Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course GEC 102: Readings in Philippine History
Sem/AY First Semester/2021-2022
Module No. 3
Lesson Title CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Week
3 (Week 6, 7 and 8)
Duration
Week 6: November 13, 2020
Date Week 7: November 20, 2020
Week 8: November 27, 2020
This lesson will discuss the controversies and conflicting views in Philippine History.
Description
This lesson will also provide activities and exercises in a form of student-centered
of the Lesson
approach.

Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning  demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a particular
Outcomes issue using primary sources
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives  react and reflect on controversial issues and conflicting views concerning
historical events; and
 demonstrate the ability to formulate argument in favor of or against a particular
historical issue using primary source.

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a Three-Hour class discussion on the
nature and types of educational technologies. To have access to the
Asynchronous) Online Discussion.
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What was the “Cry of Balintawak” or “Cry of Pugadlawin”? What did it
signify?
2. What were the reasons of Antonio Luna’s assassination?
3. Do you consider General Emilio Aguinaldo a hero or a traitor?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Note:
Level The insight
I Institutionally that you
will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
Accredited
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced)
The Need for Studying Controversies and Conflicting Views
Many years ago, an NFO Trends Survey showed that only 37% of the
1,420 respondents aged 7 to 21 years old, were able to sing the Philippine
National Anthem and only 28% could recite the old version of “Panatang
Makabayan”. Of the many Filipino heroes, they could only name up to 2 heroes
and other matters. The conclusion is that the Filipino youth, in general, had a
“very shallow knowledge and appreciation” of the country’s history and
cultural heritage.
Every student in Philippine History should therefore able to know,
understand and critically analyze various controversies and conflicting views
because these may affect their lives as Filipinos and citizens of contemporary
society.

Controversies and Conflicting Views

It has been said that the Philippines had “one past but many histories” is
true in this case. Different authors and writers of Philippine History books vary
in their description of the Philippine’s physical features, its location, number of
islands, land area, river systems, mountains, site of the first mass, Cry of
Balintawak among others. With these conflicting views in certain events and
situations, they are subject for debate.

The following are the controversial issues:

The Philippine Physical Features

Pepito M. Capito prepared a list of controversial issues in Philippine
History. He got the information from the book of Pedro H. Gagelonia – who
happened to be the author’s (Mariano Ariola) history professor in FEU in 1963.
These controversies are:
1. Number of Islands and Islets in the Philippines
Different authors of history books had different views on the number of
islands and islets. Here are the conflicting views on the number of islands and
islets.
a. Molina – 7,083 islands
b. Agoncillo and Alfonso – 7,000
c. Alip – 7, 100
d. Zaide – 7, 083

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

e. Ariola – 7,100
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2. Number of Named Islands and Unnamed Islands

a. Agoncillo and Alfonso – 3,000 named islands and 4,000 unnamed
islands
b. Alip – 2,773 named islands, the rest are still unnamed islands
c. Zaide – different data in his own books
(1) Philippine History for Catholic Schools and the Republic of the
Philippines, 1963 – 2,773 (named islands?)
(2) Philippine Political and Cultural History, 1957 – 2,782 (named
islands?)
d. Gagelonia, The Filipino Historian – 2,000 islands have been named
e. Google, Wikipedia – 5,000 islands are yet to named

3. Location of the Philippines

a. Zafra – Philippine is located about 700 miles or 1,126.54 kms. from the
mainland of China
b. Molina – Philippines is located Southeast of the Asiatic Mainland
c. Alip – Philippines lies abput 700 miles or 1,126.54 to the Southeast of
the Asia Mainland
d. Zaide – Philippines is a sprawling archipelago fringing the Southeastern
rim of the Asian continent

4. Location of the Philippine Deep

Sometimes it is called Philippine Trench, Mindanao Trench or Mindanao
Deep. This is the third deepest in the world which is located on the east of the
Philippines. Its length is 1,320 km (820 miles) and a width of about 30 km (19
miles). This is located in Luzon trending southeast to the northern Maluku
Islands of Haimahera, Indonesia. Galathea Depth, its deepest point has a depth
of 10,540 meters (5,760 fathoms; 34,380 feet).
a. Molina – Philippine Deep or Philippine Trench which is found east of
Mindanao is the second lowest region of the earth
b. Zaide – It is the lowest region in the world, an ocean depth east of
Mindanao (cited in his book, Philippine History for Catholic High
Schools)
c. Zaide – It is the lowest part of the Earth situated about 15 miles (24,142
kms) northeast of Mindanao. It is 34,218 feet (10,429.646 kms) beloe
sea level (cited in his book Philippine Political and Cultural History)
d. Zaide – It is the second lowest place in the world and is located 72.4205
kms (45 miles) east of Northern Mindanao. It is 35,400 feet or 10,789.92
kms deep (cited in his book Philippine History)
e. Agoncillo – It is the second deepest sea in the world which is located
east of Mindanao and with a depth of 35,440 feet (10.802.112 kms)
f. Google – The Philippine Deep Sea has a depth of 34,580 feet or

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

10.539984 kilometers
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5. Longest River in the World

Fact: The largest, longest and widest river in the Philippines is the
Cagayan River or Rio Grande de Cagayan. It is located in the Northeastern part
of Luzon that traverses the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Isabela and
Cagayan. Small streams that originate from Balete Pass, Cordillera, Caraballo
and Sierra Madre Mountains meet other streams and rivers and flow to the
Cagayan River.
The Rio Grande de Mindanao or Mindanao River is the second largest
river located on the southern part of Mindanao. It has a length of 373
kilometers (232 meters). Its headwaters are in the mountains of Impasugong,
Bukidnon, south or Gingoog City in Misamis Oriental, what it is called the
Pulangi River joining the Kabacan River where it becomes the Mindanao River.

Disagreement Among the Authors of Philippine History

a. Alip – Cagayan River is the longest river in the Philippines
b. Molina – Rio Grande de Mindanao is the longest river in the Philippines
c. Benitez – Rio Grande de Mindanao is the longest river in the country
d. Zaide – The longest river is the Rio Grande de Mindanao (cited in his
book Philippine History for Elementary Schools)
e. Zaide – the longest river is the Rio Grande de Mindanao (cited in his
book Philippine History for High Schools)
f. Google – Rio Grande de Cagayan is the longest and widest river in the
Philippine whereas, Rio Grande de Mindanao or Mindanao River is the
country’s second largest river system with a length of 373 kilometers.

6. Straits
It is a naturally formed, narrow but navigable waterway that connects
two larger bodies of water.
Disagreements among Authors in Philippine History as to the number of
straits in the Philippines
a. Molina – There are 8 landlock straits in the Philippines
b. Agoncillo – There are 20 landlocks straits
c. Zaide – There are 8 landlocks straits
d. Google – There are 22 straits

7. Coastline
It is also called seashore where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line
that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean, sea or lake.
Disagreements among the Authors;
a. Zaide - The Philippine coastline is thrice longer than the U.S. coastline
with 10,850 statute miles or 17,461.382 statute kilometers
b. Molina – The Philippine coastline is 11,446 statute miles or 18,470,605

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

statute kilometers
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c. Alip – The Philippine coastline is nearly 11,00 miles or 17,702.784
kilometers
d. Benitez – The Philippine coastline is 11,440 statute miles or 18,418,895
kilometers

8. Mountains
Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the Philippines but historians
disagree or differ in their data on the height of Mt. Apo.
a. Agoncillo – Mt. Apo is 9,600 feet or 2.92608 kilometers high
b. Alip – Mt. Apo is 9,699 feet or 2.5956 plus kilometers high
c. Zaide – Mt. Apo is 9,690 feet or 2.9535 kilometers high
d. Google – Mt. Apo is 2.954 kilometers

9. Mount Pulag
It is sometimes called as Mount Pulog is the third highest mountain in
the Philippines and Luzon’s highest peak at 2.922 meter above sea level. It
borders between the province of Benguet, Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya:
a. Agoncillo – Mt. Pulag is the second highest peak in Luzon with 8,481 feet
(2.585009 kms) high
b. Alip – Mt. Pulag is 9,606 feet high (2.927 kms) high
c. Google – Mt. Pulag is 2.9222 kilometers high. The second highest
mountain is Mt. Dulong-Dulong with a peak of 2,936 meters. The fourth
is Mt. Kitanglad Ranges (2,899 meters) with Mt. Piapayungan range
(2,890 meters)

Site of the First Mass

Decades after the debate on where the Catholic mass in the Philippines
took place has remained unsolved, local Butuan historians asked the Catholic
Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) to resolve the first mass
controversy in the city’s favor (Macarinas, 2012). Local historians in Butuan
believed that the first site of the Catholic mass took place in Mazawa, a place in
Butuan now called Masao, not in Limasawa Island in Leyte as stated in history
books.
Local historian and president of the Butuan City Heritage Society
(BCHS) Greg Hontiveros said that the “honor” belongs to the City of Butuan and
not in Leyte. He also requested the CBCP to investigate the first mass
controversy since the event is very symbolic and important to the church.
Here is the detailed historical presentation of the BCHS accoiunt of the
ceremony:
“On Manrch 31, 1521, Easter Sunday, Friar Pedro Valderrama
celebrated mass together with Portuguese explorer Ferdinaandd Magellan and

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

his men. With the Spaniards were the ruler of Mazawa, Rajah Siaias and his
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brother Rjah Colambu, theruler of Butuan. Afterwards, they planted a cross in
the highest hill and stayed in the area for seven days and helped in the rice
harvest for two days together with more than a hundred of the Rajah’s men.”
Father Joesilo Conalla, curator of Butuan Diocesan Liturgical Museum
likewise believed that the site of the first mass was in Butuan, not in Limasawa
because the people who attended the mass harvested rice for two days,
meaning that the place was a huge agricultural area. Limasawa Island was not
an agricultural area, therefore there is nothing to harvest there, Amalla further
stated.
He also pointed out that one important evidence is the Yale Codex,
which according to Magellan’s history scholars, is more impressive than the
Ambrosiana Codex used in the past to justify both claims. He further stated that
the document (referring to the Yale Codex) is now kept at Yale University.
Another proof, according to Fr. Amalla is the versions of Antonio Pigafetta,
Magellan’s voyage chronicler, because there are subtle indicators that can be
used.
However, on March 31, 1998, the Natonal historical Institute chose to
adopt the finding in the Gancayaco Panel which dimissed the Gines de Mafra
account as fake and forthwith unilaterally reverted the discussions to pre-de
Mafra context which has back to whether the site of first mass was Limawasa,
the isle without anchorage, or Butuan, which is not an isle.
Another evidence to prove that the first Catholic site was held
somewhere in Butuan and not in Limasawa Island was the ihistorical account
of Joesilo Monzon Ramirez, Jr., a local historian and writer.
(1) There was no island named Limasawa in 1521. On that event,
Pigafetta recorded today’s Limasawa as Gatighan Islan, between Bohol and
Panaon south of Leyte. Magellan never landed in Gatighan. The name Limasawa
appeared only in 1667, Historia de Mindanao, by Combes. Pigafetta saw these
islands ON THEIR WAY OUT FROM MAZAUA after their departure on April 4,
after the first mass was celebrated on March 31. (2) They went to Mazaua from
Suluan by sailing, as recorded, downwards – west. From Suluan, Limasawa can
be reached by sailing northwest – but that is not their course. They sailed
downwards-west (3) Upon their departure, they sailed northwards for Cebu.
Had they been in Limasawa, that direction would have landed them in Ormoc of
Leyte.

The Cry of Balintawak

Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugad Lawin, where did Andres Bonifacio
“Cry?” The Cry of Balintawak is a contrived controversy. For nearly a century,
the Cry of Balintawak is a contrived controversy. For nearly century, the Cry of
Balintawak or Cry of Pugad Lawin has been the subject of many controversies.
It is considered as a turning point of Philippine history. The main focus of

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

controversy is the date and place of Bonifacio Cry. There were five dates for the
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Cry – August 20, 23, 24, 25 and 26 and five different venues for the first cry:
Balintawak, Pugad Lawin, Kangkong, Bahay-Toro and Pasong Tamo.
The first issue: It has been widely accepted and believed that the first
cry of the revolution took place in Balintawak, Caloocan in August 23, 1896.
The second issue: The first cry was in August 23, 1896 but the exact
place is not in Balintawakk but Pugad Lawin. Between these two controversies,
the Balintawak tradition continues to thrive.
The third issue: The cry occurred towards the end of August 1896 and
that all the places mentioned above are in Caloocan (now a big City) which in
those times was a district of Balintawak.
But these controversies remain unsolved except in the Philippine
History books.

The Cavite Mutiny Controversy

Jose Rizal dedicated his novel “El Filibusterismo” to the three priests,
Mariano Gomez, 85 years old, Joe Burgos, 30 and Jacinto Zamora, 35 who were
executed at Bagumbayan Field in the morning of February 17, 1872 (Ariola,
2012; Agoncillo, 2010 and Zaide, 2004). The three priests were similarly tried
and sentenced to death by the garrote for being linked as instigator of the
Cavite Arsenal Revolt of January 20, 1872. The three priests were very active in
the secularization (or nationalization) of the clergy (Nuguid, 2012).
However, not all Filipinos, including college students knew that there
were two accounts or perspectives in reference to the death of the three
Filipino Martyrs, according to Chris Antonette Piedad-Pugay (a history writer).

a. The Spanish Perspective of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny (based on Pugay’s

historical account)
Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event
and highlighted it as an attempt to the Indios to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official
report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy,
which was then active propagandists proliferated by unrestrained press,
democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the
Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of
animosity against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels and
enemies of Spain. In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for
“stockpiling” malicious propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He reported to
the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overflow the Spanish government
to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. The general
even added that the native clergies enticed other participants by giving them
charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because God is with them
coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as employment, wealth, and

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and
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possessed an innate propensity for stealing.
The two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was planned earlier
and was thought of it as a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos,
abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native
clergy. They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite planned to
liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be followed by the massacre of the
friars. The alleged pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of Manila and
Cavite was the firing of rockets from the walls of Intamuros.
On 17 of February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and
Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit
such daring act again, the GomBurZa were executed. This event was tragic but
served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism.

b. The Filipino Version of the Cavite Incident (based on the historical

account Pugay)
Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and
researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his
point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers
and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the
abolition of their priviledges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Gen. Izquierdo’s
cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and
native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of
school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a
cover-up for the organization of a political club.
On the 20th if January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers,
laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid
rose in arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in
sight. The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army
unfortunately, that didn’t happen. The news about the mutiny reached
authorities in Manila and Gov. Gen Izquierdo immediately ordered the
reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was
officially declared subdued.
Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite
Mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy
involving not only the native army but also included residents of Cavite and
Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the time, the
Central Government in Madrid announced its intentions to deprive the friars of
all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government and the direction
and management of educational institutions. The turnout of events was
believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in their dire
desire to maintain power in the Philippines.
Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree authored by

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Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars
into a school called Philippine Institute. The decree proposed to improve the
standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in such
schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was
warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for
secularization.
The friars, fearing that the incident and presented it to the Spanish
Government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with
the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the
Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was true without any
attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution”
reported by Izquierdo and the friars.
Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced
to life imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the
GomBurZa were tried and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the
awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine
Revolution of 1896. The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account
complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the event happened due to
discontentment of the arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite fort. The French
man, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr priests which
he actually witnessed.

The Philippine National Flag

Before the 1896 revolution, the Filipinos had no common flag. It was
only on the height of revolution that started to exist. The Katipunan generals
designed different flags to signify the unit or battalion where they belong. But,
the flags that they created cannot be called as a national flag.
Here is Pugay’s detailed historical account in the controversial
Philippine National Flag.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo aspired to establish a new nation to be signified
by a flag and an anthem during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution.
With this, he himself made the sketch of the flag that he submitted to Doñ a
Marcela Agoncillo was assisted by her daughter Lorenz and by Delfina Herbosa
Natividad. After five days of work hard work, the flag was delivered to Aginaldo
who went back to the Philippines on the 17 th of May 1898 through S.S.
McCulloch. The flag as described by the marker herself was “made from fine
silk with a white triangle at the left containing a sunburst with eight rays at the
center, a five-pointed star at each angle of the triangle, an upper stripe of dark
blue and lower stripe of red. The white triangle stood for the Filipinos’ hope for
equality; the blue color stood for peace, truth and justice; and red stood for
patriotism and valor. The sunburst of eight rays represented the first eight
provinces to take up arms against Spain, and the three stars symbolized Luzon,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
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Visayas and Mindanao.”

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The Philippine Flag was Banned!

Just like our country and its constitution, the Philippine flag also
experienced different controversies. When the Americans took over the
Philippines in 1898, mutual distrust among Filipinos and Americans started.
This prompted the Philippine Commission of enact the Flag Law of 1907 that
forbade the Filipinos to use or display the Philippine flag anywhere, even inside
Filipino homes. The Filipino responded with bitter protests as they saw the
Flas Law as a violation of the fundamental principle of free expression.
Several efforts were done by Filipino legislators to repeal the law, but to
no avail. In 1919, Senator Rafael Palma sponsored the Senate Bill No, 1, a bill
repealing the Flas Law of 1907 following Gov. Gen. Francis Harrison’s
recommendation that the law should be repealed since the distrust between
the Filipinos and American no longer exists. On the 24 th of October 1919, Act
No. 2871 was approved and signed by Gov. Gen. Harrison; thus, the Flag Law of
107 was repealed.

Inclusion of a 9th Ray or Crescent in the Flag

In the early part of the 1970, appleals for the inclusion of an additional
ray or a crescent in the Philippine flag created another issue. House Bill No.
7725 sponsored by Rep. Sultan Omar Dianalan of the 1 st District of Lanao del
Sur petitioned for the addition of 9 th ray in the rays of the sn in the Philippine
flag to symbolize the Moslems and the cultural minorities who fought the
Spaniards and waged war against them. Other groups proposed that a crescent
be placed beside the sun as a form of tribute to the pre-colonial past. However,
historians, headed by Teodoro Agoncillo singled out that when Aguinaldo
himself designed the flag, he had in his mind the eight provinces which rise in
arms against Spanish during the Philippine Revolution namenly: Manila, Cavite,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna and Batangas. He also pointed
out that one of the three stars in the flag already represents the Moslem and
the Moslem lands.

The Blue Color of the Flag

The repeal of the Flag Law of 1907 gave reason for the Filipinos to be
jubilant; however, it created a new controversy concerning the true color of the
flag’s blue field. The issue was raised as early as mid 1970’s until mid 1980’s.
Through studies, it appeared that the conflict in the shades of blue might have
resulted from the alleged hasty presentations of the flag that was used for the
Flag Day of March 26, 1920 following the repeal of the Flag Law. The
quartermaster was said to have run out of light blue cloth and used dark blue
instead similar to the one used for the American flag.
Specification of the blue color of the original flag through a documented
interview of Emilio Aguinaldo by the historian Teodoro Agoncillo was noted

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before the former’s death. In the interview, Aguinaldo specified that the blue
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color of the flag is “bughaw” neither azul oscuro nor azul marino. Meanwhile,
Juan Luna’s painting of the flag on May 21, 1899 in “Monograph” illustrated the
flag in China blue, not navy blue, whereas Mariano Ponce in his letter to
Ferdinand Bluementritt described the blue color of the flag “as blue as the sky”
symbolizing hope. Ponce’s description was complemented by Salvador
Vivencio del Rosario in his article “La Bantera de la Patria” published in
October 1899 where he stated that the flag’s color was “color celeste” (color of
the sky). In 1943, however, The Philippine Flag wore a bright royal blue during
the inauguration of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic.
Nonetheless, numerous personalities maintained that the color of the
flag is navy blue or dark blue. The daughter of the flag-maker also named
Marcela Agoncillo believed that it was not sky blue or light blue but dark blue.
She also argued that, if there was error in the color of the flag, why did
Aguinaldo never question it during his lifetime? Her description was supported
by Teodoro Kalaw’s description of the flag. Meanwhile, Arturo Tolentino rose
that the flag that was used and adopted by the 1935 and the 1973 Constitution,
which was colored dark blue, should be maintained because it was the one
which was “consecrated and honored by the people” and the change of its color
or shade is a violation of law.
On the 25 of October 1985, President Ferdinand Marcos issued
Executive Order No. 1010 which changed dark blue to a lighter shade, lighter
than navy blue but darker than sky blue or azure which is the basis of the true
shade of blue in the Philippine flag.

Where is the Original Flag?

In his letter to Captain Baja dated June 11, 1925, Aguinaldo mentioned
that in their Northward retreat during the Filipino-American War, the original
flag was lost somewhere in Tayug, Pangasinan. Some people believed that the
original flag that was hoisted during the proclamation of independence on the
12th day of June 1898 was the one stored in the Aguinaldo Museum at Baguio
City. It cannot be denied that the said flag was authentic and a contemporary of
the original flag but experts found out that its materials was made of combined
silk and cotton fabric, not fine silk as stated by the flag-maker herself in
“Philippine Herald” published in October 1929. There were also reports that
the first original flag of the Philippines was returned in July 1957 by US
Ambassador Charles E. Bohlen.
Very recently, American War Commission Public Relations Director
Rudy Asercion noticed a Philippine flag in an American Trophy Room of the San
Francisco War Memorial Building. He then asked if the flag in San Francisco
could be the same flag sewn by Agoncillo in 1898. Looking at the flag closely, it
was made of fine silk but its sun has 12 rays while the original has eight; it has
six-pointed stars while the original had five-pointed stars; the sun and stars in
the original flag were sewn by hand while the San Francisco flag has a painted

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

sun and stars; and most importantly, that original had a plain blue field while
Level I Institutionally Accredited
San Francisco flag has a printed blue field with a floral design. While the flag
was proven to be authentic and was really used during the Filipino-American
War, it is definitely not the original Philippine flag of 1898. Until today, the
whereabouts of the original flag of 1898 remains a mystery. (Source: Statement
of Chris Piedad-Pugay, a history writer)
Every year, the Filipino people celebrate the Flag Day to pay respect to
the existing Philippine Flag. Controversies concerning the Philippine flag in the
past should not be a hindrance in how every Filipino citizen should look up to
the flag. No matter what happens to this flag, the Philippine national flag is the
unifying symbol of all Filipinos and this is the same flag that the revolutionaries
served in war and in peace.
In short the Philippine flag symbolizes the Filipinos as one nation and as
a people.

Antonio Luna’s Assassination

Who really ordered Luna’s murder? Is Aguinaldo a hero or a traitor?
History books blamed Aguinaldo as the mastermind in the death of General
Antonio Luna. Luna suffered over 30 wounds from bolos, bayonets and bullets.
Was the death of Luna under the command and order of Aguinaldo?
(1) General Antonio Luna, lieutenant commander of the Filipino Army has
been assassinated by order of Aguinaldo. He was stabbed to death by a
guard selected by Aguinaldo to kill him. Investigation of the incident
proved that Luna had been killed and Genral Otis, the Governor-General,
had authentic information regarding the death of the “insurgent
general”.

(2) Another information says that Ney, a guard of Aguinaldo, by order or

General Aguinaldo purposely insulted Luna and forced a quarrel. One
report says that Luna was shot before Ney stabbed him.
(3) Pedro Paterno, one of the Filipino leaders believed that Aguinaldo
ordered the killing of Luna. The assassination, he recalled, was similar to
the fate of Bonifacio in Cavite province. Both Luna and Bonifacio were
rivals of Aguinaldo for the leadership of the Filipinos.
(4) General Luna was exceedingly unpopular among the Filipino troops on
account of his stubborn and dictatorial manners, and evry little regret
was expressed at his death. Luna and Aguinaldo were unable to agree as
to the manner of cinducting the campaign against the Spanish
authorities and it is said that Aguinaldo was afraid he would be
assassinated by Luna’s orders.

On the other hand, those who believed that it was not Aguinaldo who
ordered the death of Luna, but it was Luna’s fault and men who assassinated

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

him expressed the following views:

Level I Institutionally Accredited
1. Emilio “Jun” Abaya, former Transportation Secretary and great
grandson of Aguinaldo had to defend his great grandfather. He said that
Luna was not assassinated on order of Aguinaldo.
2. Professor Xiao Chua of De La Salle University noted that there is no valid
evidence to support the claims that Aguinaldo had Luna killed.
According to Professor Chua, there are various accounts on Luna’s
death, including one by Pedro Janolino, Aguinaldo’s men from Kawit
who was one of the people who killed Luna.
3. Antonio Abad who interviewed Pedro Janolino said that it was he who
killed Luna by self-defense. This was the statement of Janolino:
“When Antonio Luna was coming down the stairs, nakita nya na
galit na galit si Antinio (referring to Luna). Sino ang nagpaputok?” asked
by Luna.
According to the interview with Janolino, Janolino was so afraid
that Luna might kill him and his men that they killed him first.

Is Aguinaldo Still Be Considered a Hero or a Traitor?

It is not easy to dismiss Aguinaldo’s role in Philippine history given the
controversies surrounding his leadership. If one looked at it, he has roles in the
making of the Philippine flag, the production of the national anthem, and his
role in the revolution against the Spaniards and Americans. But just like other
men, hen had also some mistake, and the mistakes must be taught and analyzed
by every Filipino. Let us learn from the mistakes of Aguinaldo.

It is dangerous to make conclusions based only on the movies. Every

young Filipinos must revisit the primary source to say thaat Aguinaldo is a hero
or a traitor after critically analyzing and evaluating the primary source of
primary document, instead of just basing the conclusions from the movies.
Professor Xiao Chua finally explained that he does not personally
consider Aguinaldo a hero. “I consider him a great Filipino, not a hero”.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s Retraction Controversy

Rizal’s retraction letter was discovered by Father Manuel Garcia, C.M. in
1935. From this time on, the letter’s content has become a favorite subject of
dispute among history writers, history professors and academicians. The
retraction letter dated December 29, 1896 was said to have been signed by
Rizal himself.
The first version: “I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in which
I was born and educated. I wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart
whatever in my words, writings, publications, and conduct has been contrary to

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

my character as son of the Catholic Church.”

Level I Institutionally Accredited
The second version: “I retract with all my heart whatsoever in my words,
writings, publications, and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son
of the Catholic Church.”
Upon analysis of the two (2) versions of Rizal’s letter, it can be shown
that there are different words used and some words are missing in the second
version. At any rate, whatever Rizal truly resigned his Catholic faith is still
controversy. However, there are groups who believed or did not believe that
Rizal retracted.
(a) Believers or Defenders of Rizal’s Retraction
1. Nick Joaquin, Writer
2. Leon Maria Guerrero III
3. Gregorio Zaide, Author of History Books
4. Guillermo Gomez Rivera
5. Ambeth Ocampo, Author History Books
6. John Schumaker
7. Antonio Molina
8. Paul Duval
9. Austin Craig, Historian
10. Teodoro Kalaw, 33rd Degree Manson and Handwriting expert
11. H. Otley Beyer, UP Professor
12. Jose Del Rosario, UP Professor
13. Fr. Marciano Guzman, Great Grandnephew of Rizal
14. Fr. Vicente Balaguer, A Jesuit Missionary
15. Fr. Pio Pi, Society of Jesuits of the Philippines, Superior
16. Dr. Augusto de Vierra, UST Department of History, Head
(b) Non-Believers of Rizal Retraction
1. Ricardo Pascual, a Historian
2. Sen. Rafael Palma, former UP President and Prominent Mason
3. Frank Laubach, a Protestant Minister
4. Austin Coates, a British Writer
5. Ricardo Manapat, national Archives Director
6. Tomas U. Santos, a Historian
7. Jose Victor Torres, History Professor of De La Salle University

Believers of Rizal’s Retraction had the following arguments:

1. The retraction document (letter) is authentic having judged by a
foremost handwriting expert; Teodoro Kalaw and handwriting experts
are known and recognized in our courts of justice.
2. Eleven (11) witnesses saw Rizal wrote his own retraction, signed a
Catholic prayer book and recited Catholic prayers and kissed the crucifix
before his execution.
3. Riza’s 4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified
witnesses, 7 newspapermen, and 12 historians and writers.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

4. Aglipayan bishops, masons, and anti-clerics witnessed Rizal’s signing of

Level I Institutionally Accredited
the retraction document.
5. The head of the Spanish Supreme Court notarized his retraction letter.
6. Being a Catholic, he has buried inside the sacred grounds of Pako (now
Paco) Catholic Cemetery.
7. The retraction letter was not forged because witnesses were present
while Rizal was signing it.
8. Rizal retracted his masonry because he wanted to be at peace when he
dies.
9. Direct evidence which have a greater weight need to prove Rizal’s
retraction than just circumstantial evidence.

Non-believers od Rizal’s Retraction had the follwing arguments:

1. There is no certificate of Rizal’s Catholic Marriage to Josephine Bracken
2. There is an allegation that the retraction document was forgery. There
are two versions of the retraction letter with some words missing in the
second document. Which document is authentic? Were these documents
written in Spanish, Engish, or Filipino? Since the signing of the
documents, if it is true, would have been written in Spanish, not in
English. There was no mention that the original writing is Spanish and
translated in English.
3. The document was not Rizal’s own hand writing according to Senator
Palma.
4. The retraction letter is not in keeping with Rizal’s charater and mature
beliefs.

Prelude to Rizal’s Signing of Retraction Document

Some authors of history books dealing with Life, Work, and Writings
of Jose Rizal, stated that the first draft of the retraction letter was sent by
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda to Rizal’d cell in Fort Santiago to night before
his execution. Fort Santiago was the place where Rizal was imprisoned and
where Rizal wrote his 14-stanza poem “Mi Ultimo Adios”. But Rizal was said to
have rejected the draft because it was lengthy and did not like the wordings.
According to a testimony by Fr. Vicente Balaguer who became Rizal’s
friend in Dapitan, Rizal accepted a short retraction document prepared by Fr.
Pio Pi, the head of the Jeisuit Society of the Philippines. However, Rizal wrote
his own retraction after making some modification in the shorter retraction
letter shown to him. In his own retraction letter, ddisapproved masonry and
religious thoughts that opposed catholic belief.

Concluding Statement on Rizal’s Controversial Retration

Whether Rizal signed a retraction or not, Rizal is still Rizal. It did not
diminish his stature as a great patriot, the hero who courted death “to prove to
those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

beliefs”. (Jose Diokno’s statement.)

Level I Institutionally Accredited
Rizal’s retraction or not did not change the fact that his works and
writings beganthe “wheels of change” in the Philippine colonial society – a
change that lead to the Philippie independence. The retraction is just one
aspect of the life, works, and writings of Rizal (Jose Victor Torres).
Torres noted that the cotroversy in Rizal’s retraction is irrelevant today.
The way Rizal is taught today, theretraction means nothing at all, Torres added.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks
Week 6: Words to Know
Directions. Define the following terms based on your own understanding (not exactly copied from the
text).
1. Controversies
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mutiny
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Retraction
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Physical Features
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Cry of Balintawak
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Brush up!
Directions. Answer the following questions.

1. What was the “Cry of Balintawak” or “Cry of Pugadlawin”? What did it signify?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What were the reasons of Antonio Luna’s Assasination?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Level I Institutionally Accredited
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Who really killed or the master mind on Antonio Luna’s killing? Give some proof.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What was the effect of Rizal’s retraction or non-retraction controversy to the Filipino
nation?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Do you affirm or deny Rizal’s retraction? Support your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Do you agree that the Cavite Mutiny was instigated by GomBurZa? Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Why was Luna against the forming of the revolutionary government? Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Was General Luna a dictator-general or not? Defend your answer.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Level I Institutionally Accredited
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Do you agree that the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was in Limasawa?
Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Is Limasawa Island existing at the time the Spanish expedition searched the “island”? Justify
your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What is The Flag Law of 1907?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What does the blue color of the flag signifies?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Do you agree that there should be 9 rays or a crescent flag instead of only 8? Justify your
answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Do you consider General Emilio Aguinaldo a hero or a traitor? Justify your answer.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Level I Institutionally Accredited
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Are you for or against this logical statement? “Aguinaldo could be the “brain” of Luna’s
assassination since his assassination is similar to Bonifacio’s assassination” Elucidate this
statement well.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sharpen Your Mind

Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively.
What is the difference between direct evidence and circumstantial evidence? Show the
distinction by examples.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Week 6: Reaction Paper

Directions. Each student is required to submit a Reaction Paper (chose 3 topics below), in a digital
form, consisting of 300-800 words in an A4 size bond paper. The Professor/Instructor will set the date
of submission and rubric for grading. The following are the topics to be discussed:
a. Site of the First Mass Controversy
b. Jose Rizal’s Retraction Controversy
c. Antonio Luna’s Assassination Controversy
d. The Cavite Mutiny Controversy
e. The Cry of Balintawak Controversy

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Week 6: Reflection and Chapter

Level Quiz
I Institutionally Accredited
Direction: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge), the things that you
have realized and appreciated (values), and the things that you have discovered and wanted to do
more (skills). Place these things inside the circular, rectangular, and triangular boxes which look like a
human figure.

Things that I have learned

(knowledge)

Things that I have realized and

discovered
(values)

Things that I have discovered

and wanted more
(skills)

Week 7: Research Time – Truth or Myth Activity.

Directions. Divide the class into seven (7) groups. Elect a leader and a secretary. Each will
research in your region and produce/get examples of primary sources/documents to show whose
version of the controversies is true or not true. Show/Present the documents to class in their original
form (pictures). Explain how you performed the activity and prove that the primary document
obtained serve as a direct evidence for or against the controversy being tested.
The tasks of the seven (7) groups are as follows:
1. Philippine Physical Feature
2. Site of the First Mass
3. Cry of Balintawak/Pugadlawin
4. Cavite Mutiny
5. Philippine National Flag
6. Antonio Luna’s Assassination

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

7. Rizal’s Retraction
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Understanding Directed Assess

Week 8: Class Activity
A. Debate
Form two (2) teams. Each team will select its team captain. One team belongs to the affirmative
side (protagonist) and the other belongs to the negative side (antagonist).
- Proposition 1. Resolved: “That Limasawa is the site of the first Catholic Mass in the
Philippines.”
- Proposition 2. Resolved: “That Jose Rizal’s retraction letter is genuine and authentic.”
- Proposition 3. Resolved: “That the first ‘cry’ occurred in Balintawak.”

NOTE: The Professor/Instructor prepares the mechanics of the debate, judges, scoring key, procedures
and other matters incidental to the debate.

[Link]

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Learning Resources

Ariola, M. M. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. P. 23-48, ISBN: 978-621-427-037-7

Profit, Steven (2017). What’s the Difference Between Primary and Secondary Source?
Republic Act No. 9470, National Archives of the Philippines Act of 2007, Retrieved September
27, 2012
Sims, Lyn (1998). Taking an Active Role in Learning History. Posted Spring 1998
Wesson, Stephen (2011). Selecting Primary Sources, Part II: Considering Historical Context”,
Posted July 26, 2011
Wesson, Stephen (2012). Top Ten Tips for Facilitating an Effective Primary Source Analysis”
Posted September 13, 2012
[Link]

[Link]

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.