Lecture 11 HYDRAULIC MOTORS [CONTINUED] The performance of hydraulic motors depends upon many factors such as precision of their parts, tolerances between the mating parts, ete.Intemnal leakage between the inlet and outlet affects the ‘volumetric efficiency. Friction between mating parts affects the mechanical efficiency of a hydraulic motor. Gear motors typically have an overall efficiency of 70-75% as compared to vane motors which have 75— 85% and piston motors having 83-95%, Motor torque is divided into three separate groups: 1. Starting torque: The starting torque is the turning force the motor exerts from a dead stop. 2. Running torque: Running torque is exerted when the motor is running and changes whenever there is a change in fluid pressure. 3. Stalling torque: Stalling torque is the torque necessary to stop the motor. In most hydraulic motors, the stalling and starting torques are equal. Usually, starting torque is 75-80% of the maximum design torque. 1. Volumetric efficiency: The volumetric efficiency of a hydraulic motor is the ratio of theoretical flow rate to actual flow rate required to achieve a pasticular speed. The motor uses more flow than the theoretical due to leakage _ Theoretical flow rate the motor should be supplied with Actual flow rate supplied to the motor OQ 2. Mechanical efficiency: The mechanical efficiency of a hydraulic motor is the ratio of actual work done to the theoretical work done per revolution. The output torque of a hydraulic motor is less than theoretical torque due to mechanical friction between the mating parts: Actual torque delivered by the motor __ 7, “=~ Torque the motor should theoretically deliver ~ T; Here,theoretical torque and actual torque are given by YoxP mm 1, — Actual wattage delivered by the motor “ N 3. Overall efficiency: The overall efficiency of a motor is the ratio of output power to input power of the motor. Output power is mechanical power output at the shaft and input power is fluid energy supplied to the inlet of the hydraulic motor: Actual power delivered by the motor (mechanical) “Actual power delivered to the motor (hydraulic) xN PxO, ny N=TxpxQ, _ TyxVyx px T,xpxQ,x2n TyxQz T.*Q, SM = Ma, So. Overall efficiency ~ Volumetric efficiency x Mechanical efficiency Note: The actual power delivered to a motor by a fluid is called hydraulic power and the actual power delivered to a load by a motor via a rotating shaft is called brake power. Example 12 ‘A ydraulic motor is required to drive a load at $00 spm with 1000 Nin of torque. What is the output power? Solution 50027 N=500 spm =500%2 _ 59 36 rad/s 60 1, = 1000 m Now Power =7,(N m)xN (rad/s) 1000 52.36 50360 W ‘The output power is 52.360 kW. Examplel.3 A hiydraulie motor receives a flow rate of 72 LPM at a pressure of 12000 kPa. If the motor speed is, 800 RPM, determine the actual torque delivered by the motor assuming the efficiency 100%? Solution ‘Method I Actual flow rate 1.2107 m/s Speed of motor N = 800 27/60 ~ 83.78 rad/s Pressure = 12000 10° Pa. Overall efficiency can be calculated using Tx P.O, Substituting the values we get " T, x83.78 12000 10° «1.210 >, =17188Nm So the actual torque Z, = 171.88 N m.‘Method II Hydraulic power = pQ = 12000 « 2 108 = 14.4 kW T (Nm) * oXtad/s) = So Example 1.4 A hydraulic motor has a 100 cm’ volumetric displacement. If it has a pressure rating of 140 bar and receives oil from a 0.001 m*/s theoretical flow rate pump. find the motor (a) speed, (b) theoretical torgue, (c) theoretical kW power. Solution: a Speed: We have the theoretical flow rate given by o 20.001 =100%10° x =n= 10 RPS(revolutions per second) and N= 600 RPM (b) Theoretical torque pxVq _ 14010" «100x107 2s 2a 22.82N m (©) Theoretical kW power P=Q,% p =0.001 m’ /sx140%10° N/n Altermatel Power = Tec = 222.82 « 10 x2r= 14000 W= 14 kW Example 15 The pressure rating of the components in a hydraulic system is 10° kPa, The system contains a hydraulic ‘motor to turn a 0.3 m radius drum at 30 RPM to lift a weight of load 4000 N as shown in Fig. 1.14. Determine the flow rate and brake power ifthe motor efficiency is 90%.Figure 1.14 Solution: We have the theoretical torque given by 7-2 oe = 4000%03=!0 lo = Vp = 7.54 x10" m? = 0.0754 L Theoretical low rate is 54.107 22 =0,0000377 m/s 0 Q:=%yxN Power P= pQ=1x10" N/ m°(0.0000377 m’ /s)=3770 W=3.77 KW Example 1.6 A hydraulic system contains a pump that discharges oil at 13.8 MPa and 0.00632 m? /s to a hydraulic ‘motor shown in Fig. 1.15. The pressure at the motor inlet is 12.40 MPa due to pressure drop in the line. If oil leaves the motor at 1.38 MPa, determine the power delivery by the 100% efficient motor. (a) What torque would a hydraulic motor deliver at a speed of 1750 RPM if it produces 3 kW? (b) If the pressure remains constant at 13.8 MPa, (i) what would be the effect of doubling the speed on the torque and (i) what would be the effect of halving the speed on the torque?ns Las MPs MPs MPs ‘Pump ‘Motor Figure 1.15 Solution: We have Power = Ap Q = (24001380) kPa x 0.00632 m' /s 69.6 KW ‘Note: Ifthe pipeline between the pump and motor is horizontal and of constant diameter, then the cause of pressure drop (12.4 ~ 1.38 MPa) is due to friction. (a) We have P=Tx@=3000 sr x2X721750 _ 5999 60 3000 x 60 ee = 1637 Nm 2x 4%1750 ©) @r oe Since p and V5 are both constant, torque remains constant. This would, however, double the power. Gi) The torque 7 remains constant while the power is reduced by 50%. Example 1.7 A hydraulic motor has a displacement of 40 cmr'/rev and is used in a system with a maximum pressure of 20000 kPa, Determine the actual torque delivered by the motor assuming that it is 100% efficient. Solution: Displacement 7 = 4010" m'lrev Pressure ofthe system P= 20000 kPa Theoretical torque Yap _ 40x10° x20000%10° oF 2n Since the motor is 100% efficient, he actual torque is equal tothe theoretical rorque T,=127.3Nm =1273NmExample 1.8 A motor must produce a torque of 350 Nu in a system with an operating pressure of 25000 kPa. What size motor should we select? Assume 100% efficiency, Solution: Given, =350'N m. Since the motor has 100% efficiency, Theoretical torque = Actual torque 23505 = 1, =88 em'irev So we should select a motor having the displacement of 88 em'/rev. Example 1.9 A hydraulic motor has a displacement of 164 cm* and operates with a pressure of 70 bar and a speed of 3000 1pm. If the actual flow rate consumed by the motor is 0.006 ms and the actual torque delivered by the motor is 170 Nm, find (a). (b)72q4(€), and (4) actual power delivered by the motor? Solution: (a) We have Theoretical flow rate the motor should consume _ Oy. ‘Actual flow rate consumed bythe motor Oy Now Q, =0.006 m’/s . Theoretical flow rate is y 5 am 2000 (ay) Sy Oy =Vy x N =164%10° (in? /tev)x = (rev/s) = 0.0055 m’ /s So volumettic efficiency n= 0.006 (b) Mechanical efficiency is given by ‘Actual torque delivered by the motor _ 7, "= = Theoretical torque motor should deliver T; Theoretical torque, 70x 10° 164% 10° i 10-10 16410" 199m 2a So mechanical efficiency. 170 (© We have No = NaN: 0.9304 x0.9167 = 0.853 = 85.3% So overall efficiency is 85.3 %. (a) Actual power isTye =170>( 2000 Example 1.10 A hydraulic motor receives a flow rate of 72 LPM at a pressure of 12000 kPa. If the motor speed is 800 RPM and ifthe motor has a power loss of 3 kW, find the motor actual output torque and overall, efficiency. Solution: We have 72 LPM=0.0012 m/s ‘Now we calculate the hydraulic power given to motor using ‘Hydraulic power = pQ = 0.0012 m/s « 12000 = 14400 W = 14.4 kW Actual power is obtained by subtracting the losses, Actual power =Te =14.4—3=11.4 kW 11400 136Nm The overall efficiency is Example 1.11 A hydraulic motor has a volumettic efficiency of 90% and operates at a speed of 1750 RPM and a pressure of 69 bar. Ifthe actual flow rate consumed by the motor is 0.0047 m'/s and the actual torque delivered by the motor is 147 Nm, find the overall efficiency of the motor Solution: The overall efficiency is 1750x2% 2 147x— To 60. PO, 69%10° «0.0047 0.83 = 83% Example 1.12 A hydrostatic transmission operating at 105 bar pressure has the following characteristics: Pump Motor ¥, = 100cm* y= n, - 85% Me = 94% 1g = 90% hy = 92% N= 10001pm_ ‘N= 600 rpm Find the (a) displacement of motor and (b) motor output torque.Solution: (a) Pump theoretical flow rate _ 10010 x1000 60 xN 1.667 107 nr/s Pr puae Actual flow rate Quip = thy Os =1.667 «10 0.85 Actual flow from the pump is the actual flow to the motor, So forthe motor Qn wotce 42x10? ms rane = Ny XO, =142 “07 0.94 = So the theoretical How rate, Qj =1.332%10" mils. Now Ors asce =Voacen *N Ope — 1332107 “Nace 600/60 So for the motor, the displacement is 133 em’ /rev. (b) Torque delivered by the motor To calculate torque delivered by the motor, let us first calculate the actual power to motor OWE omer =P O=105%10" «0.00142 = 14900 W 42x10 32x 107 133 cm'/rev 33210 Mosca Now PovetgetaneePOWEtsaie aes X Mechanical efficiency x volumetricefficiency POWEt ga yar =14900% 0.94 0.92 = 12900 W 12900 TorqQeeuaity sete = ogra 7 205 Nm 0 1.13 Performance Curves for a Variable Displacement Motor The following curves represent typical performance curves obtained for a 10cm? variable displacement ‘motor operating at full displacement. Figurel.16 gives the motor input flow (LPM) and motor output torque as a function of motor speed(RPM) at two pressure levels.z LN | in ecw dari : ae na ee Figure 1.16Motor input flow versus motor output torque Figure 1.1 7gives the curves of overall and volumettic efficiencies as a function of motor speed(RPM) for pressure levels of 34.5 and 20.7 MPa. Looe LO sesere tie Figurel.17Performance curves for a 100 cm’ variable displacement motorObjective-Type Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. A hydraulic motor is a device which converts fluid power into or converts fluid pressure into Tnan axial piston motor, the piston reciprocates ___to the axis of the cylinder block. 3. In a radial piston-type motor, the piston reciprocates radially or to the axis of the output shat 4. Rack and pinion rotary actuator is a commonly used design for obtaining revolution actuation. 5. Gear motors typically have an overall efficiency of ___as compared to _for piston motors State True or False 1. A hydraulic motor is a hydraulic pump which runs backward. 2. Gear motors are the most efficient and most dirt tolerant. 3. Hydraulic motors can be stalled for any length of time and their direction of rotation can be instantly reversed and their rotational speed can be infinitely varied 4, The moment of inertial to torque ratio for a hydraulic motor is nearly 100, 5. A seiti-rotary actuator allows only a partial revolution. Review Questions 1. Differentiate between a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor. List the advantages of a hydraulic motor over an electric motor List four important applications of hydraulic motor. Explain with a neat sketch the working of gear motor. Write the classification of piston motor. Define volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency and overall efficiency of hydraulic motor. Why is the actual flow rate requited by a yydraulic motor higher than the theoretical flow rate? ‘Why is the actual torque output delivered by a hydraulic motor less than the calculated theoretical torque? 9. List few applications of a semi-rotary actuator. 10. Where are external gear motors used? 1 List the advantages of external gear motors, 12. What isa limited-rotation hydraulic motor? How does it differ from a hydraulic motor? 13. What are the main advantages of a gear motor? 14, Why are vane motors fixed-displacement units? 15. Name one way in which vane motors differ from vane pumps. 16. Can a piston pump be used as a piston motor? 17. Why does 2 hydraulic motor use more flow than it should theoretically? 18, Name four advantages of hydrostatic transmission. 19. Why does a hydraulic motor deliver less torque than it should theoretically? 20. Explain wiry, theoretically, the torque output from a fixed-displacement hiydraulic motor operating ‘at a constant pressure is the same regardless of changes in speed. 21. Define the displacement and torque ratings of a hydraulic motor. 22. Explain how vanes are held in contact with the cam ring in a high-performance vane motor 23. How is torque developed in an inline-type piston? 4 3 6 1 8,24, If a hydraulic motor is pressure compensated, what is the effect of an increase in the working ‘fluid? 25, Which type of hydraulic motor is generally the most efficient? Answers Fill in the Blanks 1 Rotary power, torque 2.Paraliel 3 Perpendicular 4 Partial 5. 70-75%, 85-95% State True or False L False 2False 3.Tre 4 False 5True