33.2.

EXERCISES 271
Z 1Z 1
a
(9) √
cos x3 dx dy = sin a where a = and b = .
0 y b
Z 10 Z 10
1 a
(10) 100 min{x, y} dx dy =
where a = and b = . [Note: min{x, y}
0 0 b
denotes the smaller of the numbers x and y.]
Z 2Z 1
2 2 a
(11) emax{x ,4y } dy dx = (ep − a) where a = ,b= , and p = .
0 0 b
[Note: max{u, v} denotes the larger of the numbers u and v.]
1 √
Z 1 Z π/4
(12) sec5 x dx dy = (b 2 − 1) where a = and b = .
0 arctan y a
Z 1Z 2
x a
(13) 3
dx dy = ln b where a = and b = .
0 2y 1 + x b
Z 1Z 1
a
(14) (x + y)2 dx dy = where a = and b = .
−1 |y| b
Z 1Z 2
2 1 b
(15) (x + y)ex +2xy dy dx = ep + where a = ,p= , and b = .
0 −1/2 a 2
(16) Let R be the rectangle [0, 3] × [0, 2] in the xy-plane and let P be the partition of this
rectangle into squares induced by partitioning both [0, 3] and [0, 2] into subintervals of
length one. Estimate the volume of the solid lying above R and below the surface z =
x2 y + 2x by calculating the Riemann sum associated with the partition P and choosing
the upper right corner of each square as a sample point.
Answer: .
Z 1Z π
(17) x2 cos xy dx dy = .
0 0
ZZ
xy √
(18) If R = [0, 3] × [4, 5], then p dx dy = a( b − 1) where a = and
x2 + y 2 − 16
R
b= .
√
Z 2Z 8−y 2
(19) Express xy dx dy as an integral in polar coordinates.
0 2
Z bZ c
Answer: rp sin θ cos θ dr dθ where a = ,b= ,c= ,
a f (θ)
f (θ) = , and p = .
(20) The integral of g(x, y) = + cos(x2 y2) over the unit disk is a sin b where a = and
b= . Hint. Polar coordinates.
(21) Let R be the region defined by 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 2, and x ≥ 0. The integral of f (x, y) = x2
a
over this region is π where a = .
8
ZZ  
−(x2 +y 2 ) 1
(22) Let D be the closed unit disk in the plane. Then e dx dy = 1 − b where
a
D
a= and b = .
272 33. DOUBLE INTEGRALS
√
Z 3Z 45−y 2
x4 + x2 y 2 dx dy can be written as


(23) In polar coordinates
0 2y
Z aZ b
rm sinn θ cosp θ dr dθ where a = ,b= ,m= ,
0 0
n= , and p = .
(24) The volume of the solid bounded below by the xy-plane, above by the cone x2 + y 2 = z 2 ,
a
and on the sides by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2y is where a = .
9

2
(25) The area of the region bounded by the lemniscate x2 + y 2 = 2a2 (x2 − y 2 ) is .
Z 1Z 1
1 π
(26) 2 2 3/2
dx dy = where a = .
0 y (1 + x + y ) a
(27) The volume of the solid bounded below by the xy−plane, above by the ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1, and on the sides by the cylinder x2 + y 2 − ay = 0 is 29 a2 b(mπ − n)
a2 a2 b2
where m = and n = .
ZZ
1 a
(28) Let R be the region bounded by the limaçon r = 2 + cos θ. Then (x2 + y 2 ) 2 dA = π
3
where a = . R
Z α sin β Z √α2 −y2
π
(29) Let α > 0 and 0 < β < 2 . Then ln(x2 + y 2 ) dxdy = αp β q (ln r − s) where
0 y cot β
p= ,q= ,r= , and s = .
1
(30) Rotate that portion of the curve y = where x ≥ 1 about the x-axis. Then the volume
x
of the resulting solid is and its surface area is .
Z ∞
sin t
(31) dt = a where a = .
0 t Z Z ∞ ∞
Hint. Consider the iterated integral e−st sin t ds dt. You may use the fact that in
0 0
this problem the order of integration of the improper integrals may be reversed.
Z 1Z 1
x2 − y 2
(32) Let f (x, y) = 2 . Then f (x, y) dx dy = and
(x + y 2 )2 0 0
Z 1Z 1
f (x, y) dy dx = . This result does not violate Fubini’s theorem because
0 0

. Hint. Although these integrals can be

evaluated by hand, they take some effort. Use a CAS.
(33) Let D be the region in the xy-plane lying above the line y = x and below the parabola
y = −x2 + 2. Then the moments of D about the x-axis and the y-axis are given by
a b 1 2

Mx = where a = and My = where b = . The centroid is at − ,
5 4 c d
where c = and d = .
(34) A plane lamina L is bounded by the lines y = x, y = 2 − x, and the x-axis; its density
function ρ is given by ρ(x, y) = 2x + y + 1 grams per square centimeter. Then the mass
a b

of L is grams and its center of mass is located at the point , where
10 20
a= and b = .
(35) Let L be a plane lamina in the shape of the upper half of a circular disk of radius 3 centered
at the origin. The density of the lamina at any point is proportional to the square of the
 33.2. EXERCISES 273

distance of the
 pointfrom the center of the circle. Then the center of mass of L is located
b
at the point a, where a = and b = .
5π
(36) Let E be the solid region determined by the surfaces x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0,
and z = 2 − x2 − y 2 . The base of this region is the square S = [0, 1] × [0, 1] in the xy-plane.
Estimate theRRvolume of E by using the midpoint rule for double integrals to approximate
the integral f (x, y) dxdy where f (x, y) = 2 − x2 − y 2 . For this approximation divide S
S
into nine squares each having side 31 . Calculate the corresponding Riemann sum evaluating
f at the center of each square. According to this estimate the volume of E is approximately
a
where a = . The error made in this approximation (that is, the absolute value
54
b
of the difference between the approximate volume and the true volume) is where b =
54
.
(37) Let E be the solid region determined by the inequalities 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, and
0 ≤ z ≤ 2 − x − y. The base of this region is the square S = [0, 1] × [0, 1] in the xy-plane.
Estimate theRRvolume of E by using the midpoint rule for double integrals to approximate
the integral f (x, y) dxdy where f (x, y) = 2−x−y. For this approximation divide S into
S
nine squares each having side 31 . Calculate the corresponding Riemann sum evaluating f
at the center of each [Link] to this estimate the volume of E is approximately
. The error made in this approximation (that is, the absolute value of the difference
between the approximate volume and the true volume) is .
ZZ
(38) If R = [0, 4] × [0, π6 ], then x cos y dx dy = .
R
ZZ
a
(39) If R = [0, 4] × [0, π6 ], then x cos(xy) dx dy = where a = .
π
R
274 33. DOUBLE INTEGRALS

33.3. Problems
1
(1) Let f (x, y) = over the region R where 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x and x ≤ 3. Determine whether
2x − y RR
the function f is integrable over R. Find f (x, y) dA if it exists.
R
1
(2) Let f (x, y) = √ over the region R = [0, 4] × [0, 4]. Show that f is integrable over R
RR xy
and find f (x, y) dA.
R
1
(3) Let f (x, y) = over the region R where 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x and x ≤ 3. Determine
(2x − y)2 RR
whether the function f is integrable over R. Find f (x, y) dA if it exists.
R
1
(4) Let f (x, y) = √ over the region R where 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x and x ≤ 3. Determine whether
2x − y RR
the function f is integrable over R. Find f (x, y) dA if it exists.
R
1
(5) Let f (x, y) = p over the region R = [−1, 4] × [−1, 4]. Explain carefully why
RR |x| · |y| RR
f (x, y) dA is improper. Show that f is integrable over R and find f (x, y) dA.
R R
1
(6) Let f (x, y) = p over the region R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Explain carefully why
|x 2 − y|
RR RR
f (x, y) dA is improper. Show that f is integrable over R and find f (x, y) dA.
R R
∞
1√
Z
−x2
(7) Derive the formula e dx = π. Hint. Do exercise 22.
0 2
 33.4. ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES 275

33.4. Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(1) 4
√ √
(3) 2, 0, 2 2, x, 8 − x2
p √ √
(5) −2, 2, 0, 4 − y 2 , 0, 2, − 4 − x2 , 4 − x2
√ z √
(7) 2 3, √ , 16 − z 2
3
(9) 1, 3
(11) 1, 2, 4
(13) 1, 3
(15) 4, 5, −3
(17) π
π √
(19) 0, , 2 2, 2 sec θ, 3
4
(21) 3
√
(23) arctan 12 , 3 5, 5, 0, 2
(25) 2a2
(27) 3, 4
1
(29) 2, 1, α,
2
π
(31)
2
(33) 9, −9, 2, 5
(35) 0, 24
(37) 1, 0
(39) 9
 CHAPTER 34

SURFACES

34.1. Background
Topics: quadric surfaces, spheres, ellipsoids, elliptic paraboloids, hyperboloids of 1 and 2 sheets,
parametrized surface, level surface.

277
278 34. SURFACES

34.2. Exercises
(1) The surface z = 13 36(x2 − 1) + 4y 2 is the upper half of which quadric surface?
p

Answer.
√
The curve obtained when the surface is cut by the plane z = 2 3 is an ellipse whose major
axis is of length and whose minor axis is of length .
q
(2) The surface z = 2 12 (x2 + 2) + 13 y 2 is the upper half of which quadric surface?
Answer. .
√
The curve obtained when the surface is cut by the plane z = 2 3 is an ellipse whose major
axis is of length and whose minor axis is of length .
" # 1/2
y 2 2z 2
  
(3) Let w = f (x, y, z) = √ + √ . The level surface which results when the
x x
value of w is set to 4 is a(n)

which opens along the positive -axis.

p
(4) Let w = f (x, y, z) = 3 − 6z + 9x2 + 4y 2 . The level surface at w = 3 is the upper half of
a(n) which opens along the positive -axis.
2xy
(5) Consider the surface in R3 defined by f (x, y) = 2 if (x, y) 6= (0, 0) and f (0, 0) = 0.
x + y2
Then the plane z = c intersects the surface for all values of c in the interval [a, b] where
a= and b = .
p
1 + y2 − 4
(6) Let f (x, y) = √ . The domain of f is the set of all (x, y) in R2 such that
3 + 25 − x2
x∈[ , ] and y ∈ ( , ]∪[ , ). The range of f is [ , ).
(7) The surface whose parametrization is given by r(u, v) = (u, v, u − 3) with u, v ∈ R is a
plane whose equation is ax + by − z + c = 0 where a = ,b= , and c = .
(8) The surface whose parametrization is given by
r(u, v) = (u, 2u cos v, 3u sin v)
with u ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π is the upper half of an elliptic opening along
the -axis.
(9) The surface whose parametrization is given by
r(u, v) = (u, u cos v, u sin v)
with u ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π is the upper half of a(n) cone opening along
the -axis.
(10) The surface whose parametrization is given by
r(u, v) = (cos u, v, sin u)
with 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π and v ∈ R is a circular whose axis lies along the -axis.
(11) The surface whose parametrization is given by
r(u, v) = (cos u, sin u, v)
with 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π and v ∈ R is a cylinder whose axis lies along the -axis.
 34.2. EXERCISES 279

(12) Let S be the portion of the cylinder x2 + z 2 = 1 in R3 that lies between the planes y = 0
and x + y = 2. A parametric representation of S is
r(u, v) = ( cos u , , )
where 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π and ≤v≤ .
(13) Let S be that portion of the hyperboloid x2 + y 2 − z 2 = −1 that lies above the rectangle
[−1, 1] × [−2, 2] in the xy-plane. A parametric representation of S is
r(u, v) = ( u , v , )
where −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 and −2 ≤ v ≤ 2.
(14) Let S be that portion of the elliptic paraboloid x + y 2 + 2z 2 = 4 for which x ≥ 0. A
parametric representation of S is
r(u, v) = ( , u, )
p p
where −2 ≤ u ≤ 2 and − a(u) ≤ v ≤ a(u) with a(u) = .
280 34. SURFACES

34.3. Problems
(1) Suppose 0 < a < b. In R3 let C0 be the circle in the xz-plane of radius a centered at the
point (b, 0, 0). Let T be the surface of revolution formed by revolving C0 about the z-axis.
Find a (reasonably simple) parametrization of the torus T.
Hint. Let P be a point on T. Then there exists a circular cross-section C of T which
contains the point P and which is coplanar with the z-axis. This circle can be specified by
a single parameter θ: the angle between the positive x-axis and the vector from the origin
to the center of C. The location of P on C can also be specified by a single parameter φ:
the angle between the vector in the xy-plane from the center of C to the outer portion of
the surface T and the vector from the center of C to the point P .
 34.4. ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES 281

34.4. Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(1) hyperboloid of one sheet, 12, 4
(3) elliptic paraboloid, x
(5) −1, 1
(7) 1, 0, −3
(9) circular, x
(11) circular, z
√
(13) 1 + u2 + v 2
(15) 0, 2π, 0, sin u, 2 − cos u
 CHAPTER 35

SURFACE AREA

35.1. Background
Topics: surfaces of revolution, surface area.

283
284 35. SURFACE AREA

35.2. Exercises
(1) The area of the surface which is formed when the curve
p p

2x = y y 2 − 1 + ln y − y 2 − 1
for 2 ≤ y ≤ 5 is revolved about the x-axis is .
(2) The area of the surface generated when the curve

y 2 − 2 ln y = 4x
a
from y = 1 to y = 2 is revolved about the x-axis is π where a = .
3
(3) The area of the surface obtained by revolving that portion of the astroid

x = sin3 t
(

y = cos3 t
π aπ
for which 0 ≤ t ≤ about the x-axis is where a = .
2 5
(4) A zone of a sphere is the portion of its surface which lies between two parallel planes
which intersect the sphere. The altitude of the zone is the distance between the planes.
The surface area of a zone of height h of a sphere of radius a is .
(5) The surface area of the solid which results from revolving the curve 3x2 + 4y 2 = 12 about
a
the x-axis is √ π p + bπ where a = ,p= , and b = .
3
(6) A surface is defined parametrically by
R(u, v) = u cos v i + u sin v j + u k
where 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.
(a) The equation of the tangent plane to the surface at the point (− 12 , 0, 12 ) is ax+by+z =
c where a = ,b= , and c = .
(b) The area of the surface is .
(7) A surface is defined parametrically by
R(u, v) = u cos v i + u sin v j + v k
where 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.
(a) The equation of the tangent plane to the surface at the point (− 12 , 0, π) is ax+by+z =
c where a = ,b= , and c = .
(b) The area of the surface is a(b + ln(1 + b)) where a = and b = .
(8) The surface area in the first octant cut from the cylindrical surface x2 + y 2 = a2 by the
plane z = x is .
(9) Rotate the portion of the parabola y = x2 where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 about the y-axis. The area of
π √
the surface thus obtained is (b b − 1) where a = and b = .
a
(10) Let R(u, v) = (u − v, u + v, uv) and D be the unit disk in the plane. Then the area of
π √
R(D) is (b b − 8) where a = and b = .
a
(11) The surface area of that portion of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 14z that is inside the
paraboloid x2 + y 2 = 5z is aπ where a = .
 35.2. EXERCISES 285

(12) The surface area of that portion of the parabolic cylinder x2 = 1 − z bounded by the
1 √
planes y = 0, z = 0, and y = x with x, y, z ≥ 0 is (b b − 1) where a = and
a
b= .
(13) The circular cylinder x2 + y 2 = x divides the unit sphere into 2 pieces. Let U be the piece
inside the cylinder and V be the one outside. Then the ratio of the surface area of V to
a+b
the surface area of U is where a = and b = .
a−b
(14) The area of that√ portion of the plane x + y + z = 1 lying inside the elliptic cylinder
x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 1 is aπ where a = .
(15) The surface area of that portion of the cone z 2 = x2 + y 2 lying between the planes z = 0
and z = 1 is .
x2 y2 z2
(16) Represent the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 (where a, b, and c are positive constants)
a b c
parametrically
Z 2π Z π p using the spherical coordinates φ and θ. Then the surface are of the ellipse
is f (φ, θ) dφdθ where
0 0
f (φ, θ) = .
286 35. SURFACE AREA

35.3. Problems
(1) You are considering the problem of calculating the surface area of a solid of revolution.
The curve y = f (x) (for a ≤ x ≤ b) has been rotated about the x-axis. You set up a
partition (x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ) of [a, b] and approximate

the surface
area of the resulting solid by
connecting consecutive points xk−1 , f (xk−1 ) and xk , f (xk ) by a straight line segment,
which, when rotated about the x-axis, produces a portion of a cone. Taking the limit of
these conical approximations you end up with the integral
Z b q
2
2π f (x) 1 + f 0 (x) dx
a
which you claim represents the surface area of the solid.
Your friend Fred has chosen to make cylindrical approximations rather than conical
ones and produces the integral
Z b
2π f (x) dx
a
which he claims represents the surface area. So you and Fred argue.
He says your formula is too complicated to compute. You say his is too simple to
work. Unable to convince him, you look up the formula in a well known calculus text and
find that the author agrees with you. Fred is unimpressed; he says the author probably
made the same mistake you did. You find several more references to support your work.
Fred thinks they all probably copied from the person who made the original mistake.
Find a completely convincing argument that even skeptical Fred will accept that his
formula can’t be correct and that yours is better.
(2) In many calculus texts the authors derive the formula for the arc length of a smooth
curve by taking the limit of sums of lengths of polygonal paths inscribed in the curve.
The purpose of this problem is to inquire into the possibility of doing the “same thing”
to find the surface area of a smooth surface. In particular, consider a (vertical) right
circular cylinder with height h and base radius r. Partition the surface of this cylinder by
m + 1 equally spaced horizontal circles, thus creating m sub-cylinders of height h/m (and
radius r). Then partition each circle into n circular arcs by means of n equally spaced
points. (The points on one circle need not necessarily be directly above those on the circle
below.) Now approximate the surface area of each sub-cylinder by the area of triangles
inscribed in the sub-cylinder using these points as vertices. In each sub-cylinder there will
be 2n such triangles—n having two vertices on the upper circle and n having two vertices
on the lower circle. Thus, altogether, there will be 2mn triangles the sum of whose areas
approximates the surface area of the original cylinder.
Now, of course, the question is: what can we say about the limit of the sum of the
areas of these triangles as m and n get large? Does it give us the correct expression for
the area of a cylinder? (How, incidentally, can we be sure what the surface area of a
right circular cylinder really ought to be?) Thinking about the problem in more precise
terms, we need to ask whether this double limit even exists. If not, can we make the
corresponding iterated limits exist by restricting m and n in some way? Does the answer
depend on the relative rates of growth of m and n? What happens if we require m and n
to be in some fixed ratio? That is, will the limit depend on the shape of the triangles?
After considering these matters, what do you think of the prospects of generalizing
the derivation of the formula for arc length to one for surface area?
(3) Let the curve y = f (x) (where a ≤ x ≤ b) be rotated about the y-axis. Show that the
Z b p
surface area swept out is 2π |x| 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx. Hint. Parametrize the surface.
a
 35.4. ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES 287

35.4. Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(1) 78π
(3) 6
(5) 4, 2, 6
(7) (a) 0, 2,
√π
(b) π, 2
(9) 6, 5
(11) 70
(13) π, 2
√
(15) 2π
 CHAPTER 36

TRIPLE INTEGRALS

36.1. Background
Topics: triple integrals, iterated integrals, cylindrical coordinates, spherical coordinates, density,
mass, center of gravity, moment of inertia of a solid about a line.

289
290 36. TRIPLE INTEGRALS

36.2. Exercises
Z 3Z y Z y
a
(1) z dx dz dy = where a = .
0 0 0 8
(2) Sketch the region over which the function f is being integrated in the integral
Z 1 Z 2−2z Z 1−z
f (x, y, z) dx dy dz.
0 0 0

(3) Choose functions g and h so that the expression

Z 1 Z h(y) Z g(x,y)
dz dx dy
0 0 0
gives the volume of the solid bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and 2x+y+3z = 1.
(Do not integrate.)
Answer: g(x, y) = and h(y) = .
(4) Sketch the region over which the function f is being integrated in the integral
Z 2 Z 4−y2 Z 2−y
f (x, y, z) dz dx dy.
0 0 0

(5) Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are the points
(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1).
1
Answer: the volume is where a = .
a
(6) The volume of the region bounded by the planes z = y, z = 0, x = 1, and the surface
y = x2 can be computed using any one of the following iterated triple integrals:
Z 1Z dZ b
dx dy dz
0 c a
where a = ,b= ,c= , and d = ;
Z 1Z dZ b
or dy dx dz
0 c a
where a = ,b= ,c= , and d = ;
Z 1Z dZ b
or dx dz dy
0 c a
where a = ,b= ,c= , and d = ;
Z 1Z dZ b
or dz dx dy
0 c a
where a = ,b= ,c= , and d = ;
Z 1Z dZ b
or dy dz dx
0 c a
where a = ,b= ,c= , and d = ;
Z 1Z dZ b
or dz dy dx
0 c a
where a = ,b= ,c= , and d = .