiz. Consider the following guide questions.
 What are the six cardinal of investigation?
 How does the cardinal points are important in criminal investigation?
 Write a scenario that you can apply the six cardinal points in criminal investigation

Sub-Topic 1.2. Qualifications of Interviewer

a. The ability to persevere or stick to task inspite of he monotony and many obstacles which surrounds it.
b. He must have certain abilities and an intelligence which would enable him to acquire information
easily an readily to use this information truthfully. He should have the capacity to thick through
situations. The investigator must be as intelligent as the offender.
c. E must be honest. He must be incorruptible and must possess personal integrity. The investigator will
be subjected to all kinds of temptations. Physical, emotional and material.
Temptation to gain will be continuously present an he must be able to recognize and resist it.
d. He must have understanding of the people an the environment in which he lives. He must know the
weakness and strength of the people so that he can use them to his advantage, particularly during
interrogation. A knowledge of the psychology of human behaviors is essential to the investigator. The
investigator should be aware of the factors of the social pattern that contributes to the kinds of behaviors
exhibited by the individual.
e. He must have a keen power of observation and accurate description. Observation implies a clear mental
picture of what is seen. It requires a seeing of details and a recognition that the whole picture is composed
of many details.a good investigator must observed them accurately and persons places, things and
incidents as they really are. He must be trained to estimate the passage of time, speed and distance; to
recognize colors; to distinguish between varying degrees of light; to estimate age, height and weight. He
must be trained to see and to recording facts, observation without complimentary ability of description is
valueless in investigation work. The investigator must learn to describe what is observed. The accurate
and all inclusive observation by the individual is meaningless to all even to himself unless he can tell
clearly and precisely what was seen.

Sub-topic 1.3 Kinds of Criminal Investigation

Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention

Any person under investigation for the commission of a crime or offense shall have the right to
be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice , if you cannot afford the lawyer , the state will provide you with
one. The right to remain silent emphasized because any statement you can be used against you
in court. Likewise it is your right to call or have access through the ordeal of arrest or
detention. Art. 111 Bill of rights.

This is different from custodial investigation, where you are taken into police custody for
interrogation because you are considered a suspect, and therefore are being investigated as a
potential accused in a criminal case said (Manuel 2010).

Investigation while the suspect is at large [Link]

Arrested suspect and the conduct of meticulous crime scene investigations, the police must
obey the law while enforcing the law.
Reflection:
Read the kinds of criminal investigation in [Link]
 Differentiate the two kinds of criminal investigation
 What are the rights of a person under investigation.

Sub-topic 1.4 Phases of Criminal Investigation

1. The identification of criminal

2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested

3. The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are gathered.

4. Pieces of evidence are presented in court.

The four phases of criminal investigation helps the law enforcement in

identification of the perpetrator, to traced them and be located and [Link]
concept It means an art that deals with the identity, location, and apprehension of a
person who commits a crime and provides an evidence of his guilt in a criminal
proceeding. (Pacling RC 2018)

Learning Activity
After the face-to-face discussion, prepare for a [Link] study that the students will give
some example applying the phases of criminal investigation. Consider the following guide
questions:
Module 2 Outline
 Historical
H. Discuss Background
the four phases of criminal
of Criminal investigation
Investigation

 Discuss the concept of phases of investigation

 Nature of Criminal Investigation
Qualifications of an Investigator
Arrest Search & Seizure
Instances of Warrantless Arrest

Module 2
Historical Background of Criminal Investigation

Study Guide

Introduction

2100 B.C Babylon- as civilian developing, social and cultural tradition were codified into
formal laws. The code of hammurabi was then implemented to detect those those who refused
to obey the law. It impose the LEX TALIONES principle where punishment an offender is equal
to what he did. It known to be the principle of an eye for and tooth for tooth.
5th century B.C Rome created the first specialized investigative [Link] was named as
QUESTORS/TRACKERS/MURDER due to their cruel treatment to suspect in investigating crimes
6th century B.C Athens unpaid magistrate (judges) were appointed by the citizen to make
decisions for the cases presented to them.
9th century England king Alfred the great established a system of mutual pledge (social
control)which organized for security of the country into several levels.
Ten tithing one hundred persons are grouped into one under the charged of high
constable. Hue and cry is employed. The constable who is considered the first from english
police deals with more serious breaches of the law.
Tithing ten persons are grouped together to protect one another and who heads this
group is called tithing man.

Learning Objectives

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the history of criminal investigation

2. Identify the qualifications of a good investigator
3. Define the legal meaning of arrest and seizure
4. Differentiate the warrant of arrest and search warrant
5. Analyze the elements of warrantless arrest

Topic 2. Historical Background of Criminal Investigation

Sub-Topic 2.1 Nature of Criminal Investigation
 It is a systematic process based on a systematic plan , conducted in an orderly and logical
manner.

It deals with information in the sense that all collected data from various sources are evaluated
described including those derived from observation ,reports humors which maybe part of the
subject of investigation.

It involves the activities of gathering and sorting facts, in identifying and collection evidence ,
processing or evaluation of evidence, locating then interrogating suspects, assembling prof of
criminal guilt , presentation of evidence.(Pacling R.C 2018)

Learning Activity: Remote Learning

Read the “ Goal of Criminal Investigation from your textbook page 6 and the handouts by Roger C. Pacling
Enumerate the goal of criminal investigation

Sub-topic 2.2 Qualifications of an Investigator

a. The ability to persevere or stick to task inspite of he monotony and many obstacles which surrounds it.
b. He must have certain abilities and an intelligence which would enable him to acquire information
easily an readily to use this information truthfully. He should have the capacity to thick through
situations. The investigator must be as intelligent as the offender.
c. He must be honest. He must be incorruptible and must possess personal integrity. The investigator will
be subjected to all kinds of temptations. Physical, emotional and material.
Temptation to gain will be continuously present an he must be able to recognize and resist it.
d. He must have understanding of the people an the environment in which he lives. He must know the
weakness and strength of the people so that he can use them to his advantage, particularly during
interrogation. A knowledge of the psychology of human behaviors is essential to the investigator. The
investigator should be aware of the factors of the social pattern that contributes to the kinds of behaviors
exhibited by the individual.
e. He must have a keen power of observation and accurate description. Observation implies a clear
mental picture of what is seen. It requires a seeing of details and a recognition that the whole picture is
composed of many details.a good investigator must observed them accurately and persons places, things
and incidents as they really are. He must be trained to estimate the passage of time, speed and distance; to
recognize colors; to distinguish between varying degrees of light; to estimate age, height and weight. He
must be trained to see and to recording facts, observation without complimentary ability of description is
valueless in investigation work. The investigator must learn to describe what is observed. The accurate
and all inclusive observation by the individual is meaningless to all even to himself unless he can tell
clearly and precisely what was seen.
f. Endurance- ability to last physically and mentally hence,he must have the extra ordinary physical and
mental energy, inducing sleepless night and tiresome days.
g. Acting activity-it is the ability to go down to the level of the minor,the prostitute or the slum dweller, or
the level of the other professionals or the members of the elite.
h. Mastery of the oral and written communication-in order that he will not suffer setback in getting the
accurate facts especially in the preparation of reports and or transmittal of information.
i. Courage-it is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be hurt.
j. Working knowledge-of criminal law, evidence, criminal [Link] penal special laws.
 k. The power to read between the lines-this is the ability of the investigator to interpret the words or
phrases encountered in the process of investigation in their deeper meaning in order to arrive with
concrete meaning of a certain statement
l.
m. Working knowledge of martial arts and fire arms and proficiency he will find himself many occasions
that he will be alone in confronting ,arresting, bringing to headquarters and interrogating the suspect.
(Tradio CM &Pacling RC 2018)

Learning Activity
After the face-to-face discussion homework activity will be discuss to the students .

Choose at least five qualities of a good investigator that you think very applicable for investigation.

Identify the qualities of an investigator

Sub-topic 2.3 Instances of Warrantless Arrest

INSTANCES OF WARRANTLESS ARREST

1. When in his (peace officer) presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing ,or is attempting to commit offense.

2. When an offense has just been committed and (peace officer) has probable cause to believe
based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstance that person to be arrested has
committed. It.

3. When the person to be arrested is an escapee-those who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he is serving final judgement or is templorarily confined while his
case is pending , or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement to another may
be arrested by peace officer or private Person with out warrant.

4. When the right is validly waived this is when the person arrested consented to the arrest
despite of no warrant showed the person is willing to be taken into custody.

Learning Activity:During the face-to-face discussion

Before the discussion, each of you will be assigned into smaller groups to analyze the instances of
warrantless arrest. Cite an example that you will apply the elements of warrantless arrest After the
analysis, a representative of each group will report their output in class :

(Tradio CM &Pacling RC 2018)

Pacling Roger C. (2018)Fundamental of Criminal Investigation
Manwong Rommel K. (1013) Handbook of Criminal Investigation
Becker Ronald F. 2013 Handbook of criminal Investigation
Salamanca Bayani H. (2018) police Intelligence & Security Service
Guevarra Recardo D. (2010) Police Intelligece & police Services
Soriano Oscar G.(2005) Handbook on Police Intelligece

Module 3

Initial Steps in Crime Scene Investigation

Study Guide

Module 3 Outline

I. Initial Steps in Crime Scene Investigation

Assignment of Duties of the Responding officers
Different Method of Searching Crime scene
Kinds of Sketch
Techniques of Interrogation
Role of Criminalistics
Special Crime Scene Investigation

Introduction
Recognition- is the first step that involves the effort of identifying data, including
physical things that may provide relevant information regarding criminal case being
investigated. Recognition otherwise as identification stage of investigation.
Collection- Which refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or
physical things that are significant to the case under investigation. Collection may be done by
scrapping the bloodstains found at the crime scene.
Preservation- it is a function that is almost simultaneously perform during the collection
stage. It includes act of keeping the collected evidence in their true and original for,preventing
contamination or destruction of its substantive value. Preservation does not only involves in the
criminal case.
Evaluation- the process of determining the probative value of the evidence. Provative
value refers to the strength of evidence or its worth/weight in successful establishing a proof
that a crime has in fact been committed and that the suspects is one responsible for it.
Presentation- it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom. The
investigator , with the help of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information in
a very simple and convenient manner in order to convince the court and other parties involved
in the criminal case about the validity truthfulness of evidence.
In the performance of his duties, the criminal investigator must seek to answer the six
cardinal principles of investigation. 5W and 1H.
 NOTE:

The golden rules states

“do not touch,alter,move,or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is property
marked,measured,sketched and or photographed,

Learning Objectives

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

1. Determine the assignment of duties of the

responding officer

2. Differentiate the method of crime scene search

in investigation

3. Analyze the sketch in crime scene investigation

4. Discuss the different techniques of interrogation

5. Identify the role of criminalistics

6. Discuss the elements in the special crime scene

investigation

Topic 3. Initial Steps in Crime Scene Investigation

Sub-Topic 3.1 Assignment of Duties of the Responding officers

ASSIGNMENT OF DUTIES OF RESPONDING OFFICERS

Team leader- the one who directs the processing of the crime scene.
Assistant team leader-the one who implement or executes the order coming from his superior.
Photographers- take photographs of all pieces of evidence that are relevant to the crime
committed.
Sketcher- make sketches of the immediate,background and inside the scene of the crime.
Master note taker -the one who writes down in the short hand all observation that the time of
arrival at the crime scene such as weather condition, time of dispatch and time of the arrival at
the crime scene and other relevant data that should be taken down note.
Evidence custodian - the one in charge in the collection, preservation , tagging of the article of
evidence found at the crimes scene.
Measurer - makes all relevant measurements of the scene such as the distance of the body of
the victim to the firearm used.

Learning Activity

After the face-to-face discussion Homework activity will be discuss to the students

Identify the assignment of responding officers

 Sub-Topic 3.2 Different Method of Searching Crime scene

THE DIFFERENT METHOD OF SEARCHING CRIME SCENE

Strip / line method- the searcher (A,B,and C) proceed slowly the same pace along the path
parallel to one side of the rectangle. At the end rectangle , the searcher turn and proceed back
along new lanes but paralleled to the first movement

Double Strip or Grid method-is some what similar to strip method, the rectangle is traversed first
paralleled to the base and then paralleled to the side.

Spiral method- there are two types of method of searching the crime scene depending on where
the searcher will begin the search, either from outside or center of the scene. The searchers
follow each other while searching piece of evidence from the crime scene.

Wheel/ spoke method- this type of searching the crime scene is applicable to area which are
some what circular in size or area. The searchers shall assemble at the center of the crime
scene, then simultaneously searching the crime scene outward.

Zone or sector method- the area to be search is divided into quadrants and each searcher or a
group of searcher is assigned to the quadrant.

Learning Activity

After the face-to-face discussion Homework activity will be discuss to the students

Illustrate and explain the different method of search

Sub-Topic 3.3 Kinds of sketch

Kinds OF SKETCH

1. SKETCH OF LOCALITY- deals with the vicinity of crime , include

neighboring , building , structure or ,means of access leading to
the scene.

2. SKETCH OF GROUNDS-this the kind of sketch which illustrate

the scene of the crimes scene with nearest physical surrounding ,
such room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene , the
number of floor.
 3. SKETCH OF DETAILS- it includes the position and exact
location of the physical evidence in the crime scene, describes
the immediate scene only like of floor.

4. CROSS PROJECTION- sometimes called exploded view or birds eye

view , also describe the immediate scene only specially inside
the room as the scene of the crime.

SKETCHING -representation of the actual measurements of the

crime scene , it object ,evidence and its relation to the whole
scene.

Rough Sketch - made immediately upon arrival in crime scene

Final/finished sketch -for court presentation

Method of Sketch
Triangular- used in indoor crime scene to a fixed reference point
and measuring distance of evidence forming a triangle.
Rectangular- Used in indoor crime scene. Measuring the distance
of towards a fixed reference point forming a [Link]
Coordination- Used in outdoor crime scene. Used of polar
coordinate and measuring the evidence revealing its distance and
direction.
Cross Protection method/Exploded sketch- Used in sketching
evidence that are located in wall or ceiling (triangular or
Rectangular)

Learning Activity

Sub-Topic 3.4 Techniques of Interrogation

Techniques of Interrogation

Emotional Appeal- This is a technique where the investigator, combining his skills of an actor and a
psychologist addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess.

Sympathetic approach-the investigator in his preliminary or proving question must dig deep into the past
troubles, unfortunate events in the life of suspects.

Friendliness- a friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the suspects to confess.
Emotional Appeals-The investigator must create a mood that is conductive to a confession. To
place the subject in the proper frame of mind, the investigator should provide emotional stimuli
that will prompt him to unburden himself by confiding. In achieving this aim, the interrogator
must combine the qualities of an actor and a practical psychologist.
Sympathetic Approach -The suspect may feel the need of friendship. He is apparently in
trouble. An offer of friendship accompanied by small acts of kindness may win his cooperation.
The interrogator understands the plight of the subject. He appreciates the fact that even fellows
like the subject become involved in difficult situations. He is ready to listen to the subject’s story
of his early life and it’s like of opportunities.
Kindness - The investigator has appraised the personality of the subject and finds him a normal
person in his desire for his consideration. Kindness is in order. The investigator knows what it is
to be in spot. How about the family –the subject’s mother, wife, or children? Is there anything the
subject would wish the investigator to do for them? The subject’s employer? The subject’s
property? His car for example? Obviously, the subject and the investigator can get along
together.
Friendliness - The simplest of techniques is to assume that the suspect is willing to confess if
he is treated in a friendly manner. This treatment may take several forms which, although similar
to the emotional appeal described above, are not simple and direct.
Helpful Adviser - The investigator is the subject’s friend. Between the two of them, they are
going to straighten things out. The subject is bewildered by the recent happenings.
Sympathetic Brother- The subject needs to square things out with his own conscience. For the
sake of his family and himself, he should get the load of his chest. His friend, the investigator,
has seen other persons in similar circumstances. He knows the suspect is seeking above all to
achieve peace of mind.
Extenuation- The investigator does not take too serious a view of the subject’s indiscretion. He
has seen a thousand people in exactly the same situation. A rash step taken in an unguided
moment; hasty action prompted by other people advice.
Shifting the Blame -Obviously, the subject is not the sort of person that is usually mixed-up in
a crime like this. The interrogator could tell from the start that he wasn’t dealing with a fellow
who was criminal by nature and choice. The trouble with the suspect lies in his little
weaknesses. These things can happen to anyone. Particularly, in the present case. The
circumstances practically can pushed the suspect into the crime. If the subject and the
interrogator were to work together, they could present this thing as it really is a mistake that
could happen to anyone.
Mutt & Jeff -In this techniques, two agents are employed. Mutt the relentless investigator, who
knows the subject is guilty and is not giving a waste of time. He has sent a dozen men away for
this crime and he’s going to send the subject away for the full term. Jeff, on the other hand, is
obviously a kindhearted man. He has family himself. He has a brother was involved a little
scrape like this. He disapproves of Mutt and his tactics and will arrange to get him off the case if
the subject will cooperate. He can’t hold Mutt off very long. The subject would be wise to make a
quick decision. The technique is applied by having both investigators present while Mutt acts out
his role. Jeff may stand by quietly and demur to some of Mutt’s tactics. When Jeff makes his
plea for cooperation. Mutt is not present in the room.
Anxiety- The suspect is in state of emotional confusion. He is unable to think logically and
clearly, since his sense of values has been disturbed and his imagination is distorted. It is
possible for the investigator to obtain admission or even a confession from the suspect by
further misrepresenting the picture.
Exaggerating Fears- The interrogator persistently points out that the subject cannot win. There
has never been perfect crime. The longer he gets by with petty offenses, the more likely, it is
that commits the serious crime and suffer severe punishment. The subject consider the
 damaging effect such action will have on his family. His continued silence will undoubtedly affect
his loved ones. The interrogator understands that the subject has no fear for himself, but must
have some thought for his friends or relatives. Their good name and future are at stake.
Greater & Lesser Guilt-In most crimes, there are several offenses involved. Although the
investigator is only concerned with the major offense, he can represent himself as being
interested mainly in a minor offense. The subject, who is afraid only of the consequences of the
major offenses, may resort to cleverness and in attempt to throw the interrogator off the track or
at least to placate him by throwing him a bone, may confess to a minor offense.

Learning Activity

Sub-Topic 3.4 Role of Criminalistics

a. The biological examination of the body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, urine, perspiration and
vomitus.
b. Physical examination of soil, firearms, documents, fingerprints,footprints, toolmarks and debris
from fire or explosion.
c. Chemical examination of narcotics and other dangerous drugs, toxic substances, gun powder
residues, tampered motor numbers, barrel residues of discharge firearms, fake wines and other
beverages.
d. Pathological examination of living things such as human, animal or plant tissues, nails and hairs of
dead of diseased tissues; and
e. Electronics and other instrumentation analyses such as polygraphy, photography, ultraviolet or
exposures, spectrography, spectrophotometry and gas/liquid chromatography.

Learning Activity

Sub-Topic 3.5 Special Crime Scene Investigation

Homicide investigation

Investigation Procedures
Establishing death
Identifying the cadaver
Determination of time of death
Post-mortem changes
 Livor mortis
Ligor Mortis
Algor Mortis

Examination of the Cadaver in the crime scene

Gunshot wounds

Defense wounds- Cuts on the hands arms and legs resulting from the victims attempt to ward off the
attacker.
Contusion-An Injry found in the substance of the skin, discoloration of the surface due to extravasation
of blood caused by the application of a blunt instrument.
Abrasion- Injury characterized by removal of the specific epithelial layer of the skin brought about by the
friction against a hard rough surface.
Hematoma- extravasation of blood in the newly formed cavity known as blood tumor caused by blunt
instrument.
Incised wound-produced by the sharp-edged instrument like bolo, knife, broken glass etc.
Stab wound-forcible application of a sharp pointed with sharp edges.
Punctured wound- Produced by sharp pointed instrument
Lacerated wound- Rearing of the skin due to forcible contact with a blunt instrument, which the edges
are irregular.

Suicide indicators
Hesitation wounds
Wounds under clothing
Weapon present, especially if tightly clutched
Usually wounds at throught, wrists or ankles,
Seldom disfigurement
Body moved
Terms Connected with Homicide
Sororicide-The killing of one sister
Fracticide- The killings of one’s brother
Matricide-The killing of a mother by her own child
Patricide- The killing of a father by his own child
Parricide-The killing of a person to whom he is related such as parent, grandparent, legal wife, child or
grandchild
Infanticide- The killing of a child less than 3 days
Suicide- taking one’s life intentionally and voluntarily
Uroxide-act of one who murders his wife
Regicide-The murder of a killing of a king
Vaticide- The murder of a prophet
Eutanasia-Mercy killing or painless death of a person suffering from incurable diseases to cut short his
suffering. This is a murder with the qualifying aggravating circumstance of treachery.

Learning Activity
 Module 4

Introduction to Police Intelligence & Secret Service

Study Guide

Introduction to Police Intelligence & Secret Service

History of Intelligence
Definitions of Intelligence
Principles of Intelligence
Categories of Intelligence
Intelligence Report Writing
Classification of Line Intelligence:
Intelligence Analysis Depth

Introduction

Intelligence is said to be crucial to internal security because

it provide us with advance warning of insurgent activity. It can
provide detailed knowledge of the insurgent organization, its
personnel, plans, and tactics. It is essential to all operations
because internal defense operations directed against armed
insurgents, their underground organization, and their support
system including its human and material resources. It is also
said to be a responsibility of all government agencies because
much of the information required for intelligence purposes could
best be provided by civilian governmental agencies, which are
primarily concerned with public administrative activities.
Military and police intelligence activities must be integrated
within the overall intelligence program of the government in much
the same manner that police operations, civic action, and
psychological operations must be integrated within overall
governmental program

Learning Objectives

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the history of intelligence

2. Define the meaning of terms of intelligence
3. Identify the basic principles of intelligence
4. Determine the categories of Intelligence and Intelligence Report Writing
5. Explain the Classification of Line Intelligence and Intelligence Analysis Depth

Sub-topic 4.1 History of Intelligence

Biblical Records

Moses-One of the 1st recorded formalized intelligence effort with format can be found in the holy
bible . The scriptures also named the 12 intelligence whom the lord directed Moses to send into the
land of Canaan ans also recorded that all those men were heads of the children in Israel. Moses sent
them to spy out the land of Canaan.
Alexander the great-He devised the first letter sorting and opening to obtain information. While
matching into Asia, it is recorded there came to his hints, and rumors of disaffection growing among
his allies and mercenaries.
The young conqueror thereupon sought the truth and got it by the simplest expedient. He
announced that he was writing home and recommended to his officers that they do likewise. Then,
when the couriers were ladened and had set out for Greece, he ordered them quietly recalled and
proceeded to investigate all the letters that they carried, malcontents were detected, legitimate
causes of grievances exposed.

Akbar- The Great Mogul and sagacious master of hindustan who employed more than four thousand
agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon him.
Genghis khan-He used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He instructed his general to
send spies and used prisoners as sources of information. Gang his khan was regarded as leader of the
so called “ Mongols Conquerors’ and used effective propaganda by spreading rumors of Mongol
terror. The collected information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe and usually disguised as
merchants.
Hannibal- The Carthaginian General considered as one of the brilliant military strategist. He developed
an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He roamed around the city often disguising as a
beggar to gather first hand information. Hannibal’s invasion of Italy, his brilliant and victorious raid in
the history, gained him many success and nearly bled Rome to death.
Frederick the great- He was known as the father of military espionage, he established rules obtaining
and using every grade of intelligence agents and divided his agents .
Learning Activity

Sub topic

Sub-topic 4.2 Definitions of Intelligence

Intelligence- is the end product resulting from the processing of information. It is a

knowledge resulting
It is the capacity for understanding and for other forms of adaptive intellect of behavior,
the mind in operation.
It is the power of meeting any situation, especially a novel situation, successfully by
proper behavior adjustments; the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in
such a way as to guide actions towards goal.
Refers to the knowledge of an event circumstances, received or imparted; the gathering or
distribution of information or the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such information.
According to Microsoft Encarta Dictionary

a. Ability to think and learn

Intelligence- refers to the ability to learn facts and skills and apply the especially when this
ability is highly developed.
b. Secret Information-intelligence refers to information about secret plans or activities, especially
those of foreign governments, the Armed Forces, business, enemies or criminals.
c. Gathering of Secret Information-
Intelligence - refer to the collection of secret military information

Intelligence information – information gathered or received which is of intelligence interest.

Intelligence Community – integrated and nearly organized entity composed of units or

agencies, which have intelligence interest and responsibilities.

Learning Activity

Sub topic 4.3 Principles of Intelligence

Principles- are fundamental guides of action, broad statements of truth from which others
are derived.
Criteria
 a. Universality of application-It should be applies as to many phases and aspects of
intelligence as possible, It should be guide not only the production of intelligence but also the
concomitant activities essential to the process as well as the organization and the thought and
actions.
b. It must be broad- It should be truly a general rule. It should form the basis for formulation
of corollary and subsidiary guides.
c. It must be important- if a guide is truly important and essential, then its violations should
bring its own penalties.
d. They must not be mutually exclusive-each should be complement each other

Principles of Intelligence- the principles of objectivity- In intelligence, only the well-guided

succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there should be unity between knowledge and
action.
Principle of Interdependence- Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements to
ensure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable
task.
The principle of continuity- It necessary the coverage be continuous so that the shape of what
happens today could be studied in the light of what happened before, which in turn would
enable us to predict the shape of things to come.
The principle of communication- Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to
all the decisions-makers in the manner that they will permit its most effective used.

Learning Activity

Sub-topic 4.4 Categories of Intelligence

1. National intelligence – integrated product of intelligence

develop by all government departments concerning the broad
aspects of national policies and security.

2. Departmental Intelligence – needed by departments or agencies

of the government in order to execute its mission and
discharge its responsibility.

3. Line Intelligence – any processed information coming from

open and covert sources that affect police and/or military
operation and harmony with the community and other government
agencies.

a. Military Intelligence – used in the preparation and

execution of military plans, policies and programs.
 b. Police Intelligence – intelligence used in the
preparation and execution of police plans, policies and programs.
It is a product resulting from the collection evaluation,
analysis, integration, collation and interpretation of all
available information which concerns one or more aspects of
criminal activity significant to police planning and operation.

c. Counter Intelligence -Covers the activity devoted in

destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities to the
protection of information against espionage, and sabotage.

Learning Activity

Sub-topic 4.5 Intelligence Report Writing

INTELLIGENCE REPORT WRITING

Introduction

Intelligence Report Writing is one of the most important aspects of intelligence work.
This is where the different intelligence information gathered by the operatives are turned into
reports for the use of intelligence analysts and decision makers. Therefore, systematic report
writing will achieve the very purpose of obtaining intelligence information – to know the enemy.

This course is designed to help and guide Police Non-Commissioned Officers to write
quality and effective intelligence reports in its different forms.

Objectives

The course aims to:

 Identify and understand the importance and value of intelligence reports.

 Identify the different stages in preparing an intelligence report.

 Identify the different techniques in writing accurate and quality intelligence

reports.

 Identify different intelligence products (reports) and how they should be written.
  Write different intelligence reports using/applying the different principles
discussed.

Intelligence Report Writing

Intelligence report writing involves three basic steps – preparation/planning, writing, and
finalizing/editing.

Preparation/Planning – this involves organizing of the information and identifying the main
ideas that will support the central theme. This involves producing a plan on what the intelligence
report will cover and how it will be presented. It is important to consider the user of the
intelligence report and their previous level of knowledge on the subject as well as their security
clearance to handle the information contained in the intelligence report. Also, it is important to
identify the type of intelligence needed, what supporting documents, charts, and diagrams
should be included. It is in this stage where information gaps are identified and possible course
of action to be taken are considered.

Writing – this involves converting the information gathered into written form. It starts with
making drafts of the report by writing down the bulk of the information. It is important to focus on
getting ideas and information across rather than the sentence structure (which is to come later).
It is important to make sure that the report meets the theme (subject) you intended or required
to write.

Finalizing/Editing – the stage where the concentration is on the sentence structure and
evaluating what the report is saying. Here, the final draft looks to polish the product into its final
form. By now, correct spelling, grammar and format should be made solid and vocabulary
change can be done to improve the report.

Learning Activity

Sub-topic 4.5 Classification of Line Intelligence:

Line Intelligence- It is immediate in nature and necessary for more effective police planning
and operation.
Criminal Intelligence- It refers to the production of intelligence essential to prevention of
crimes, investigation, arrest and prosecution of criminal offenders.
Subversive Intelligence-

Learning Activity
 Sub-topic 4.6 Intelligence Analysis Depth
Intelligence is not found; it is developed.
Analysts develop intelligence by evaluating, assessing, integrating and interpreting information.
ROLE OF THE INTELLIGENCE OFFICER AS ANALYSTS:
While the analysts do not make command decisions, he does make decisions regarding the
support information that will have an impact on the mission.

1. The analyst influences the commander’s decision.

2. The analyst should develop a ready base of information.

3. He must be an information entrepreneur who organizes, manages, and assumed the

responsibility for information and must therefore have a mastery of the data and
information available.

4. He must present a credible base of evidence to support the intelligence interpretation

that he makes.

5. He must learn to process information effectively to fulfill current needs and be able to
access the information for future requirements.

6. The analyst must be able to communicate effectively his product, both in written and
verbal form.

Learning Activity

Module 4

Introduction to Police Intelligence & Secret Service

Study Guide 4

Introduction
Sources of Information
Common Sources of Information Intelligence Purposes
Collection of agencies as a sources of information
Collection, Identify and Examine Captured Enemy Material.
Processing Information

Introduction
 Organizations are great information processors. They gather, analyze,
synthesize and interpret information from their environment for their own uses and for return
to the environment. They use this information to make choices or decision about what the
organization will and will not do, and how it will do it. In short, information and the knowledge
it represents are the lifeblood of the organization. It links the organization to its environment,
and it is considered the “OIL” that lubricates the internal operations. No organization can
exist for long if it does not have valid and reliable information on which to base its decisions
and operations.