MARRIAGE, ADOPTION AND PATERNITY AND FILIATIONS

WHAT IS MARRIAGE?

Marriage is a social union or legal contract between individuals that creates

kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and
sexual, are acknowledged by a variety of ways, depending on the culture or
demographic. Such a union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that
marks its beginning is usually called a wedding and the marital structure created is
known as wedlock.

- Union means pagsasama sama ng tao

- Marriage is considered social union, kasi kapag kinasal tayo dyan

na magisisimula yung pagcecreate natin ng family so it means we are already
legally binded as an individual or one individual.
-marriage is a legal process wherein we allowed ourselves to be legally binded
by someone or to an individual.

-marriage is a legal contract, wherein may need tayong pirmahan dyan, ibig
sabihin dumadaan tayo sa legal process or meron tayong ina accomplish na legal
contract para masabi natin that we are already legally binded.

- When two individuals undergone this legal process which is yung

marriage, they will create the so called “kinship”. Kinship means they will
create a relationship or eto na yung beginning ng pag create ng family.
-marriage is also known as “matrimony”

MARRIAGE- Legal process

WEDDING- Ceremony or celebration /Ceremony or the celebration that marks

the beginning of our married life.

WEDLOCK- Marital structure created ,it is the state of being married.

- kapag kinasal tayo pag nag undergone tayo dyan sa process nayan dyan sa
legal process nayan, we will create the so called marital structure na tawag ay
wedlock. It is the state of being married na tawag nga ay wedlock.

Essential Requisites of Marriage

-Ito yung mga fundamental requirements na hindi pwedeng mawala, otherwise kung
wala itong essential requisites the marriage is void, ibig sabihin ang marriage ay
walang bisa.
1. Legal capacity of contracting parties who must be male and a female. This
means that the parties must have the necessary age or the necessary consent of
parents in certain cases.
Age 18-21 – Needs parental consent
Age 22-25 – Needs parental advice

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 - when we say capacity it talks about the age, kailangan nasa proper age na
yung dalawang contracting parties- (yung dalawang kinakasal)
- And they must be a male and a female
- AGE AND GENDER. -the age and the gender is a essential requisites para
maging valid ang married.
- Because here in the Philippines, we don’t have yet the so called “same
sex marriage” though in the other country existing na ito.
- Our rule or under our law para maging valid ang kasal, kailangan yung
kinakasal is 18 and above, pag below 18 yan hindi pa pwedeng ikasal so kahit pa
magpakasal kayo at below 18 yung isa or kayong dalawa, the marriage is void.
- kapag isa or dalawa sa ikakasal ang nag fall sa ages 18-21 need nila ng
”PARENTAL CONSENT”
- kapag naman yung ikakasal is 22-25 they need “PARENTAL ADVICE”
- pero kung 26 yrs old and above nayan hindi na kailangan ng parental
consent and parental advice.

Can I use “parental consent” and “parental advice” interchangeably?

What are the differences? No, “parental consent” and “parental advice”
CANNOT be used interchangeably.
Parental consent is required when either or both of the contracting parties are
between the ages of eighteen (18) and twenty-one (21).
Parental advice, on the other hand, is required if either or both of the contracting
parties is/are between the age of twenty-two (22) and twenty-five (25). The
“parental consent” or “parental advice”, as the case may be, is required during
the application for a marriage license.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARENTAL CONSENT AND PARENTAL ADVICE

NO PARENTAL CONSENT- The marriage is void

-kapag hindi mo naprovide yung parental consent or kapag yung age ng kinakasal ay
nagfall dito 18 to 21 at wala syang na provide na parental consent it will affect the
validity of the marriage.
NO PARENTAL ADVICE- It will not effect the validity of marriage (madedelay lang
yung pag iissue ng marriage license, maghintay kappa ng 3 months)
-kapag parental advice lang ang kailangan mo dahil 22 to 25 kana, kahit wala kang
parental advice hindi ma aapektuhan ang validity ng marriage, ibig sabihin kahit
kinasal ka at walang parental advice still the marriage is valid.

TAKE NOTE: Parental Consent and Parental Advice should be in a written document
or a sworn statement just like an affidavit and it should be notarized by a lawyer.
And this two, THE PARENTAL CONSENT AND PARENTAL ADVICE WRITTEN
DOCUMENTS ibig sabihin it is a sworn statement, just like an affidavit,
nakalagay doon yung PARENTAL CONSENT tas sa baba may mga nakalagay
na facts or consent, name ng mga parents ng ikakasal, tas nakalagay dun na “we
the father and mother of mel, giving a consent” so ganun sya , then dapat
notarized ito, hindi lang sya merely verbal na parental consent or parental advise,
it should be a sworn statement or written statement notarized by a lawyer, so
ganyan ang parental consent or parental advice.

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Could the parents give their consent to the marriage of their child who is below
18 years old?
The marriage of a person below 18 years of age even with the consent of
the parents, are void ab initio (void from the very beginning).
-kahit na meron yang parental consent at parental advice pero below 18 y/o ang bet
magpakasal, still, the marriage is void.

2. Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer.

-it means dapat yung dalawang taong kinakasal is not a product of threat or force, it
should be freely given. And the consent nung dalawang kinakasal should be given or
binigay in the presence of solemnizing officer. Otherwise, if it is a product of threat or
force it shall be ground for annulment.

Formal Requisites of Marriage

• Sa fundamental requisites it’s a must, kumbaga fixed na yung requisites nay un.
Pero ditto sa formal requisites is pwedeng ma waive or pwedeng palitan or may
mga exemptions.
1. Authority of Solemnizing Officer

-hindi lang isang tao ang merong authority to solemnize the marriage or the
wedding, diba commonly yung alam lang natin na pwedeng magkasal ay yung mga
pari, pastor or sa simbahan lang pwedeng magpakasal.

a. Any incumbent member of the judiciary within the court’s jurisdiction.

- pero since ito ay formal requisite only of a marriage, may mga iba’t ibang tao na
binigyan ng authority to solemnize the marriage, it depends upon the situation or
circumstances.
- may mga nawiwitness na kasal, na ang nagkakasal or nag sosolemnize ay yung
mga judges, pwede yon because under the law this judges have the authority.

b. Any priest, rabbi, imam or minister of any church or religious sect duly
authorized by his church or religious sect and registered with the civil registrar
general, acting within the limits granted to him by his church and provided that
one of the contracting parties belongs to the solemnizing officer’s church or
religious sect.

c. Any ship captain or airplane chief only in cases of articulo mortis. A

marriage in articulo mortis between passengers or crew members may also
be solemnized not only while the ship is at sea or the plane in flight, but also
during stopovers at ports of call.

• “Articulo Mortis” means at the point of death, ibig sabihin they only have the
authority to solemnize the marriage kapag nasa situation na possible nang
mamatay yung dalawang tao, 50% probability na mabubuhay na lang.

• Example, mag ka crashed na yung eraplano tapos si William gusting gusto ng

pakasalan jowa nya, si melanie, feeling nya anytime susunduin na sya ni San
MELLIAM NOTES [PART 4, MARRIAGE] CRIMINOLOGY 5
 Pedro. So sa point na yan is pwede nan yang tawagin yung airplane chief to
solemnize their wedding. (hahahah)

• TAKE NOTE: if nabuhay si William and yung jowa nyang si melanie, yung
marriage nila is still valid.
d. Any military commander of a unit to which a chaplain is assigned, in the
absence of the latter, during a military operation. A military commander of a
unit who is a commissioned officer, shall likewise have the authority to
solemnize marriages in articulo mortis between persons within the zone of
military operation, whether members of the armed forces or civilians.

• Example, SI William is a member of AFP then nasa situation sya wherein they
are already at the point of death. So syempre si William ayaw mamatay ng single
ayaw mamatay ng virgin ganern is naisipan nya magpakasal sa kapwa nya
sundalo or civilian na Makita nya. So the commander or chaplain of that unit have
now the authority to solemnized Williams wedding.

• TAKE NOTE: the commander of that unit must be a commissioned officer.

e. Any consul-general, consul or vice-consul. Marriages between Filipino
citizens abroad may be solemnized and the issuance of the marriage license
and the duties of the local civil registrar and the solemnizing officer with regard
to the celebration of marriage shall be performed by said consular official.

f. Under the Family Code, governors, mayors and ambassadors are not
authorized to perform marriages. However, under the Local Government
Code, mayors are now authorized to perform marriages within their
jurisdiction.

- Dati, nung wala pa itong sa local government code o hindi pa naenact,hindi pa

authorized yung mga mayor, governors and mayors na magkasalbut dahil sa virtue ng
local government code,they have the authority na mgkasal.,
Take Note: Articulo Mortis means at the point of death.

2. Valid marriage license. The license shall be valid in any part of the Philippines for
a period of one hundred twenty days from the date of issue, and shall be deemed
automatically cancelled at the expiration of said period if the contracting parties
have not made use of it.

- may mga tao na exempted to obtain marriage license ibig sabihin kahit hindi sila
kumuha ng marriage license pwede silang magpakasal.

- Ex. si mister montemayor kumuha ng marriage license sa isang lugar, sa bataan

kunwari and then nagpakasal nya sa Mindanao, valid ba yung marriage license na
ipepresent nya? Yes, it is valid in any part of the Ph.

- may expriation, so kailangan kapag kumuha ka ng marriage license, magpakasal

kana bago pa ma expired ang 120 days mo.

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 The following cases are exception from having a license:

(a)Marriage in Articulo Mortis. In case either or both of the contracting parties are
at the point of death, the marriage may be solemnized without the necessity of a
marriage license and shall remain valid even if the ailing party subsequently
survives.

- Yung feeling na mamamatay na ganun

(b)Marriage in remote places. If the residence of either party is so located that

there is no means of transportation to enable such party to appear personally
before the local civil registrar.

–mga lugar na kumbaga malalayo, pero under this law kase in terms of this hindi
inexplain or hindi ini specific kung ano ba ang yung definition ng remote places.

(c) Marriage of people who have previously cohabited for at least 5 years. No
license shall be necessary for the marriage of a man and a woman who have lived
together as husband and wives for at least five years and without any legal
impediment to marry each other. The contracting parties shall state the foregoing
facts in an affidavit before any person authorized by law to administer oaths.

(d)Marriages between pagans or Muslims, who live in non—Christian provinces,

and who are married in accordance with their customs.

3. A marriage ceremony. It shall be held with the appearance of the contracting

parties before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they take
each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses.

-Pwede ba yung kasal na patago or nagtanan kayo tapos mag papakasal kayo?
Pwede yon provided, una mameet niyo yung mga essential requisites and formal
requisites and kailangan meron kayong at least 2 witnesses. Kapag walang
witnesses sa wedding, therefore, the marriage is void.

PATERNITY AND FILIATIONS

Filiations are the civil status or relationship of the child to the father. The
filiations of children may be by nature or by adoption. Natural filiations may be
legitimate or illegitimate while paternity is the civil status relationship of the
father to the child.

Ano yung importance bakit kailangan ma establish yung filiations or yung

paternity?
-Its very important na ma establish yung paternity o yung civil status ng anak dun
sa tatay or sa magulang nya and civil status ng tatay dun sa anak nya. It is
because pag na establish yung filiations and paternity nayan, dyan papasok ang
rights nung bata don sa tatay nya and dyan papasok yung obligation ng tatay sa
anak. Kase kung walang paternity or filiations you cannot claim the right of the
child and napaka importante din ng filiations bago magamit ng bata yung
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 apelyido ng tatay nya. Kailangan ma acquire mo yang filiations, ma acquire yung
civil status nayan ng bata sa tatay nya.

Kinds of children under Family Code

1. Legitimate Child
 One conceived or born during the marriage of the parents. (kasal ang magulang)
 Children conceived as a result of artificial insemination of the wife with the
sperm of the husband or that of a donor or both are likewise legitimate children of
the husband and his wife, provided, that both of them authorized or ratified such
insemination in a written instrument executed and signed by them before the birth
of the child. The instrument shall be recorded in the civil registry together with the
birth certificate of the child.
- kapag yung mga bata na nabuo dahil sa artificial insemination is considered
parin silang legitimate child ,provided that their parents are married bago sila
lumabas. Pwede din naman kahit gumamit sila ng donor, kahit dina nang galling
sa babae o lalaki yung sperm still legitimate yung child under the family code,
provided that…
kapag ang scenario is artificial insemination, authorized or ratified such
insemination, kailangan inauthorized talaga nila or with their consent na gamitin
or gawin yung artificial insemination nayon and this authorization or this
ratification shall be in a written. Para maconsider na legitimate ang bata, kahit pa
through artificial insemination.
-then the instrument shall be recorded in the civil registrar together with the birth
certificate of the child, the requirement when it comes to artificial insemination.

2. Illegitimate Child
• Children conceived outside the valid marriage. (hindi kasal ang magulang)
-may mga illegitimate child naman or illegitimate children naman na hindi naman anak
sa labas or wala naman ibang family yung nanay or tatay ng bata na yon, it so happen
lang na hindi kasal ang magulang nya and that’s why he or she considered as
illegitimate.

-that’s why in identifying or in determining or in a establishing the illegitimacy of that

children our basis should only be the marriage, kung kasal ba or hindi yung magulang,
paghindi kasal at lumabas ang bata at lumalaki na ang bata at hindi pa kasal ang
magulang then he is considered as illegitimate children.

Ex. anak sa labas, diba ang alam natin ang anak sa labas is yung ibang family yung
nanay or yung tatay may unang pamilya pero yung tatay naman ang pinakasalan is
yung nanay ng bata nayun, unang pamilya nga ito ng tatay pero hindi naman nya
pinakasalan, ang pinakasalan nya lang ay yung pangalawang pamilya, so yung una
nayon yung anak nya don yun yung illegitimate kase hindi kasal ang magulang, pero
yung anak nya don sa pinakasalan nya yun yung legitimate kahit pa yung tatay ang
sinasamahan nya is yung unang pamilya nya na hindi sila kasal.

Take Note: Under R.A. No. 9255, Illegitimate children may use the surname of
their father (kasi nga before nung wala pa yang batas nayan hindi pwedeng
gamitin ng bata yung apelyido ng tatay nya kung di kasal ang magulang nya,
kahit pa gusting gusto ng tatay na gamitin ng bata yung apelyido nya, that’s why
noong earliest time talagang nagpapakasal yung mga magulang natin, unlike
now a days kase kahit hindi kasal ang magulang dahil andyan na yung batas
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 nayan, the child can use the last name or the surname of the father, provided the
father will expressly recognized his paternity to the child)

- so papano nya ba nirerecognize yung filiations or yung paternity nya over dun
sa bata, if their filiation has been expressly recognized by the father, either
through:

a. record of birth in civil register (sya mismo nagfile ng birth certificate ng bata, kahit
di sila kasal, inacknowledge nya na anak pwede gamitin ng bata yung surname)
b. father’s admission in public document (it should be notarized)
c. father’s admission in private handwritten document (signed by the father) proven
na signature talaga ng tatay yun.

3. Legitimated Child
 Takes place by a subsequent valid marriage between parents.
- Ito yung pinanganak yung bata na illegitimate, ibig sabihin pinanganak ang bata
na hindi kasal ang magulang and then subsequently or eventually nagpakasal
ang magulang nya, so ang tawag sa bata na yon is legimated child, noong una
illegitimate and then nagpakasal naging legitimated na sya.

• The annulment of a voidable marriage shall not affect the legitimation.

-Ex. pinanganak yung bata na kasal ang magulang and then later on nag pa
annul, so sabi under the law it should not affect legitimation, ibig sabihin still the
child is considered legitimate or legitimated yung bata, pinanganak sya hindi
kasal tapos later on nagpakasal tapos later on naghiwalay, so under the law the
ligitimation shall not be affected, still the child is legitimated.

• Any child can be legitimated as long as there are no disqualifications by

any impediment to marry.
-Pwede syang maging legitimated basta yung magulang na ikakasal ay walang
disqualification, kailangan andyan yung essential requisites and formal requisites
para maging legitimated,valid yung legitimation nung bata, pero kung hindi
nameet yun, hindi consider yung legitimation.

• Legitimated child will enjoy the same rights as legitimate children.

-as per the law now a days parehas na yung right ng iligitimate child and
legitimated at legitimate child (mga biological child, talagang anak yan ng
magulang or kadugo)

4. Adopted Child (adoption- mag aampon)

 Legally made the son or daughter of someone other than the biological parent.
-considered already as legal son or daughter kase nga dumaan sila sa legal
proceeding, meron law or guidelines na basis ng adoption proceeding, they are
not the biological children of the parent, undergoing or taking that.

What is Family?
 Denotes a group of people affiliated by consanguinity (magkakamag-anak by
blood) affinity – U are considered as a family dahil sa marriage even you are not
related by blood. Example, kamag anak mo na yung mga in laws mo or kamag
anak ng asawa mo from the time na kinasal kana. co-residence- kahit hindi
kadugo or relationship, basta andyan sa bahay natin kinoconsider natin as a
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 family. Example, inampon ni mama ko si manla sa bahay, kahit masakit sa
nakem ko maging kamag anak si manla syempre no choice na kundi tanggapin
as a fam! hahahha
 Basic unit of society (kasi nga bago tayo mapunta dyan sa ibang unit nay an,
bago mkapag join sa ibang unit, una tayong naiinvolve or na include in our
family)
 Basic social institution
- Family is considered as the basic unit of the society kasi nabuo muna tayo
sa bahay as a family before us mapunta sa ibang unit ng society.
 Foundation of nation (Art. 149, FC)
-sa annulment kailangan may legal grounds, hindi basta basta pinapayagan ang
annulment because, as provided by the family code, the family is the foundation
of nation, kailangan alagaan ang family, hindi basta basta pwedeng pagwatakin
or paghiwalayin.

What are the Types of Family?

1. Nuclear family/Conjugal or Elementary family – composed of a father,
mother and a child or children
- Example. Nag pakasal si William kaymel. Then after ng kasal nila is bumili
sila ng sarili nilang bahay at lupa and don sila magbi build ng fam nila.
2. Extended family – composed of members other than the father, mother, and
children, e.g., in-laws, relatives, household helps, employees, etc.
- Example. Pinakasalan ni mel si william. Then after ng wedding nila doon
sila tumira sa bahay ng asawa ni mel kasama yung fam ni mel.

MODELS OF FAMILY LIFE

1. Corporate Model

- The type of your family is like a corporation or yung business corporation.

- FATHER is considered as a chief executive officer, the one who gives
command, policy,or kung ano yung mga dapat gawin ng other member sa
family.
- MOTHER sya yung pinaka operating pinaka manager, sya yung nag
mamanage or nag iimplement nung mga policy na binibigay ni ceo, nag
mamanage sa mga staff nya which is yung mga anak nya.
- ANAK meron silang kanya kanyang responsibility based on their seniority.
Kapag mas matanda mas malaki yung responsibility and privilge sa
pamilya.

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 2. Team Model

Type of family na parang isang team lang ng basketball.

si TATAY sya yung mag a-act as a coach,
si NANAY naman sya yung mag-a-act as the cheerdancer or cheerer,
chinicheer nya ang mga athletes mga ANAK namn sila yung parang mga
athletes or basketball player sa fam.
This type of family has a main goal which is winning, competition and winning is
everything for this type of family.

3. Military Model

Type of family na guided by strict rules or strict policy which is may mga
rules and policies sa family.
TATAY ang general, pinaka laging nasusunod,
NANAY naman guard on duty sa mga anak nya at the same time medic
sya yung nurse.
CHILDREN are considered as grunts, sila yung mga soldier or
subordinates.

4. Boarding Model

ANAK are considered as

a student.
TATAY nila is yung pinaka rector or tinatawag nilang head master sa isang
dorm.

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 NANAY is yung pinaka dorm counsilor sya yung nag ooversee kung napapano na
yung estudyante kung nagkakasakit ba or what.

5. Theatrical Model

This is a type of family na parang pelikula or theatre.

TATAY will be acting as the producer or director. Taga direct kung anong role mo
sa family ganern.
NANAY will be acting as the stage manager. Taga guide sa mga actor or artista
kung pano nila gagampanan yung role nila.
ANAK sila ang mga artista na mag-a-act dun sa role na binibigay ng tatay.

-kung napansin natin, it is always the father ang nasa top, Kahit ano pang family
type, why kase diba nasa Bible din na kailangan yung wife or yung babae
nagpapasakop don sa husband, But now adays yung mga tatay sila yung na
uunder, pero as a theory and bible kailangan mag pasakop sa lalaki.

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