Economic Zoology

It can be defined as the branch of zoology that deals with applications of zoological knowledge
for the benefits of mankind.
It includes culturing of animals for mass production of human use and eradication of harmful
animals directly or indirectly.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Creating awareness on self-employment opportunities in various fields.
▪ Understands the economic importance of earthworm, honeybee, lac insect, silk worm, fish,
cattle and birds.
▪ Knows the techniques and tools required for various culture methods.
▪ Learns to manage the culture practices
TRENDS IN ECONOMICZOOLOGY
Zoology is a branch of science which deals with the study of animals.
• For someone who is interested in pursuing a career in Zoology, there are several
specializations that the students can venture into.
• There are physiologists, who study the metabolic processes of animals.
• There are taxonomists who deal with the naming and the classification of animal species.
• Embryologist whose job is to study and focus on the early developmental stages of animal life
TRENDS IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

• Zoology as a career as a number of specializations and students are presented with a plethora of
career options once they chose to be associated with this field.

• This field is concerned with the preservation and management of animal kingdom and a career in it
would mean that you are a part of that responsibility.

• A zoologist might even get to travel because the nature of his/her job

• Channels like National Geographic, Animal Planet, and Discovery Channel are in constant need of
Zoologists for research and documentaries

TRENDS IN ECONOMICZ OOLOGY

• Since prehistoric time human beings taken maximum advantage from animals by keeping them under
their control through domestication.

• The economic success of the industries, based on animals and their products, depends on the proper
production, management and development of the next generation of farm animals

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SCOPE OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
• Economic Zoology is a branch of science that deals with economically useful animals.

• Studying Zoology can provide self-employment opportunities and you can become an entrepreneur.

• It involves the study of application of animals for human welfare.

• The need of Zoology is not just to improve our economic condition but also to provide food security
and provide employment opportunities.

• Based on the economic importance, animals can be categorized as: 1. Animals for food and food
products 2. Economically beneficial animals 3. Animals of aesthetic importance 4. Animals for scientific
research

Major Economically Important Groups • 1. Beneficial animals • Corals • Earthworms •

Beneficial insects • Prawns, lobsters, and crabs • Pearl Oyster • Fishes • Gauno • Aquarium •
Harmful Animals • Disease causing organisms • Poisonous organisms • Fouling organisms •
Pests.

Sericulture
Sericulture ✓ Sericulture or silk production is the breeding and management of silk worms for
the commercial production of silk. In other words, sericulture deals with a series of events that
include the rearing of the silkworms on mulberry plants, collection and processing of silkworm
cocoons to extract raw silk fibers from them and the production of commercial silk. There are
several commercial species of silk worms but very few are commercially exploited
Background
Larval stage of several insects belonging to Lepidoptera and wasp belonging to Hymenoptera at
their adult stage produce silk from their salivary glands (labial glands)
Background
• Though the art of producing silk from silkworms is in vogue in china for more than 2,000
years
• But only 500 years the practice has spread to other countries
• Silk 25% sericin 75% fibroin
• A single caterpillar is capable to produce 650-1300 m of silk Threads
Silk moth
1. Mulberry silk worm (Bombyx mori) Families 1. Bombycidae 2. Satunidae
2. Eri Silkworm (Philosamia ricini)

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3. Tassar Silkworm (Antheraea paphia)
4. Moga Silkworm (Antheraea assamia)
Order: Lepidoptera
example Mulberry silk moth , Tasar silk moth, Muga silk moth, Eri silk moth
Mulberry silk
➢ This is supposed to be the superior in quality to other types due to its shiny and creamy
color.
➢ It is secreted by caterpillar of Bombyx mori which feed on mulberry leaves.
Eri silk
➢ Produced by caterpillar of Attacus ricini which feed on castor leaves
➢ Color is creamy white like mulberry but less shiny
Tasar silk
➢ Antheraea paphia , common in India, china and sri lanka.
➢ Catterpillar feed on ber, oak, and fig plant.
➢ Cocoon is hard and hen’s egg size which produces brown colored silk.
Muga silk
➢ Antheraea assama
➢ Native place is assam, good source of cottage industry.
➢ Catterpillar feed on Machilus plant
➢ Semi domesticated

Mulberry silk worm (Bombyx mori)

Introduction
Most people know that mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidopetra :Bombycidae) has been
successfully domesticated Chinese farmer about 5,200 years ago.
Mulberry silk worm (Bombyx mori)

 Completely domesticated and never found established in wild

 Feeds on mulbery leaves

 Best reared at

 Temperature 25-30°C

 Humidity 70-80%

 Light dark duration 16:8 Life cycle of silk moth, Bombyx mor

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Rearing of mulberry silkworm

 Fertilized moths are covered with inverted funnels

 Egg masses laid by moths are brushed with fine brush

 Newly hatched larvae are shifted to wide bamboo tray with fresh, fine chopped leaves of mulberry

 Larvae starts feeding immediately

 Chopped leaves are replaced after ever 3-4 hours for 2- 3 days

 From 4rth day caterpillars are fed with clean full leaves

 After 4-5 days fine mesh is placed over the tray with fresh leaves Rearing of mulberry silkworm

 The caterpillar sensing odor of fresh leaves will crawl to tray

 After 1-2 hour healthy and strong caterpillars are shifted to next tray

 Mature leaves should not be provided to worms

 Caterpillar feed approximately 1g/day to 5g/day

 Can feed upto 90g/day at maturity

 Fully grown caterpillars are whitish and translucent and stop feeding  These caterpillars are released
in chandikri or cocoonage

 Each larvae construct a cocoon with single realable thread of silk and pupate in it.

 Fully formed cocoons are collected and processed

Processing of cocoons 1. Dried or stifling for 2-3 days 2.Dried3. Brushing Soaked in warm water
4.Realed

Processing of silk thread1. Raw silk2. Boiled 3.Steamed 4.Stretched 4.Purified in acid

Uses of silk ❑ Silk clothes ❑ Textile industry ❑ Manufacturing of parachutes ❑ Synthetic fibers ❑ For
military purposes ❑ Fishing fibers ❑ Tyres of racing cars ❑ Insulation coils of telephones. ❑ In surgical
sutures as gut ❑ As manure ❑ In manufacture of soap

DISEASES OF SILKWORM

4 major diseases:

➢ Pebrine: protozoan (Nocema bombycis) produce pepper like spots on body, and larvae become
wrinkled skinned and sluggish
➢ Flacherie: bacterium(Bacillus thuringensis sotto) causes putrification of body and body becomes
black-green
➢ Muscardine: fungus ( Beauveria bassiana) cause white muscardine in humid condition, while
Spicaria parssina cause green muscardine. Iscaria farinose cause yellow muscardine. Hyphae come
out from intersegmental membrane all over the body of the larva

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 ➢ Glasserie: Borrelina virus cause swelling of segment and skin rupture

Control of diseases

 More care and provision of hygienic conditions

 Avoid excessive feeding

 Moist, wet dusty leaves should not be fed

 Avoid overcrowding

 Infected specimens should be dumbed as soon as possible

 Clean fresh leaves should be provided

 Disinfect unit after each cycle

PESTS OF SILKWORM

Following parasites and predators cause destruction of silkworms

➢ Uzi flies: Tricholyga bombycis (diptera) ; young maggots bore into the body of silkworms and live in
and eat fatbody for about a week , causing the death

➢ Dermestid beetles: Dermestes cadeverinus larvae and adults feed on cocoons

➢ Other predators include ant, lizards, rats, squirrels,

BENIFICIAL INSECTS

• 1. HONEY BEES (APICULTURE) • 2. SILKWORMS (SERICULTURE) • 3. LAC INSECTS (LAC CULTURE)

Introduction
Apiculture or bee keeping is the practice of scientific maintenance of honey bee, colonies
commonly in hives by human and collection of bee products and marketing them
professionally. A bee keeper is called an Apiarist. A location where bees are kept is called an
apiary. The scientific study of honey bees is known as Apiology. Apiculture aims not only
production of honey bee but also for production of bee wax as well as study for artificial
pollination
SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF HONEY BEES (APIS SPECIES)
•Joined appendages . Hence, PHYLUM –ARTHROPODA

• 3 Pairs of legs. Hence, CLASS-INSECTA.

• Membranous wings. Hence, ORDER-HYMENOPTERA

• FAMILY- APIDAE

• GENUS- APIS

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 • KINDS 5

COMPARISON OF CULTURABLE SPECIES

Sr# Apis dorsata Apis florea Apis indica Apis Melipona

melifera irridepenis
Social insects Polymorphism
1.
Division of labour
2.
Well developed ovipositor
3.
Sting of drones is vestigial
4.
Queen ovipositor for egg laying, workers sting
5.
Rock bee Little bee Indian bee European bee Dammer or stingless
6. bee

Migratory and migratory

7. travel long
distances

biggest workers
8.
Smallest Different Similar to indian
9. varieties in plains bee
and hills

Sting is vestigial
10.
25- 0.5-1 kg 2 -2.5 kg in plains 18-20 kg 50-100 g/year /colon
11. 100kg/year/colony 3.5-4.5 in hills

Represent a major Poor honey

12. portion gatherer

Workers are very

13. hard forage in
heavy rain

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 Swarming Less swarming
14. capacity

Built single large Built single Built combs side Build a single comb
15. comb on high tree large comb on by side
bushes

Not preferred to Not preferred Mild and Mostly preferred Not preferred
16. domesticate to domesticate caneaisly
domesticate

BEE COLONY

• 1. SOCIAL INSECTS

• 2. COMB STRUCTURE

• 3. MEMBERS

• 4. ECTODERMAL CONTROL

• 5. APIARY

• 6. BEE PASTURAGE

CASTES • QUEEN • WORKER • DRONES

COMPOSITION OF ROYAL JELLY • 15-18% PROTEIN • 9-18% CHO • 2-6.1 % LIPID • 0.7-1.2% ASH

In Pakistan Apiculture was started in 70s • Crude methods of honey extraction •In 1919 R.F. Newton
developed hive called Newton Bee Hive

ADVANTAGES OF NEWTON BEE HIVE

• 1.Honey can be extracted without destructing comb.

• 2. Minimize wastage of energy, time and labour.

• 3. Honey obtained is without contaminations

ACCESSORIES OF APICULTURE

• 1. Comb Foundation Sheets • 2. Dummy Division Boards • 3. Super Chamber Board/Cleaner • 4.

Drone Excluder • 5. Queen Excluder • 6. Smoker • 7. Uncapping Knife • 8. Honey Extractor • 9. Bee Veil

SECURING A NEW COLONY

• 1. From a colony on a wall or in the hollow tree trunk • 2. By use of decoy hives • 3. Direct hiving of
swarm

LOCATION OF APIARY

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• Factors 1. Abundant Supply Of Water 2. Strong Winds 3. Trees And Small Bushes 4. Water Source 5.
Shades 6. Roads 7. Fence 8. Predators

CARE AND MANAGEMENT

•1. DURING PEAK SEASON

• 2. SWARM CONTROL

•3. Uniting Colonies A. Direct Uniting B. Newspaper Method

•4. CARE DURING LEAN SEASON

•5. NEW QUEEN REARING

•6. CARE OF QUEENLESS COLONY

•7. SHIFTING OF BEE HIVES

•8. PRECAUTION TO AVOID STING

•9. EXAMINING BEE COLONY

ENEMIES OF HONEY BEE

• 1. GREATER WAX MOTH (GALLERIA MELLONELLA) • FOUND IN PLAINS • THROUGHOUT YEAR BUT
SEVERE DURING JULY TO OCTOBER • ALL APIS SPECIES VULNERABLE • WEAK COLONIES MORE
VULNERABLE • HOW DETECTED? • CONTROl

2. LESSER WAX MOTH (ACHROIA GRISELLA) • FOUND IN HIGH ALTITUDES • BALD BROOD

ENEMIES OF HONEY BEE • 3. Ants - Black Ant (Componotus Spp.) and Red Ant (Dorylus Labiatus) • 4.
Wasp- Yellow Banded Wasp (Vespa Cincta) and Vespa Tropica • Others e.g Birds, Cockroaches, Lizard,
Frog, Toads and Mites