BENZENE
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The
benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen
atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is
classed as a hydrocarbon.
BENZENE RING
All compounds that contain a benzene ring possess special stability and are classified as
benzenoid aromatic compounds. Benzene rings in the main chain and on the side, the chain
can be subjected to substitution reactions. These reactions do not usually lead to significant
alterations in the basic structure of the plastic; they rarely show chain scission or cross-linking.
DISCOVERY
In 1825, Michael Faraday isolated an oily residue of gas lamps. Faraday called this liquid
"bicarburet of hydrogen" and measured the boiling point to be 80°C. Additionally,
Faraday determined the empirical formula to be CH.
In 1834 German chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich heated benzoic acid with lime and
produced benzene.
In 1845 German chemist A.W. von Hofmann discovered aniline and quinoline in coal tar
and isolated benzene. By treating the benzene with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids
he prepared nitrobenzene, and by reducing the latter with hydrogen he obtained aniline,
thereby perfecting N. N. Zinin's reaction.
In 1861, The structure of benzene has been of interest since its discovery. German
chemists Joseph Loschmidt
In 1866, August Kekule von Stradonitz independently proposed a cyclic arrangement of
six carbons with alternating single and double bonds. Kekule subsequently modified his
structural formula to one in which oscillation of the double bonds gave two equivalent
structures in rapid equilibrium.
In 1931 American chemist Linus Pauling suggested that benzene had a single structure,
which was a resonance hybrid of the two Kekule structures.
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
PETROLEUM
- Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also a natural
part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. Petroleum is a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons that occur on Earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. The term is often restricted to
the liquid form, commonly called crude oil. But, as a technical term, petroleum also includes
natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen, which is found in tar sands.
COAL TAR
- Coal tar is used primarily for the production of refined chemicals and coal-tar products,
such as creosote and coal-tar pitch. Certain preparations of coal tar have long been used to
treat various skin conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, and dandruff.
NYLON FIBER
- Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production. It is primarily used
in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics.
Nylon fabric is used in an almost countless number of items: book bags, backpacks, flak
jackets, wedding gowns and bridal veils, athletic shoes, ponchos, umbrellas, camera cases,
swimsuits, socks, gloves, hats, luggage, and much more.
PLASTICS AND POLYMERS
- More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a
precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene and EPS.
Plastics are used to make bicycle helmets, child safety seats, and airbags in automobiles.
They're in the cell phones, televisions, computers, and other electronic equipment that makes
modern life possible. They're in the roofs, walls, flooring, and insulation that make homes and
buildings energy efficient. While, Products made from polymers are all around us: clothing made
from synthetic fibers, polyethylene cups, fiberglass, nylon bearings, plastic bags, polymer-based
paints, epoxy glue, polyurethane foam cushion, silicone heart valves, and Teflon-coated
cookware.
RESINS AND ADHESIVES
- Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to
produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives. Resin is commonly used for making
durable castings, arts and crafts, flooring, countertops, and more. Resin can be used to make
plastics, and it is an excellent adhesive. While Adhesives are designed for specific applications.
Besides their role in the adhesion process, they can be used for other purposes, such as
sealing agents, to eliminate the effect of self-loosening caused by dynamic loads, sealing off
areas to prevent oxidation and corrosion, waterproofing, etc.
OTHERS (HAS SMALL AMOUNT OF BENZENE)
Dye
Detergent
Rubbers
Explosives
Drugs
Explosives
Pesticides
Lubricants
REFERENCES
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technology/adhesives-applications-and-recent-advances
