IMPORTANCE OF EDUKASYONG PANTAHANAN AT Categories of Entrepreneurs:

PANGKABUHAYAN WITH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN

• Classic Entrepreneurs
THE K-12 CURRICULUM
• Serial Entrepreneurs
Learning Goals:
• Social Entrepreneurs
1. Explain the importance of EPP in the learner
for improvement of the quality of life, their Entrepreneurship as a Career
family, and their community.
 More than 11% of Americans run their own
2. Discuss the components of EPP
business.
3. Explain the meaning and different theories
 In an average month, Americans start
of Entrepreneurship
approximately 465,000 new businesses.
Introduction:  The past two decades have shown a
heightened interest in entrepreneurial
While the society all around is developing with
careers.
technology and innovations, the K-12 schools have
 People choose entrepreneurship for many
been in a stagnant scenario. Education is the
reasons
driving force behind every country’s economy,
directly or indirectly. Sure, many schools have  Dissatisfaction with traditional work
adapted to modernization, and have started  Their ideas fulfill customer needs
making students work in groups to solve problems, Why People Become Entrepreneurs
learn online and integrate science with arts. But it
is noticed even then, students that are graduating
lack the advanced skills and innovative thinking to
work through the modern-day challenges in the
workplace. Thus, entrepreneurship, the capacity to
not only start companies, but also to think
creatively and ambitiously, is very important to be
included in school curriculum
Entrepreneurship education aids students from all
socioeconomic backgrounds to think outside the
box and nurture unconventional talents and skills.
It creates opportunities, ensures social justice,
instills confidence and stimulates the economy.
Entrepreneurship education is a lifelong learning
process, starting as early as elementary school and
progressing through all levels of education, • Being your Own Boss
including adult education. – Self-management is the motivation
Introducing young kids to entrepreneurship that drives many entrepreneurs.
develops their initiative and helps them to be more • Financial Success
creative and self-confident in whatever they – Entrepreneurs are wealth creators.
undertake and to act in a socially responsible way. • Job Security
– Over the past ten years, large
Components of EPP: companies have eliminated more
I. Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a jobs than they have created.
business or businesses while building and scaling it • Quality of Life
to generate a profit. – Starting a business gives the
founder some choice over when,
entrepreneur is a person who seeks a profitable where, and how to work.
opportunity and takes the necessary risks to set up The Environment for Entrepreneurship
and operate a business.
Differ from many small-business owners in their
strong desire to make their business grow.
Differ from managers through their overriding
responsibility to use the resources of the
organization to accomplish their goals.
Willing to take risks.
Globalization • Tolerance for Failure - entrepreneurs are
not easily discouraged
• Creativity - entrepreneurs devise innovative
ways to overcome difficult problems and
situations
• Tolerance for Ambiguity - entrepreneurs
take in stride uncertainties.
• Internal Locus of Control - entrepreneurs
believe they can control their own fate

Starting A New Venture

• Selecting a Business Idea
The rapid globalization of business has created
many opportunities for entrepreneurs – Find something you love to do and
are good at doing
Education/IT/Demographic & Economic Trends
– Can your idea satisfy a need in the
Education
marketplace?
 One hundred U.S. colleges and universities
offer entrepreneurship majors. • Entrepreneurs must be sure that the idea
 Universities are helping students launch they choose has interest in the marketplace
businesses.
 Many programs teach entrepreneurship to
young people. Business Plan
Information Technology
Creating a Business Plan
 Technology has given entrepreneurs tools
that help them compete.  58% of the most recent Inc. CEOs did not
 Entrepreneurs have used information create a formal written plan.
technology to revolutionize industries.  But business plans do help entrepreneurs
Demographic and Economic Trends prepare enough resources and stay focused
 Aging of U.S. population. on key objectives.
 Emergence of Hispanics as nation’s largest
ethnic group.
 Growth of two-income families.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs

Finding Financing
• Debt Financing
– Credit Cards
– Family and Friends
– Bank Loans (SBA backed)
• Equity Financing
– Venture Capitalists
– Angel Investors

Theories of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurial Characteristics
A. Economics is a social science concerned with
• Vision - entrepreneurs begin with an overall the production, distribution, and consumption of
idea for how to make their business idea a goods and services. It studies how individuals,
success businesses, governments, and nations make
• High Energy Level - a willingness to work choices on allocating resources to satisfy their
hard wants and needs, trying to determine how these
• Need to Achieve - entrepreneurs work hard groups should organize and coordinate efforts to
because they want to excel achieve maximum output.
• Self-Confidence - fearlessness in the face of
difficult odds
Economics can generally be broken down view a sudden influx of younger residents to
into macroeconomics, which concentrates a neighborhood as a potential death stroke,
on the behavior of the aggregate economy, an entrepreneur might see it as a chance to
and microeconomics, which focuses on open a new club.
individual consumers and businesses.
E. Resource based theory of
B. Sociological theories are different from entrepreneurship. Jay Barney, developed
other theories because they analyze the resource-based view of the firm, which
entrepreneurial activities from the is a strategic management theory designed
standpoint of social contexts and to explain why some firms perform better
corresponding processes and effects. They than others even when they occupy a very
subscribe to the notion that construction of similar business environment. The
entrepreneurship is narrowly a purposive resource-based view seeks to explain why
action that leads to the formation of a new some firms perform better than others by
formal organization. They also broadly looking to the firms’ resources. This
indicate various efforts that help introduce contrasts with earlier perspectives, such
robust innovations in routines, as Porter's five forces, which focus on the
technologies, organizational structures and external environment as sources of threats
social institutions (Ruef and Lounsbury, and opportunities.
2007). The core idea behind the resource-based
view is that competitive advantage comes
The identifying feature of sociological
from a firm’s effective use of tangible and
entrepreneurship theories is that they focus
intangible resources or assets. Tangible
on the social context of entrepreneurship
assets include plant, equipment and even
development (Simpeh, 2011). Among some
human resources, whereas intangible assets
of the prominent theories include Max
include things like trade
Weber’s theory of social change, EE Hagen’s
secrets and corporate reputation.
theory, Theory of Frank Young, Cochran
theory, and Attention-Motivation Theory of  
McClelland. Some of them are discussed in Components of EPP
this section.
II. Industrial Arts a subject taught in
C. Psychological theories of elementary and secondary schools that
entrepreneurship focus on the individual aims at developing a manual skill, a
and the mental or emotional elements that familiarity with tools and machines, or an
drive entrepreneurial individuals. A theory acquaintance with industrial processes and
put forward by psychologist David design.
McCLelland, a Harvard emeritus professor, The industrial arts learning activities are an
offers that entrepreneurs possess a need important part of the public-school program
for achievement that drives their activity. and of the education of the student. The
Julian Rotter, professor emeritus at the purpose of the industrial arts activities is to
University of Connecticut, put forward a give the student a background of our
locus of control theory. Rotter’s theory industrial society. Career education plays an
holds that people with a strong internal equally important role in the educational
locus of control believe their actions can process of the student. It involves the
influence the external world and research student in everyday life decisions and helps
suggests most entrepreneurs possess trait. him to become a better-informed citizen in
A final approach, though unsupported by his community.
research, suggests personality traits ranging
from creativity and resilience to optimism Examples of Industrial Arts
drive entrepreneurial behavior. A. Carpentry, the art and trade of cutting, working,
and joining timber. The term includes both
D. Opportunity-Based Theory. Prolific
structural timberwork in framing and items such as
business management author, professor
doors, windows, and staircases.
and corporate consultant, Peter Drucker
A carpenter’s work may also extend to interior
put forward an opportunity-based theory.
jobs, requiring some of the skills of a joiner. These
Drucker contends that entrepreneurs excel
jobs include making door frames, cabinets,
at seeing and taking advantage of
countertops, and assorted molding and trim. Much
possibilities created by social, technological
of the skill involves joining wood inconspicuously
and cultural changes. For example, where a
business that caters to senior citizens might
for the sake of appearance, as opposed to the D. Metalworking is, as its title suggests, working
joining of unseen structural pieces with metals to create individual parts. There is a
The standard hand tools used by a carpenter are wide range of technologies that are used within
hammers, pliers, screwdrivers, and awls for driving metalworking to create all types of products such
and extracting nails, setting screws, and punching as small pieces of jewelry all the way to building
guide holes, respectively. Planes are hand-held components and large-scale constructions. Most
blades used to reduce and smooth wood surfaces, metalworking processes can be categorized into
and chisels are blades that can be hit with a mallet three categories: forming, cutting, or joining.
to cut out forms in wood. The crosscut saw cuts However, it’s also important to note that casting is
across wood grain, and the rip saw cuts with the one of the most widespread methods of
grain. Tenon and dovetail saws are used to make metalworking and involves pouring metal into a
precise cuts for the indicated joints, and a keyhole mold, after which is cooled and solidified. This
saw cuts out holes. The level shows whether a guide will attempt to provide an overview of the
surface is perfectly horizontal or vertical, and the most prevalent metalworking processes in the
trisquare tests the right angle manufacturing industry today.
between adjacent surfaces. These instruments are E. Electricity is a natural phenomenon that occurs
complemented by the use of power tools. throughout nature and takes many different forms.
B. Plumbing, system of pipes and fixtures installed In this tutorial we'll focus on current electricity: the
in a building for the distribution and use of potable stuff that powers our electronic gadgets. Our goal
(drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne is to understand how electricity flows from a power
wastes. It is usually distinguished from water and source through wires, lighting up LEDs, spinning
sewage systems that serve a group of buildings or a motors, and powering our communication devices.
city. Electricity is briefly defined as the flow of electric
The term plumbing fixture embraces not only charge, but there's so much behind that simple
showers, bathtubs, lavatory basins, and toilets but statement. Where do the charges come from? How
also such devices as washing machines, garbage- do we move them? Where do they move to? How
disposal units, hot-water heaters, dishwashers, and does an electric charge cause mechanical motion or
drinking fountains. make things light up? So many questions! To begin
The water-carrying pipes and other materials used to explain what electricity we are needed to zoom
in a plumbing system must be strong, way in, beyond the matter and molecules, to the
noncorrosive, and durable enough to equal or atoms that make up everything we interact with in
exceed the expected life of the building in which life.
they are installed. Toilets, urinals, and lavatories F. Orthographic drawing represents a three-
usually are made of stable porcelain or vitreous dimensional object using several two-dimensional
china, although they sometimes are made of views of the object. It is also known as an
glazed cast iron, steel, or stainless steel. Ordinary orthographic projection. For example, you can see
water pipes usually are made of steel, copper, in this image the front, top and side views of an
brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material; and the aircraft.
most common materials for sewage pipes are cast
iron, steel, copper, and asbestos cement. III. Home Economics the art and science
C. Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad of home management. A college curriculum usually
range of technology. The term originally was including studies in nutrition, the purchase,
applied to the study of electron behavior and preparation, and service of food, interior design,
movement, particularly as observed in the clothing and textiles, child development, family
first electron tubes. It came to be used in its relationships, and household economics.
broader sense with advances in knowledge about
the fundamental nature of electrons and about the Examples of Home Economics
way in which the motion of these particles could be A. Food, health and nutrition. Eating a well-
utilized. Today many scientific and balanced diet, with adequate nutrients and
technical disciplines deal with different aspects of appropriate calories, is a fundamental
electronics. Research in these fields has led to the requirement for continued health. An
development of such key devices appropriate diet contributes to healthy
as transistors, integrated circuits, lasers, development, healthy ageing and greater
and optical fibres. These in turn have made it resilience against disease. Similarly, a poor
possible to manufacture a wide array of electronic or inappropriate diet places people at
consumer, industrial, and military products. greater risk of infection and a range of
Indeed, it can be said that the world is in the midst chronic illnesses – including cancer, type 2
of an electronic revolution at least as significant as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
the industrial revolution of the 19th century.
B. Personal Finance and Family. We all know constitutes the key dimensions of human
money is important in life. But how important? In development. These key dimensions are: a long
fact, the financial decisions you make today may and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a
have a lasting effect on your future. Rather than decent standard of living. When these key
feeling anxious about money feel empowered by dimensions are provided at first, the progress and
learning how to make smart decisions! Personal improvement opportunities in other areas of
and Family Finance will begin the conversation human life will also grow.
around how to spend and save your money wisely,
Mainly, human development means having more
investing in safe opportunities and the days ahead.
alternatives and more opportunities, and this must
Learning key financial concepts around taxes,
be the key reference in human development.
credit, and money management will provide both
Nobody can guarantee the happiness of the human
understanding and confidence as you begin to
being and the choices which people would make in
navigate your own route to future security.
their lives concern only themselves. However,
Discover how education, career choices, and
human development at least aims to provide the
financial planning can lead you in the right
necessary conditions to all the people individually
direction to making your life simpler, steadier, and
or collectively for improving their potentials and
more enjoyable.
spending a productive and creative live.
C. Textile and Clothing is about the design,
manufacture and marketing of clothing and
IV. Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating
footwear and other textile products.
the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It
Studying in this area includes learning about fabrics
includes the preparation of plant and animal
and other materials and about weaving, dyeing,
products for people to use and their distribution to
printing, patternmaking, sewing, washing, etc.
markets. Agriculture provides most of the world’s
food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather are all
D. Consumer Science. Consumer science is a
agricultural products. Agriculture also provides
diverse discipline addressing various aspects of
wood for construction and paper products.
basic human needs. It explores individual’s
behavior in relation to food, clothing, textiles, Examples of Agriculture
housing, nutrition and food security. Students in
A. Livestock Production. Domesticated livestock
this dynamic curriculum become part of a growing
have played a pivotal role in the development of
research community built on the understanding of
human civilizations around the world and
consumer behavior and the motivation behind
continues to be an integral part of human culture,
individual and family decision-making regarding
society, and the local and global economy.
their basic needs.
Domestic livestock has contributed to the rise of
E. Household Management. Household
human societies and civilizations by increasing the
management depends on the individual's ability to
amount of food and nutrition available to people in
carry out instrumental activities of daily living
four ways: by providing sources of meat, milk, and
(IADLs), which are activities necessary for
fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Throughout history
independent living in the community. IADLs
livestock have also provided leather, wool, other
include:
raw materials, and transport.
• ability to use the telephone
• shopping (for other items as well as Livestock furnish high quality protein and energy
groceries) foods, and function as part of integrated,
• food preparation renewable systems of plant and animal agriculture.
• housekeeping (cleaning house, making The digestive systems of ruminant animals such as
beds, washing dishes, etc.) cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, and camels are
• doing laundry specially adapted to convert plant materials that
• using transportation (driving own car or humans cannot utilize into proteins of high
using public transportation) biological availability to humans.
• proper use of medications
B. Agricultural economics, study of the allocation,
• money management
distribution, and utilization of the resources used,
• Household management can be divided into
along with the commodities produced, by farming.
several different areas for purposes of
Agricultural economics plays a role in
description.
the economics of development, for a continuous
level of farm surplus is one of the wellsprings of
F. Human Development. Human development is a
technological and commercial growth.
multidimensional concept. The three variables used
by UN in Human Development Index (HDI)
In general, one can say that when a large fraction Learning and Innovative Skills
of a country’s population depends
1. Creativity
on agriculture for its livelihood, average incomes
2. Curiosity
are low. That does not mean that a country is poor
3. Critical thinking problem solving skills
because most of its population is engaged in
4. Risk taking
agriculture; it is closer to the truth to say that
because a country is poor, most of its people must Learning and Innovating Skills
rely upon agriculture for a living.
 Creativity and Innovation
C. Crop production is a branch of agriculture that  Think creatively
deals with growing crops for use as food and fiber.  Work creatively with others
Degree programs in crop production are available  Implement innovations
at undergraduate and graduate levels. Graduates  Critical thinking and Problem solving
are eligible for a variety of agricultural careers.  Reason effectively
 Use systems thinking
D. Modern agriculture is an evolving approach to
 Make judgements and decisions
agricultural innovations and farming practices that
 Solve problems
help farmers increase efficiency and reduce the
number of natural resources like water, land, and Communication
energy necessary to meet the world’s food, fuel,  Articulate thoughts and ideas effectively
and fiber needs. The agribusiness, intensive using oral, written and nonverbal
farming, organic farming, and sustainable communication skills in a variety of forms
agriculture are other names of modern agriculture. and contexts
 Listen effectively to decipher meaning,
The 21st Century Teacher
including knowledge, values, attitudes and
The Traditional Classroom intentions
 Use communication for a range of purposes
 Content delivered by the teacher in the
(e.g. to inform, instruct, motivate and
classroom
persuade)
 Lecture and reading from textbooks are the
 Utilize multiple media and technologies,
main sources of learning
and know how to judge their effectiveness a
 Students are assessed primarily on
prior as well as assess their impact
knowledge learned
 Communicate effectively in diverse
The 21st Century Classroom environments (including multi-lingual)

 Teacher facilitates by directing students to

Collaboration
rich, learning sources and asking students
 Demonstrate ability to Work effectively and
to demonstrate what they know and are
respectfully with diverse teams
able to do
 Exercise flexibility and willingness to be
21st Century Skills helpful in making necessary compromises
to accomplish a common goal
 Assume shared responsibility for
collaborative work, and value the individual
contributions made by each team member

  Life and Career Skills

1. Flexibility and adaptability
2. Leadership and responsibility
3. Social and cross-cultural skills
Effective Communicative Skills 4. Initiative and self-direction
5. Productivity and accountability
1. Teaming 6. Ethical, moral and spiritual values
2. Collaboration
3. Interpersonal skills Flexibility and Career Skills
4. Local, national and global orientedness  Adapt to varied roles, jobs responsibilities,
5. Interactive communication schedules and context
 Work effectively in a climate of ambiguity
and changing priorities
 Incorporate feedback effectively
  Deal positively with praise, setbacks and Economic literacy
criticism  Ability to apply basic economic concepts in
 Understand, negotiate and balance diverse situations relevant to one's life
views and beliefs to reach workable  About cultivating a working knowledge of
solutions particularly in multi-cultural the economic way of thinking.
environments Technological Literacy
Ability to responsibly technology to:
Leadership and Responsibility 1. Communicate
 Guide and Lead others 2. Solve problems
 Be responsible to others 3. Access, manage integrate, evaluate, design
Social and Cross-cultural Skills and create information to improve learning in
 Interact effectively with others all subject areas
 Work effectively in diverse teams 4. Acquire lifelong Knowledge and skills in the
Initiative and Self-direction 21st century
 Manage goals and time
 Work independently The 21st Century Teacher
 Be self-directed learner
Productivity and Accountability
 Manage projects
 Produce results

Info, Media and Technology Skills

1. Visual and information literacies
2. Media literacy
3. Basic, scientific, economic and
technological literacies ANOTHER WAY OF GROUPING THE
4. Multicultural literacy 21ST CENTURY SKILLS
Visual literacies
 Ability to interpret, make meaning from  Ways of thinking. creativity, critical
information presented in the form of an thinking, problem-solving, decision making
image and learning.
 Ability to evaluate, apply, or create  Ways of working Communication and
conceptual visual representations collaboration
Information literacy  Tools for Working information and
 Ability to identify what information is communications technology (ICT) and
needed information literacy
 Identify the best sources of information for  Skills for living in the world citizenship, life
a given need and career and personal and social
 Locate those sources, evaluate the sources responsibility
critically and share that information
Media Literacy Learning Theories and their Impact to EPP
 Ability to critically analyze the messages Teaching
that inform, entertain and sell to us OBJECTIVES:
everyday  Explain and be guided by the different
 Ability to bring critical thinking skills to bear theories needed in teaching EPP.
on all forms of media asking pertinent
questions about what is there and noticing  According to Rick Reis Professor of Stanford
what is not there. University in his article, there are many
 Ability to question what lies behind media different theories regarding the way people
production learn. This topic will very briefly explore
Scientific literacy some of them. However, don’t get too
 Encompasses written, numerical, and digital concerned thinking you must teach in a
literacy as they pertain to understanding certain way because a theorist says so.
Science, its methodology Observations, an What works with one group or individual
theories learner might not work with another. You
 Knowledge and understanding of scientific might find at first you are teaching the way
Concepts and personal decision making, you were taught at school, college or
participation in civic and cultural affairs, and university. It might have suited you at the
economic productivity time, or it might have had a detrimental
 effect. Don’t be afraid to try something Behaviorism involves repeated actions, verbal
different and step out of your comfort zone. reinforcement and incentives to take part. It is
You will need to find out through great for establishing rules, especially for behavior
experience what works and what doesn’t management.
work with your learners.  Cognitivism
 According to Paul Stevesn-Folbrook (2019) Cognitivism focuses on what happens in the mind
in his article, learning theories are a set of such as thinking and problem-solving. New
principles that explain how best a student knowledge is built upon prior knowledge and
can acquire, retain and recall new learners need active participation in order to learn.
information Changes in behavior are observed, but only as an
indication of what is taking place in the learner’s
Learning Theories mind. Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind
 Behaviorism as a computer: information comes in, is processed,
Behaviorism assumes a learner is essentially and learning takes place.
passive and will be shaped through positive or In contrast to behaviorism, cognitivism focuses on
negative reinforcement. Learning is therefore the idea that student’s process information they
defined as a change in behavior. Skinner (1974) receive rather than just responding to a stimulus,
believed that behavior is a function of its as with behaviorism.
consequences, i.e. learners will repeat the desired There is still a behavior change evident, but this is
behavior if positive reinforcement is given. The in response to thinking and processing information.
behavior should not be repeated if negative Cognitive theories were developed in the early
feedback is given. Giving immediate feedback, 1900s in Germany from Gestalt psychology by
whether positive or negative, should enable your Wolfgang Kohler. In English, Gestalt roughly
learners to behave in a certain way. Positive translates to the organization of something as a
reinforcement or rewards can include verbal whole, that is viewed as more than the sum of its
feedback such as that’s great, you’ve produced that individual parts.
document without any errors or you’re certainly  Cognitivism
getting on well with that task, through to more Cognitivism has given rise to many evidence based
tangible rewards such as a certificate at the end of education theories, including cognitive load theory,
the program. schema theory and dual coding theory as well as
Behaviorism is based on the idea that knowledge is being the basis for retrieval practice.
independent and on the exterior of the learner. In In cognitivism theory, learning occurs when the
a behaviorists' mind, the learner is a blank slate student reorganizes information, either by finding
that should be provided with the information to be new explanations or adapting old ones.
learnt. This is viewed as a change in knowledge and is
 Behaviorism stored in the memory rather than just being
Through this interaction, new associations are viewed as a change in behavior. Cognitive learning
made and thus learning occurs. Learning is theories are mainly attributed to Jean Piaget.
achieved when the provided stimulus changes Examples of how teachers can include cognitivism
behavior. A non-educational example of this is the in their classroom include linking concepts
work done by Pavlov. together, linking concepts to real-world examples,
Through his famous “salivating dog” experiment, discussions and problem-solving.
Pavlov showed that a stimulus (in this case ringing  Constructivism
a bell every time he fed the dog) caused the dog to Constructivism is about learning being an active,
eventually start salivating when he heard a bell contextualized process of constructing knowledge
ring. rather than acquiring it. The learner brings past
Examples: experiences and cultural factors to a current
 The dog associated the bell ring with being situation and each person has a different
provided with food so any time a bell was interpretation and construction of the knowledge
rung the dog started salivating, it had learnt process.
that the noise was a precursor to being fed. Vygotsky’s (1978) theory is one of the foundations
 If the teacher stands in a specific place in of constructivism. It asserts three major themes.
the classroom with arms folded, they know 1.     Social interaction plays a fundamental role in
that the teacher getting frustrated with the the process of cognitive development. Vygotsky
level of noise and they start to quiet down felt social learning precedes development and
or if sits cross-legged on her/his desk, the stated: Every function in the child’s cultural
teacher about to say something important, development appears twice: first, on the social
supportive and they should listen because it level, and later, on the individual level; then,
affects them directly. between people (interpsychological) and then
inside the child (intrapsychological) (Vygotsky, * Concrete experience is about experiencing or
1978 page 57). immersing yourself in the task and is the first stage
 Constructivism in which a person simply carries out the task
2.     The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO). The assigned. This is the doing stage.
MKO refers to anyone who has a better * Observation and reflection involve stepping back
understanding or a higher ability level than the from the task and reviewing what has been done
learner, with respect to a particular task, process, and experienced. Your values, attitudes and beliefs
or concept. The MKO is normally the teacher, or an can influence your thinking at this stage. This is the
older adult, but the MKO could also be a peer, a stage of thinking about what you have done.
younger person, or even information from the  Experiential learning
internet. * Abstract conceptualization involves interpreting
3.     The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The the events that have been carried out and making
ZPD is the distance between a learner’s ability to sense of them. This is the stage of planning how
perform a task under adult guidance and/or with you will do it differently.
peer collaboration and their ability to solve the * Active experimentation enables you to take the
problem independently. According to Vygotzky, new learning and predict what is likely to happen
learning occurs in this zone. next or what actions should be taken to refine the
 Think of these themes as: way the task is done again. This is the redoing stage
1.     what the learner can do based upon experience and reflection.
2.     what the learner can do with help from others
3.     what the learner can’t do yet but will attempt
to do
 Constructivism
Constructivism is based on the premise that we
construct learning new ideas based on our own
prior knowledge and experiences. Learning,
therefore, is unique to the individual learner.
Students adapt their models of understanding
either by reflecting on prior theories or resolving
misconceptions.
Students need to have a prior base of knowledge
for constructivist approaches to be
effective. Bruner’s spiral curriculum (see below) is a
great example of constructivism in action.
As students are constructing their own knowledge
base, outcomes cannot always be anticipated,
therefore, the teacher should check and challenge
misconceptions that may have arisen. When
consistent outcomes are required, a constructivist
approach may not be the ideal theory to use.
Examples of constructivism in the classroom
include problem-based learning, research and
creative projects and group collaborations.
 Experiential learning
Experiential learning is about the learner
experiencing things for themselves and learning
from them. Kolb (1984) proposed a four-stage
model known as the experiential learning cycle. It is
a way by which people can understand their
experiences and, as a result, modify their behavior.
It is based on the idea that the more often a
learner reflects on a task, the more often they have
the opportunity to modify and refine their efforts.
The process of learning can begin at any stage and
is continuous, i.e. there is no limit to the number of
cycles which can be made in a learning situation.
This theory suggests that without reflection, people
would continue to repeat their mistakes.