UNIT 2 - YOUR BODY AND you VOCABULARY AND READING ‘Task 1: Fill in the gaps with suitable words oF phrases, 1 Units of measurement of energy in food, She is counting to try and lose weight) which is an essential part of cells, one of the elemen openly n food which you need 10 keep the human Exomple: Eggs are a rich source of ) $A chemical substance contaming carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, es of ) ce from plants or anitnals which ean be t Exompte: Fry the meat and drain OFF The seseonnnnen) 5 Matter in food which cannot be digested and pass Xomple: A diet that doesn't contain enough .. (Example: Breed, potatoes and rice are good sou 4 A white substan ed for cooking s out of the body, can cause intestinal problems) © 4 fotty substance found in fats and oils, also produced by the liver and forming an (Example: Tf you eat too much intial part of all cells vow it can be deposited on the walls of arteries, causing them to become blocked) ” Essential substonce which is not synthesized by the bocl is found in food and is needed for health and growth Example: He doesnt cat enough fruit and suffers fr9M suns. € deficiency) 8. Substance which ts found in food, which can also be dug out of the earth, (Example: What is the ... vom €ontent of spinach?) 8 Too heavy, often as a result of eating too much. (Example: The doctor says I'M wensnnnn sn and must go on a diet) 10. The result of not having enough to eat, or the result of eating too much of the wrong sort of food. (Example: Many of the children in the refugee camp were “) 11 Receiving food. (Example: We are developing a scheme to improve .in the poorer areas) Task 2: Match sentences 1-10 with a second sentence A4. Use the key words in bold to help you, 14 lot of people are allergic te nuts, ‘Many people do not trust genetically modified foods, Organic vegetables are more expensive but are better for you, We refuse to cat battery chickens. We prefer to cat free range meats. The harvest has been very bad this yeor, Following the floods in Mozambique, there was a terrible scarcity of food, There has been an outbreak of salmonella, listeria and other food poisoning in Perth, Too many people don't eat a balanced diet, 10, Fast food is very popular. A. This is because they are cultivated naturally, without using any chemical fertilizers and pesticides, 8. There wasn't enough to feed everyone affected by the disaster, C. They ore not sure that altering the composition of cells to change certain characteristics is safe. D. It's good to know that the animals were given enough space to express their natural behavior E. Terrible weather conditions have prevented the crops from ripening and reduced the yield, FA lot of people are in hospital asa result 6, Unfortunately, o diet of burgers, pizzas and fried chicken is not very healthy H, They physically react very badly, I. This is because they spend their life confined in a small cage. J. They don't consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. Task 3: Now complete this article with one of the words or expressions from Tasks 1 and 2, In some cases, more than one answer may be possible. You may need to change some of the word forms.s shown us that burgers on, | | but scientific tests have si er ong wh LN ee 43... which are essential for health and growth, whip Scan lack essential 2 ond 3 .., ree , since they eat too much py simultaneously containing large amounts of 4 sbesity and heart problems. Many children end up suffering from 6 aan of the wrong sort of food, In fact, m many areas of the developed world, a lot of children show similar symptoms f of food causes thousands of deaths from starvation, ond 5 te those in poorer developing countries, where 7 {rom storvei especially in the wake of natural disasters which ruin crops and in some cases totally destroy the annual & Dieticians tell us that we must eat @ 9 _ 05 it is essential we consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. They tell us that we should all eat more 10 which connot be digested by the body, and fewer foods which are high in 11 ,,as this can block the walls of erteries ond lead to heart problems. This is good advice, of course, but our lifestyles of ten make this difficult. ‘Many of the ready-prepared foods we buy from supermarkets are high in 12 .. .. giving us more energy than we actually need, 13 wenn ..foods are appearing on our supermarket shelves, even though nobody 's really sure if altering the composition of food cells is safe. We have the option, of course, of buying 14 - foods, but naturally-cultivated fruits and vegetables ore expensive. And to make matters worse, ond 16... v-oweue Which put us off we are continually hearing about outbreaks of 15 eating certain foods, as nobody wants to spend time in hospital suf fering from 17 A few things to watch out for the nest time you go shopping. If you have the time and the money, that 1s! Task 4: Complete the gaps in the text below using from the box factors ingredients ‘maintain nutrients overweight overeating servings variety How to improve your diet ~ Make sure that you eat a (1) of foods. It is important to eat from all five food groups. ~ Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables. These contain vital (2), and leading dietitians recommend cating at least two (3)___of fruit and three of vegetables every day. = Try to (4) @ healthy weight. Being too thin can cause as many health problems as being (5) Remember, the correct weight for you depends on many different (6) including your age, height and sex. ~ Eat moderate portions and don't be tempted to order a larger size when eating Out. Skipping meals can lead to a” 95 you will be much hungrier later, s0 be sure to eat regularly if you want to curb you ‘appetite, ~ You don't need to eliminate all of your favorite foods but do check the (8) on food labels and make sure that you reduce your intake of foods that are high in fats, sugar and salt, ~ Tf you have e food allergy, make sure you aveid any of the ingredients that can trigger on attack, Match the words and phrases with definitions 1 very important 2, Food scientists 3.Neither small nor large 4. servings 5. Missing out on 6. Limit 7. desire to eat 8, Totally remove 9. a condition that causes illness if you eat certain foods 10. Activate Task 5: Choose the correct words 1. Tf you have burnt yourself badly, you goto the casualty department/ local surgery 2. If you cut your hand and need scars/ stiches the doctor will give you a local anesthetic, 3. If you suffer from hay fever, the doctor will give you antihistamines/ antibiotics 4. Tf youneed medicine, the doctor will give you a recipe/prescription to take to the local pharmacy 5. If you breck your leg, the ductor will pui w plasier/ bandage on it 6. When you are a child, you have lots of injections/vaccinations for common illnesses 7. If you have a temperature, a nurse will take it with a syringe/ thermometer 8. If youneed weighing, the nurse will ask you to step on the stethoscope/ scales¢ someone is semously , tnyored, they are lifted into ambulance [ 7K 6 @ Match the pairs of auectives to the nouns tot realloatons ecto | r uns t0 form collocations a 8 | excruciating/ngging bleeding | fall/niracutous tests | internal/nassive treatment contagious mysterious injury ‘on-the-spot /outpatient Pain lightning/automatic recovery Pigorous/ annual disease sports/nasty reflexes b. Now use some of the collocations to complete the sentences 2 Considering his age and seriousness of his illness, he rally did make a(n) oP @COVETY. 2. Luckily, T can receive : Luck n recei -wswetteatiment and avaid a long hospital stay. Chris is clays explaining that he would have been a ster footballer if it had not been for an unforturct injury, 4, After a series of 5, Ive had this... “tests, my doctor assured me that there was nothing wrong with me. Pain in my back all afternoon. I¥’s really annoying, 6. After being hit in the stomach with the hockey puck, the player was taken to the hespitel with oonbleeding. 7. THe .nsnnndisease has baffled scientists for years, 8. The boxer's ~vwsmnannt@flexes and incredible speed led to his winning the heavy-weight title, Task 7: Match the problems and the causes L get a blister? «@. you've been working ina very noisy office 2. have a stomach upset? b. you're just recovering from flu 3. be sunburnt? & yotire about to go down with a cold 4. get a splinter in your finger? d. you've eaten some undercooked meat | 5. have a headache? €. you've been making some bookshelves — 6. feet run down? | f.you've just done a tong flight - 7. have a sore throat? 9. youve spent too long Lying on the beach | s.be jet lagged? hh. you've been wearing new shoes Task 8: Fill in the gaps ‘arrangements changes decision phone call effort speech appointment suggestion 1. Before you go to the doctor's, you need to make a(n)... the surgery. 2. Carla made a very helpful. -about how the waiting room could be rearranged. 3, Ive got to make a firm. sabout which malaria tablets to take. 4, If you're stressed, it’s easy to make a really stupid .and have an accident. 5, They've made a lot of .-to my local surgery and it looks really good now. 6. The. sweucthat the doctor made at his retirement party was hilarious 7. The hospital has made a huge .. -tecently to improve the appointments system. 8, By the end of the afternoon, he has made all the wx. for the operation, 9. It was noisy in the waiting room, so John went outside to make en important Task 9: Fill the missing words in these sentences. bandage indigestion black blisters bruises - hypochondriac prescribe rest round operation 1, A ball hit him in face and gave him @ terrible. ....cnnenm€YES. 2, Doctors . medicine to treat their patients, 3. Paul is having GM sennssnnuon today — they're taking his wisdom teeth out. 4, The doctor says I've just got a bug that's going ..5. We'll get the nurse to put a on your ankle . The best thing for her would be total bed. for a few days 7. Tm covered in after playing rugby. 8. My new shoes are too tight — I've got on my heel 9. Don't cat so fast — you'll get 10. He's always imagining he's ill ~ he's a dreadful Task 10: Label the pictures. The first ee are given to help you. Os - 0 Oe 3 f sewoman 10 leg inp. Task 11: Make collecations by matching a word from box A with a word from box B [A B Answers V operating | allergy Jung cancer | heart temperature | brain insurance | health | reassure raised | nose | | painful | theatre blood hemorrhage | food joints | itchy attack | Task 12: Underline the correct word in each sentence. a. The trousers are the right length, but the stomach/waist is too small. b. I like this watch, but the strap is too small for my palm/wrist. c. The hand has four fingers and a thumb/toe, d, When Robert is nervous he tends to bite his nails/joints. e. This bag has a strap and I can carry it on my neck/shoulder, £. Gina twisted her ankle/elbow and she can't walk very easily g. Paul dropped the stone on his foot and broke two toes/fingers. h. When you,re worried lines appear on your eyebrows/forehead, Task 13: Fill the gops in these sentences with suitable phrases from the list below. You may need to change the form of the verbs. 1 Actors have to be before they go on the stage. 2 You're on expert on this subject, would you mind if T 2 3 He's usually so trustworthy: he's the last person I'd expect to 4 T couldn't think what to do, then suddenly I had a 5 Sit down, listen to some music and try to your problems. 6 I'm so angry about the way I was treated thatI____— rite letter of complaint. 7 Idioms like 1 8 Who are you going to believe? We both denied responsi 9 You look preoccupied, as if you ronslated - into another language. y so con'tMany English jokes depend on a Tf you ——__________ about coming with us, just give me a call, Iwas iat E couldn't solve the problem, brainwave change your mind go back on her/his word have something on your mind take your mind off word for word ) Word perfect have a good mind to rack my brains it's his/her word against mine pick your brains play on words Task 14: Match the phrases in A with the definitions in B. | a 8 1. keep an open mind «. increase your knowledge 2. bear in mind b.T forgot 3. have something in mind ¢. I couldn't remember a thing 4. have something on your mind d, remember 5. my mind went blank €. try not to judge before you know the facts 6. it slipped my mind f. be worried about something 7. put your mind at ease. g. have an idea 8. broaden the mind h. stop you from worrying Task 15: Complete each expression with one of the parts of the body from the bo: ‘Arms eye face foot hair hand head heart leg tongue ‘) The word is on the tip of my , but I just con,t remember it. b) Crossing the mountains on my own was a > reising adventure, ©) Tknow this is hard to believe, but youmust____——__the truth, 4) It is now over thirry years since man first set ‘on the moon. ©) After his long trip Tom's parents welcomed him with open #) Peter knows the songs by and doesn't need to look at a book. h) Try to stay calm, and don't lose your , and everything will be fine, —h) Have Lreally won the prize, or are you only pulling my 2 i) Lisa needs some help with her suitcase. Could you give her a 2 i) Twaved at Ann, hoping to catch her____,_but she didn't See me. Task 16: Fill the gaps with suitable words. 1. If you want to find out someone's temperature, use a 2, Please don't cough all over everyone. Don't forget that a cold is. 3. Thurt my wrist yesterday playing football and today it's 4, Thad to wait three - quarters of an hour in the doctor's 5. Iwent to the doctor about my insomnia and she prescribed some 6. The main symptom of hay fever is that you keep 7. Tt was a bad cut and it was bleeding a lot, so I put ona 8, I think he's broken his leg ! Quick, someone call an 9. Tf someone is seriously ill, they may need to go to hospital te have an 10. Ehate going to the dentist. T've got to have two done. 11, If you want to stay fit, don’t eat too much and take plenty of 12, Her mother sent her to bed because she had a 13, He was ten kilos overweight and was advised to go ona 14, You've eaten too much. That's why you have a pain in your 15, Oh, dear! I feel awful. T think I'm going to Task 17: What medical problems might you have if you __ 1. you eat too fast > 2. you smoke a lot ? As it isa virus, there's no___for it. 6..a mosquito bites you 7. you eat food that has gone bad ?iia B. you can't sleep 4. you stoy out in the sun too long ? nner 4. you eat food you're allergic to ? 9, you have headache, fever, cough. 2 5 you run unusually fast fora bus ? 10, «wollen, painful muscles extreme stiffness Tork 18) Motch the words in A to J with the explanations In 1 to 10. Ambulance 1. This 15a large room with beds in hospital & Bondage 2 This 1s where you visit a doctor © Emergency 3 This es dangerous, unexpected and require immediate action. Casualty 4, This supports @ person who has difficulty in walking € Plaster 5, This 1s 0 vehicle used for transporting the sick 6. This 1s put oround broken limbs to immobilize them £ Operating theatre 7. This 1s used for corrying people who are unable to walk 8, This is where o surgeon works. 9, This is used for wrepping wounds, 10. This is someone injured in an accident. Stretcher yw Tesk 19: Fill in each blank with a suitable word given. ‘matron midwife ~~ indigestion «x-ray measles crutches | surgeon mumps hay. fever infectious insomnia seald doctor ontiseptic _sedative surgery prescription __ fomily sith or elge go ond visit him at his 1 In Engiond, if you ore ill you can either send for the 2 The piece of paper you get from the doctor to take to the chemist’s to obtain medicine, pills, etc, is called ¢ yourself. 3. Be coreful with that boiling water, you might 4. Tha disease is it means it can be spread from person to person, especially in the air. ess, something like a bad cold, which makes a person sneeze a lot, It is caused by breathing 5 is oni tn pollen dust from plants. 6A is a nurse who has received special training to help other women when they are giving birth to children. 7. His neck ond mouth are swollen. Z think he's got 8. Don't eat your food so quickly! You'll get 9. You'd better put some on that cut, just to be safe, 10. If you suffer from your doctor may recommend taking sleeping tablets. 11, It must be She's got a fever, and look at all those small red spots on her face and her body. 12. When she broke her leg, she had to go around on for several weeks afterwards. 13. You may have broken on of your ribs, I think we'd better take an just to make sure. 14 A is a doctor whose job is to perform operations. 15. She wos in such a state when her son died that the doctor gave her a 16. The woman in charge of a hospital is called the She has control over all the nurses. Task 20: Underline the most appropriate word in each sentence. @) After I drank o cup of black coffee I felt wide awake/awoken/woken. b) These tablets may make you feel dazed/dozy/drowsy so don't drive, c) I've been working for twelve hours and I feel exhausting/tiresome/worn out. d) The doctor said I was all in/run down/stale and gave me some vitamins, ¢) Bill's fother is impaired/handicapped/invalid, and needs a wheelchair to get around. f) After walking for miles over the mountains, my feet were limp/sore/sprained. 9) Ann needs a holiday, She has been under a lot of depression/pain/stress lately, h) The outhorities are worried about the increase in drug abuse/disuse/misuse. T toid the doctor thet climbing the stairs left me catching/gasping/pantiny for breath, 4) Mary spent a week in bed with a/an attack/case/outbreak of rheumatism. to help calm her down._ sk 21: Seven people are tutking about thelr medical experte each space is given Ja. David V7 Wien T was playing football, E broke my ankle and wos carried off the pitch on a ¢______. where the doctor put ap. ces, Complete the spaces. The first letter Twas token te cast on my leg. For the next two months T needed ¢ get around with. ae b. Maria Tm hospital p__. You'll see me pushing trolleys or wheelchairs, or carrying supplies from to another, Typically, I collect people who've just come out of , where they've hed an take them to their w__ where they stay and recover ¢. Sue Twas s, on the hand by wasp, which may sound no big deal, but I'm 0 to such things. The do: gave me some cream and put my arm in as. She said I should keep the hand exposed to the air re: than put ap, onit. d. Kath Ive never been fat, but recently I noticed I was gettting a bit f. round the waist, and I happened to reed an article that said I was 10 hilos o, for my height, age and build. I wish I was 16 again. I had a lovely f Now Ireally have to be selective about what I eat, although I don't believe in d e. Clara Tve been having problems sleeping at night, and the doctor d me as suffering from i It leeves me tired and dizzy during the day. Last week I actually f. at work, and my colleagues had to give me smelling salts to bring me r f. Bob Eve been having toothache and imagined I'd need to have a f. at the dentist's. But when I went to get it cheched out, she said the tooth would have to be e Well, after it was all over and the i___ had worn off, T was in a for two days and had to have painkillers. 9. Henna a baby in April. I quite like being p sickness, Also I get strange ¢___ for certain foods, toast. I can't say I'm looking forward to actually giving b. Task 22: Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. hit my hand on the desk , and now it really h 2, They say she died of hearta__. 3, She had some apples that weren't ready to eat, and now she has a s . 4, Ive got this terrible p__ in my neck from sleeping in the wrong position. 5. He died of | cancer, eventhough he never smoked a cigarette in his life. 6. Iwent to the doctor and she gave meap____for some medication. 7. Pollution makes his a worse, and it's difficult for him to breathe, 8, I hurt m___ when I fell of that chair, WORD FORMATION Complete each space with a word formed from the words in capitals. Text 1: Bottled water is expensive, unreliable and has no health benefits - at least, that's the view of Water > Board chief Bill Tyson. To (1) .highlight...vhat good value for money ordinary tap water still represents, Tyson is running a campaign promoting good old-fashioned tap water and, by implication, criticizing bottled water. He claims that there is little to (2) . DIFFER bottled water from top water, since there are often discrepancies between the added mineral (3) CONTAIN. f bottled water and what's on the label. Furthermore, he claims some bottled water (4) PRODUCE ee are blended from several sources ‘and might even contain tap water. The exaggerated claims made by bottled water manufacturers are ‘nothing short of (5) SCANDAI he added. although I have experienced a lot of morning ike T suddenly urgently need a banana or chocolate onText 2: My interest snalternative medicine began when I learned (6) RELAX techniques to help overcome stress, T was a student in those days, and T became fascinated by the idea of maintaining harmony and flow of healthy energy in the bedy, Now I'm a fully qualified homeopathic (7) PRACTICE and 1 work on the fundamental principle that illness is caused by (B) BALANCE «cose in the body. The remedies T prescribe aim to restore this balance. And (9) CONTRAST wcscsunnunm $0 popular belief, homeopathy 1s based on very s ind (10) SCIENCE .consesenine principles, Text 3 - The stay at home diet body knows that Hollywood is the home of mad diets and strange food (1) OBSSESS low the diet world has found a way to create even more diets with online revolution. The (2) (LATE) thing ts a special diet that is created for you on a website. You program in all your details and your desired (3) AUTOMATIC.... writes @ program of menus for you for a month. You then click a link to order the ‘menus enline and they come ready (4) COOK. .- to your door three times a day. One reason this service is reserved for Hollywood stars is that it costs a fortune! The advantage is that they never need to go shopping or do the cooking. Another lazy (5) ALTER . . created by technology is the intelligent fridge. This can tell when you remove something from the fridge and it reorders this food for you the minute you use it by (6) SEND... ~- @ message to your usual supermarket. The food then arrives with your weekly grocery (7) DELIVER... ~ $0 you never have to think of a shopping list. Although both systems are supposed to Promote a (8) HEALTH curwmnmmun diet, the lack of activity they cause may mean you will have to exercise even (9) HARD... . to get rid of those extra kilos. Text 4 - Power Naps Power napping is an effective and underused tool. It is a quick, intense sleep which (1) DRAMA improves alertness, These naps are especially useful for those whose sleep is constrained by a (2) DEMAND (3) EXECUTE effect. Power naps should be short, between ten and twenty4ive minutes, to prevent (4) ORIENTATE ‘on awakening. Some people believe it is impossible to fall asleep in such a short time, but (©) ACQUIRE _______ of the habit is simply a question of practice. At the (6) OUT it is more importont to relax for a while than ectually fall asleep. power napping Is not @ good Idea if you find Tt difficult to wake up at the (7) DESIGN ‘time or have problems sleeping at night after a power nap in the day. The kind of dozing ‘that can(8)COMPANY ____a sensation of overwhelming (9) SLEEP isnot @ true power nap, but a desperate attempt to compensate. for a poor sleep routine. However. with practice, you will find that power naps can lead toa welcome (10) ENHANCE of your performance when you need it most, Text 5 - Modern medicine presents a problem Until the 20th century, most doctors were general (1) PRACTICE Of those who (2) SPECIAL the majority were (3) SURGERY____ not regarded with much respect in mony countries. Experts in other fields were found primarily on the staff of medicel schools, Progress in sclenee brought about fundamental changes to this situation, Modern science has made previously (4) IMAGINE developments possible. These include the production of standardised drugs, the (5) ANALYSE of the constituents of blood ond body tissues, and the use of X-rays. The introduction of these and other (6) REVOLUTION techniques and practices led to a requirement for sophisticated facilities, stalled by highly-trained doctors and assistants. This has plainly been beneficial. However, as treatments multiply and lite (7) EXPECT rises, financing these (8) INCREASE expensive facilities has become problematic for governments worldwide. Text & The Italian island of Sardinia (2) HOLD) vsun ‘the warid record for the highest perecn people who (2) (LIVE) .. . to be over 100 years old. Most of the locals (3) (BELIEVE) ‘that the reason lies in the place itself - the air or the food, for example, but scientists (4) .. . (INVESTIGATE) onother hypothesis, For centuries, the islanders (5) . (BE) rarely intermarried schedule: for example., mothers of small children or travelling business However, the conditions must be right and practice is required for maximum ge ofoutsiders, s0 11 is very hkely that Sardinions are genetically similar to each other. Therefore, st" lagienl to ra that they (6) (SHARE) a gene for langewty. A team of doctors and bialags ‘ (ANALYSE) the proteins which (8)... (BE) contained in the ¥ cheamasome They ‘ore yet to find the key gene, but the research coordinator confidently (9) ... «0» (EXPECT) his team t come up with en answer some time in the near future. As soon as they do, the discovery (19) (CERTAINLY, GENERATE) a great deal of Interest. Text 7 ~ Healing flowers frogrence Flowering plants were (0) PRIMARY primarily cultivated for their frogrance, as well as their (1) USE —______and beauty, In the last two decodes this situation has changed in that currently plents and their flowers ore being subjected to the rigours of intensive scientific research in an attempt to (2) VEIL their secrets, Although it is a (3) RELATTVE recent undertaking, (4) RESEARCH have already scoured some of the most obscure regions of the globe in search of the ultimate curing, healing ond rejuvenating (5) BOTANY specimens, Ancient tribal traditions ond healing recipes have also been researched as a means of identifying the potential (6) CURE properties of flowers and plants. Flora, hos been researched for centuries in order to (7) SURE ________a continuous supply of the ingredients that hove been proven to be (8) eFFECT__________in providing remedies offering (9) REVEVE ____________The latest technologies are employed in parallel to this ancient knowledge to identify chemical profiles end (10) CHARACTER ‘Modern plant breeding makes it possible for new and improved plonts to be added to the list of previously discovered specimens, In this marriage of science and nature, a new market of products is now available to whet consumer appetite. Text 8 - A worrying disease Rubella, also coiled German measles, is on epidemic (0) VIRUS viral disease of mild course. (1) INTENSE study of epidemics in Germany in the 19th century gave rise to the popular name of the disease, Although rubella may occur in young children, (2) SUSCEPTIBLE to the disease is more commonly seen in older children and young adults, Usually the (3) COMFORT rash is the first sign noted. (4) LARGE_________of the lymph glands in the neck, behind the ears, end perhaps elsewhere in the body __is (5) CHARACTER ___ __ Although it is certainly not pleasont te suffer from rubella. (6) COMPLICATE re. A cre rare. A day or so of bed rest and o light diet with plenty of fluids is the only (7) TREAT. required in most cases, In 1941 it was discovered that rubella early in pregnancy may be (8) THREAT to the heolth of the foetus, especially the eyes and heart, Years later it was demonstrated that infonts may be born with active rubella and may manifest many additional (9) NORMAL In fact, it has been found capable of causing extensive damage to almost any argon of the have been recommended in the hope of stomping out the infant's body. Methods of (10) IMMUNE virus from the environment, READING COMPREHENSION Task 1: Choose the most suitable word for each space. Text 1: Keeping fit and stay healthy have, not surprisingly, become a growth industry. (1) ‘omount of money spent each year on doctors’ (2) and approved medical treatment , huge sums are now spent on heclth foods ond (3) of verious kinds, from vitamin pills to mineral water, not to mention health clubs and keep - fit (4) ‘end videos, We are more concerned then ever, it seems, (5) the water we drink ond the air we breathe, and are smoking less , though not yet drinking less alcohol. This does not and sneezes have been banished, or that we can expect to live to a hundred. {anon ~ smoker and who is very and a badly sprained for from the coppear to mean that (6) To give a personal example, one of my friends, who is a keep - fit (7) (@)____obout what he eats, is now languishing in bed with a wrist in ( 9) cnkle. Part of his healthy (10) is to play squash every day after work , ond that (11) ___— the onkle, He also cycle everywhere (and if youve ever tried to cycle in the rush hour traffic with @ sprained ankle you will understand (12) he acquired the broken wrist ). For (13) cit seems, is not Just a matter of a good (14) cand plenty of exercise. Too much exercise can be harmful.— Ween 1.0, Poles b For 6. Quite d, 50 2.0. prescription ——_b, surgeries ¢, hospitals d. payments 3.0 medications ——_b, cures 6 deugs d, remedies 4.0. books b, television advice d enthusiasts 5a thon b. about «for d. from 6 0 colds b. coughs «flu d. fevers 7 a fanatic b, follower ©. fad d. person 8 a mterested b. varied ¢. detailed d, particular 9 a crutches b. plaster . freatment d. danger 10 a. fving b. lifetime «6 lifestyle d. liveliness Mais b. caters . depends d, accounts 12 0, how b, that ¢. whenever d. thus 13.0 fit b. this health d.all 14.0 diet b. eating menu d.recipe Text 2: Those who opt for a vegetarian diet must usually weigh up a variety of aspects concerning the nutritional volue of vegetables and the adequacy of vegetarian meals in terms of the number of nutrients provided to the body. Vegetarianism is not a new concept, rather an ancient custom which evolved in the Far East cultures on ethical or religious grounds. 1m today's world, it has been undertaken by many followers who for a variety of reasons believe the vegetarian diet more preferable to that containing meat, For example, there's the theory that cnimal meat wasn't originaly @ component of the stople human diet as mankind evolved from foragers who later (1) © taste for flesh Hence, our (2) ancestors are alleged to have had a substantial (3)____of proteins and vitamins from ‘rotural vegetation rather than from the meat of hunted (4) - What's more, human teeth don't (5) much resemblance to those of animal carnivores, and neither is our digestive system equivalent to the Apert from the enforced vegetarianism of underdeveloped communities where populations deprived of animal protein (6) the natural vegetation, there's arising acceptance of the vegetarian diet which (7) tobe ) regarded as an eccentricity (8) from animal food, be it for religious, economic or humanitarian reasons, hos ) meat eaters’ one, been @ quickly spreading custom as, surprisingly, the vegetarian diet needn't be dull or deficient, Yet, it does involve taking good (9) 10 supply the body with a sufficient quantity of nutrients (10) from corn, seeds and cereals, 1A. generated B. acquired C. instituted D. accustomed 2. A. primeval 8. antiquated C.archaie D. obsolete 3. A. output B. offset C.uptum 0. intake 4. A. load 8. game C. toll D. beat 5. A. infer 8 assume C.beor D. pertain 6A. play down on B. come in for ¢. fall back on D. get on for 7.A.terminates 8. ceases C. concludes D. finishes 8.A.Resistance ——_—B. Defiance ¢. Hindrance D. Abstention 9.A.precautions _B, resolutions C. proceeds D, measurements 10.A, comprising, deriving . procuring D. providing Text 3. Vegetarianism tat recently, vegetarianism was fairly uncommon in Britain, and itis (0) considered strange by some, But '"5 popularity hes increased greatly sinee the 1960's, to the 1) that high street stores (2) huge variety of produets for vegetarians, People's reasons (3) not eating meat are (4) The first vegetarians did it for moral reasons, They raved that itis ©) __to kil. Oppunenis of vegetarianism reply thet te (6) «. for us to kill for food and ‘hat we have evolved to do so, Still, there are a few societies where eating meat is not allowed because It is (7) ——— their religion,PA en if you think onimols were (8) on the Earth to serve human beings, there are ather good reasons to 9). Up meat, like the inefficiency of livestock farming A single (10) of saya bean plants con (11) __209 timesas(12)____protein aga herd of cattle, $0 4 vegetarian world might be a workd without hunger Lin eicher counte’ Although it is, in theary, cheaper to eat only vegetables, vegetarianism is most (13) + such os Germany and Britain, (14) many people don’t eat meat for health reasons. In these countries, ot feast, it (1)____ out to be a matter of choice rather than necessity, OA yet Bust C. still D. ever VAwidth 8. breadth . length D. extent 2 Ahold B. stock C.pile . collect 3. A. why 8. for ¢. from D. of 4. A. numerous B. lots C. some. D. much 5.A. false 8 faulty C, wrong D. mistaken 6. A. common, 8. natural . physical D. wild 7. A.contrary B. beside C. opposite D. against 8. A.width B. breadth ¢. length D. extent 9. A. give 8. stop C.end D. turn 10. A. pitch B. place farm b. field 11 A. serve B.offer C. provide D.have 12, A. more B. much C. many D. lot 13, A. popular B. famous C. known D. admired 14, A. when B which C. there D. where 15. A. gives B. works C. turns D. comes ‘Text 4. The secrets of a long life Growing older is a natural (1) ‘that we cannot avoid, However, some people manage to keep their looks for longer than others, and live to a ripe old age. So, what exactly is their secret? Age is (2) to be a mental attitude. As our minds and bodies are not separate from (3) other, if you feel content, you are more likely to be healthy and therefore to live a long life. Others stress the (4) _ of having an interesting occupation. Having a deep interest in whatever you do (5) toa more fulfilled and active life. Many also recommend yoga or other types of physical exercise, Everybody, young or old, can (6) from regular exercise ond spending time with others. Some, on the other hand, (7) cold age without taking special care of their health. But research has shown that people who stick to a low-calorie diet have a greater chance of living longer. Of course, having access to ‘good medical care (8) a difference, too, Recent studies suggest that people with more high-powered jobs are healthier, as are people who have (9) a good education, But scientific opinion keeps changing. Maybe longevity just depends (10) genes ‘or perhaps it's simply down to good luck. 1A. process 8. operation C. system D. program 2. A. valued B. considered C. suggested D. mentioned 3. A. some Bevery C.each D. one 4, A. greatness 8. strength importance D. power 5. A. runs B. results C.directs D. leads 6.A. take, B. advance c.win D, benefit T.A.get Breach ¢. touch D. grasp 8. A. shows B.has c. makes Diis 9.A. received B. made C. taken D. owned 10, A. for Bat Con D.up Task 2: Fill in each gap with a suitable word or phrase. Text 1- Nothing's New In MedicineThroughout the oges, disease has stelked our species. Prehistoric humans must quickly have eo a could be eaten without danger, and how 10 avoid plants that coul ~ about iliess. They found leaves, berries and the bark of different trees that could Nea! wounds and eure the sick, end (3) soon became a special skill to understand nstunsl medicine ver (4) _ the dawn of history, medicine men and wise women have always been expert in ‘resting diseases and have dispensed medicine with ritual and magic. (5) trial and error hey vered treatments for almost (6) affliction prevalent at the time. The precious recipes for preparations which could relieve pain, stop fits, sedate or stimulate were (7) sown from generation to generation, (8) there was (9) exact the medicines worked, Nevertheless, (11) ————_____ the power of these primitive medicines, generations were still ravaged by disease. (12) the last 150 years, scientists and doctors, (13) work has focused sn these carly medicines, have learnt that their power derived (14) certain chemicals which were found in herbal remedies or could be synthesized in the laboratory, In just (15) @ way, advances in medern medicine continue, aided by the discoveries made centuries ago by our encestors. Text 2 - Allergies understending ef the way in (10) Put simply, an allersy is a disorder in which the body over-reacts to harmless substances which in normal circumstonces should not produce any reaction at all. An allergy can occur in almost (0)___any___part of your body, end can (16) caused by just about anything. Mainly (17) allergies become evident on parts of the body directly exposed (18) the outside world, Certain allergies eccur only at certain times of the year, while (19) are there all the time. Those (20) secur ll the Year round ore probably caused by something you come into contact (21) every day of your life, some seemingly harmless object (22) @s your deodorent (23) the pillow you lie on each night. Allergies can occur at any time during your life, (24) usually do so before your fortieth birthday. Sometimes the symptoms are (25) even know you have an allergy, and it may take years (26) It all depends (27) the amount of the substance to (28) you are exposed and for how (29) Sometimes an allergy can disappear as (30) 2s it arrived, without any treatment. Sometimes it comes and Text 3 - Enjoy the benefits of stress! ‘Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be a: the stress encountered in (2) slight you do net, ——_________ mnallergy to become noticeable g0es for no apparent reason, and with no regularity. carding (1)_some experts, They argue that daily lives is not only good for us, but essential to survival, They say that the Tetponse to stress, which creates o chenieal called adrenalin, helps the mind and body to act quickly (3) = emergencies, Animals ond human beings use it to meet the hostile conditions (4) exist on the planet Whilst nobody denies the pressures of everyday life, what is surprising is that we are yet to develop successful ways of dealing with them. (5) ___ the experts consider the current strategies to (6) —— inadequate and often dangerous, They believe that (7)___ of trying to manage our response to stress with drugs or relaxation techniques. we must exploit it “parently, research shows that people (8)___ create canditions of stress for (9) — ‘tsky sports or looking for challenges, cope much better with life's, problems, Activities been shown to create a lot of emotion: point (11) by doing exciting and f this type (10) People may actually cry or feel extremely uncomfortable, But there ise which they realise they have succeeded and know that it was a positive experience. This is becouse we learn through challenge ond difficulty. That's (12) we get our wisdom. Few of (13) \nfortunately, understand (14)_____fact. For example, many people believe they suifer from! stress at work, and me line off (5) __ a resuli. Yet it has been found in some companies that by for (16) People are those with the most responsibilty. So next time you're in a stressful situation, just remember that it wil be a postive learning experience and could also benefit your health Text 4 - The benefits of physical activityON re ~ (1) of modern life is fast, and most people have busy and demanding lives, 50 eating a balanced net and doing physical activity can big difference to overall health, Regular physical activity geod for your _(3) body, from your brains to your bones. Yet many people do not get _ 4) exercise. The gsed news is that (6) is easier than you may think to (6) physical actwvity into your day because you can do it at ony time and (7) anywhere, No matter what your age and stege of life, there are plenty of ways to take exercise, Your fect were made for walking, s0 use them when you get the chance, Walk around town, (8) lifts and escalators and build up your leg muscles by climbing stairs Next_get out end play. Kicking a ball about is fun, and it is also a great way to spend time together with a family Finally, try doing two things at once! While you talk weights or do houschold chores, Text 5 - BEWARE OF VTTAMINSI Vitamins are good for our health, aren't they? Perhaps not. New research suggests that (0) ..rather... than ward off disease, high doses of certain vitamins may (1) carly grove. A variety of recent studies suggest that (2) (9) the phone or watch television, stretch, lift more harm than good and could even put you in on from improving health, these vitamins, (3) taken in very high doses, may actually increase the risk of cancer and o range (4) debilitating diseases, o discovery that has sent the medical world inte a spin, Scientists are unsure (5) ‘to why vitamins, so essential to health, can be toxic in high doses, The most likely explanation is that the body is only equipped to deal with the levels found naturally in the environment, If the inteke is too far (6) the normal range, then the body's internal chemistry can be shunted out of alignment. (7) ‘this means is that the commercially sold vitamins and (8) provided by nature are not always compatible, The commercial forms may interfere with the body's internal chemistry (9) “crowding out’ the (10) natural and beneficial forms of the nutrients, The vitamins obtained (11) ___ food ore also allied (12)__@ host of other substances which may moderate (13) augment their activity in the body, The latest advice (14) to eat a balanced diet lo ensure you get all the nutrients you need, and if you must take supplements make (15) you take the lowest recommended dose and loiiow the instructions ‘on the boule. Text 6 - SLEEP ‘Are you one of those people who toss and turn all night, 0) unable to get to sleep? Although many people who have sleeping problems, either chronic or occasional, automatically reach for sleeping pills when they sense a difficult right 1). snuu Of them, a umber turn to natural remedies, which are not only cheaper but safer yj the long run. Most poor sleepers will, at some point, have tried the well-known trick of consuming a hot drink such as milk before. going to bed. But 3) folk remedies that can help them 4) . their way to a restful night's sleep. One effective remedy involves running very cold water ever the forearms and lower legs for several minutes just before hopping into bed, The shock of the Cold 5) veiummsmnann by the warmth of the bed relaxes the body and leads to drowsiness. Another unusual approach has to do with eating ~ or, 6) mm .. precisely, chewing. Eating cn apple just before bedtime, taking particular care to chew the peel slowly and thoroughly, can help eyelids droop. The reason? Apple peel contains a natural substance which induces relaxation, Not only that, the chewing ‘ction is relaxing in 7) Other than that, meditation, stretching, reading and even walking around prove helpful for meny people. In short, there are many ways to avoid the pill-popping route, And if ll 8) — .. foils, you can always try counting sheep! Task 3: Which section(s) state that: 1 it isnot easy to measure the effects of acupuncture scientifically? ___ 2, the theory behind acupuncture is not entirely accepted by Western doctors?___ 3. acupuncture brings the body's own defences into operation? _ 4, accepted Western techniques can cause problems? __ 5. needles may be inserted well away from the location of the pain? __ 6. acupuncture patients may also be advised to visit a doctor? _ 7. consideration of the patients general state is important? _ 8, acupuncturists take into account the type of pain they are being asked to treat?_ are aware of the more unusual6, not all acupuncture techniques are traditional? ‘ts may try acupuncture because nothing else has worked? — 10. patient 11, acupuncture does not hurt much? vest ‘Ancient Chinese medicine in the West’ snes from the traditional Chinese system of medicine that includes exercise, It is used to treat many different conditions, but Acupuncture Is two thousand years old. It co a ret attention by doctors in the West. Some GPs, midwives and herbalism, massage, diet, manipulation ond ecupuncture's role in treating pain has receives physios use it regularly for pain relief. A. What's it all about Traditional Chinese medicin ‘According to the theory, energy er Qi (pronounced chee e sees health as a state in which the energy of the mind, body and spirit ore in ) flows around the body along lines called cach linked to an internal organ, and lots of tiny meridians take Qi to kked or weakened, the body is said to be out of balance: weakness cturist, he or she will try to find where ing your harmony. meridians, There are twelve main meridians, every cell. When the flow of Qi is upset, ¢ bloc or illness may result. During @ consultation with a traditional acupun ‘imbalances occur in the Qi. This is dane by feeling pulses on your wrist, examining your tongue and asses: Iie or she will ask cbout your medical history, current health, general well-being, state of ist uses fine needles inserted into the skin. He or she +t points on meridians, to stimulate the flow of Qi. general eppearance. mnind, and your eating and sleeping habits. An acupunctur may elso apply warmth from smoldering herbs or pressure a B, Over three hundred points ‘The points used for acupuncture are relate People often sey they feel a not unpleasant dull ache or tingling sensation when the needle is gently manipulated. This is either done by hand or by attaching the needle to an electro-acupuncture machine, Acupuncturists say this sensotion shows the needle hos reached the Qi in a meridian. There are over three hundred points on the main meridians, with hundreds more elsewhere that are used less of ten. .d to meridians so won't necessarily be near the site of the complaint. C. Science tells us how Without accepting the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, ‘lief. This is because they have been able to provide scientific explanations of how it might doctors here have accepted that acupuncture ‘can work for pain r work. For exomple: 1 Tt has been suggested that stimulating particular nerves blocks pain signals and steps them from reaching the brain. + Some scientists believe that stimulating acupuncture points releases natural pain- relieving substances (endorphins). D. What type of pain can be treated? Many people with chronic long-term pain turn to acupuncture as a last resort. Back pain, sports injuries, arthritis, headaches and migraine and post-operative pain are commonly treated with acupuncture. Other types of pain - acupuncturists claim to treat include menstrual pain, facial nerve pain and pain suffered by terminally ill people. €. Modem use for an ancient treatment Although acupuncture has been used in China for over 2,000 years, one development has been rather more recent. The use of acupuncture instead of anesthesia during surgery only started in the 1950s. It was this that helped to convince some doctors outside China that there was more to acupuncture than mnind over matter, In China today, acupuncture is used during all sorts of operations, from tonsillectomies to caesareans and is ma oS in open heart surgery. Needles may be used alone, with electrical stimulation or with drugs, It's claimed that ee oe less elminte, but it varies from person to person, It’s hard to imagine many of us finding elortin) al 1g awake on the operating table very attractive. But acupuncturists say that acupuncture a Ives none of the side-effects of conventional anaesthetics (e.g. nausea), and you recover from it F. Always effective ‘As with most complementai i —— ae oe ae ea ar sie te evaluate acupuncture are difficult to run. But trials that of people find acupuncture effective for chronic pain.upuncturists generally quote a similar success rate, They accept that it wert work for everyone ond that eople vary in their responsiveness Traditional acupuneturists say that for chronie people te feel real relief, But some improvemen G. A different approach to pain sur Westen long-term pain it will usually take between six and seven visits for 1 should be felt after just two or three visits, ond Chinese medicine view poin rather differently. Like most alternative therapists, on ccupuncturist views his or her patient in a holistic Way. This means not just focusing on specific symptoms. An onvpanctur'st spends a lang time making « diagnosis, trying to find underlying weeknesses in the Gi. He or she will cise want Ye know what external factors are causing the pain. For instance, is the pein worse in the cold, heat, Gan or wind? Does it feel sharp, dul, throbbing, constant or burning? These are seen as important foeters in Ss ——————r— ET such things into account, isn’t it? H. Traditional or not? Seme medical professionals do have traditional acupuncture training, Others — including many GPs who practice GeuPancture ~ reject traditional Chinese theory and subscribe to scientific explanations, But many traditional SRPincturists believe that only by opplying traditional Chinese medicine is it possible to bring cbout deep chenges that lead to a longer cure — something that is very difficult to assess in trials, Care should always be ‘eken in choosing an acupuncturist, who shauld refer you to a medical doctor for further investigation if necessary, LISTENING Task 1: Listen to six conversations, all of them related to accidents, and match the conversations to the Pictures. There are some extra pictures that you will not need. Conversations | Pictures Body parts i Describing pain Task 2: You will hear a talk about the effects on the body of giving up smoking. Listen and complete the notes with no more than THREE words and/or a number.Benefits Blood pressure and pulse retum to normal. Circulmion improves, especially for 2 3... po eee Carbon monoxide leaves body. 4... start to clear, tat ‘There 1s no nicotine left in the body, hours Senses of 5... oe and .» improve. ene eee - becomes easier, 72 hours Energy levels rise. Circulation improves throughout the body. Walking and 7... become easier, Breathing problems such as coughing and shortness of breath improve. Lung efficiency increased by up to & .. Risk of heart attack falls 0 about half that of a smoker, Risk of cancer falls to about half that of a smoker, Risk of heart attack falls to sare ay someone who 10