Environmet

The study conducted by Sumathy (2013) entitled “Extraction of Natural Dyes

from Plants” discussed that the main idea of extracting dyes from plant sources is to avoid
environmental pollution and other problems. The researcher incorporated the use of IR
spectrophotometry on the extract and it was dyed on a cotton fabric to test their color fastness to
washing properties. Several mordants were used for fixing the color on the fabric and the dye
obtained from the plant showed that it may be an alternative source to synthetic dyes for dyeing.
The methods of the existing research except the use of IR spectrophotometry are also going to be
used by the researchers after creating a natural dye out of Avocado (Persea americana) plant.

Another existing study written by Kumar (2017) in the study, “Extraction and
Application of Natural Dyes from Orange Peel and Lemon Peel on Cotton Fabrics” stated that
natural dyes are important for it is non-toxic and free of health hazards like skin allergies. From
this study, orange peel and lemon peel extract was made as a natural source of dyeing cotton
fabric, aiming to achieve the effective recycling waste from food industry and application of
natural dyes from fruit waste. The researchers will not be using any fruit peels instead leaves to
make natural dye.

Natural dyes are essentially much better than synthetic dues for it has a better
biodegradability with the environment. These natural dyes are non-toxic, non-allergic to skin,
non-carcinogenic, easily available and renewable. It has also been discussed by Okonkwo et. al
(2019) that the growing environmental and health concerns have made eco-friendly nontoxic
natural dyes re-emerge as a potential viable “Green Chemistry” option.

Fabric/Mordants

The existing literature by Samatha (2009) discussed that different types and selective
mordants or its combination can be used to different textiles to obtain the desired color or shade
and to improve the color fastness behavior of any natural dye. They also reported in their study
the concentration of different mordants to help produce the best shades of natural dyes by 0.15%
of alum, 0.08% of copper sulphate and stannous chloride, 0.04% ferrous sulphate and 0.06% of
potassium dichromate. On the other hand, Duerr (2013) discussed that mordants can be used in
different stages in the dyeing process in the study “Using Mordants with Natural Plant Dyes”.
Before dyeing as a premordant, a mordant combined with the natural dye or after the fiber has
been dyed as an aftermordant or modifier. When using premordant, the undyed fiber or textile in
a mordant bath is treated before dyeing it, which will then make the color bloom. The
premordanted fiber was indefinitely stored for dyeing at a later stage. The conclusion of the
study showed that the mordant has properly bonded to the fiber before it goes into the plant dye
bath to enhance its effectiveness. Based on the different methods and mordants reported, the
researchers will be using alum, vinegar and baking soda and have set their own measurement in
the application of mordants in the fabrics therefore they will only use Samatha (2009)’s
measurement as a standard basis.

Mahangade et al. (2009) presented in their study named “New Dyeing Technique for
Enhancing Colour Strength and Fastness Properties of Cotton Fabric Dyed with Natural Dyes”
the extracted natural dye from the leaves of a plant namely Maba angustifolia also known as
‘Kalindrin’ in Malvanj and was utilized for coloration of cotton fabric. Two mordanting
techniques were explored to study their effect on color strength and fastness properties on the
dyed samples. The conclusion of the existing study is using cotton fabric in identifying the color
depth and appearance of the natural dye which is going to be conducted by the researchers in silk
and satin fabrics.

In the study named “Cotton Dyeing with Natural Dye Extracted from Pomegranate
(Punica granatum) Peel” by Kulkarni et. al (2011), the dyeing of cotton with natural dye
extracted from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel was studied and it was concluded that there
is a lot of scope to use pomegranate peel as dye for obtaining various color shades using safe
mordants under eco-friendly textile dyeing. The process of production of Pomegranate peel dye
was found to be cost-effective as compared to the cost of dye s in the local market. The methods
presented in the study are also going to be used by researchers except the use of textile dyeing.
The researchers will then utilize fabrics in dyeing by using safe mordants that can be found
inside the household such as alum, vinegar and baking soda.

On the study entitled “Dyeing of Silk Using Natural Dyes Extracted From Local Plants”
written by Jihad (2014) stated that dye can be successfully used for dyeing of silk to obtain wide
range of soft, pastel and light colors by using natural dyes and metallic mordants. With regards to
color fastness, test samples exhibited fastness to washing. The conclusion of the existing study is
also going to test the color fastness by the researcher in different fabrics such as cotton, silk and
satin with the natural dye after 3 washes using mordants to utilize its effectiveness in dyeing the
fabrics.

Kasiri and Safapour (2015) mentioned in their research paper with the title “Exploring
and Exploiting Plant Extracts as the Natural Dyes/Antimicrobials in Textiles Processing”, with
the increasing numbers of papers being published in the field of extraction, purification,
modification, process of optimization of natural dyes and their application on textiles, it purely
shows the traditional use of the natural dyes on textile coloration. Both of them and Sumathy
(2013) agreed on the same idea that the use of natural dyes minimalizes the processing costs and
its environmental friendliness. They also discussed more of the advantages of natural dyes and
those are its colors are eye-catching and uncommon; have additional properties such as
antibacterial, moth proof, anti-allergy, and anti-ultra irradiation; and they are obtained from
inexpensive and renewable sources. They also added in their research the methods of extraction
from plats to make natural dyes. The aqueous extraction, alcoholic or organic solvent extraction,
ultrasonic extraction, enzyme assisted extraction and microwave assisted extraction. Among the
methods presented, the researcher will only be boiling the Avocado (Persea Americana) plant
which requires distilled water to successfully and effectively extract the natural dye of the plant.

In the study named “Some Potential Natural Dye Yielding Plants From The State
of Goa, India” written by Verenkar and Sellappan (2016) presented other methods of extracting
the natural dye from different plants. The plants used in their research were weighed for 2 grams
either fresh or dried and the methods of extraction were by boiling, grinding and or chopping to
small pieces and were placed in 10 mL of distilled water. The researchers obtained and
experimented the dried barks of trees and were turned into a fine powder then boiled in water to
ease the extraction of dyes. The fresh flowers, fruits and leaves were grinded by the mortar and
pestle and added distilled water. The number of boiling hours for the flowers, fruits and leaves
were the same which is 4 to 5 hours. The conclusion of their research showed that most of the
plants have various uses, mostly for dyeing textiles, for creating ink, for pudding flavors, for
cacao flavoring, substitutes for synthetic dyes and an acid and base indicator. The researchers
will be using the same process of extraction but it differs from the measurement of the leaves and
distilled water used.

On the research study presented by Daberao et al. (2016) entitled “Cotton Dyeing with
Natural Dye” used Butea monosperma as the natural dye source. The method used for extraction
by boiling and using alum as mordant was different from the other studies and the extracted dye
was applied to 100% cotton. They also observed the washing fastness with and without mordant.
Without the use of mordant, the color of the natural dye did not have too much affinity with the
fiber therefore it did not withstand the continuous wash fastness however, with the use of alum
as mordant, the color of the natural dye was able to withstand at least 5 washes. Based on the
method presented, the researcher’s use of mordant strengthened their basis that it can make the
color of the natural dye stick to different fabrics.

A study on combining natural dyes and environmental-friendly mordant to improve color

strength and ultraviolet protection of textile by Chao et. al (2017) stated that pre-dyeing with
natural mordant followed by treatment with natural dyes extracted using environmental-friendly
solvents can enhance the overall product, offering directions for manufacturing textiles without
environmental hazards but with good appearance and health benefits.