MICROORGANISMS: FRIEND OR FOE
ANSWER KEY
Q14. Define Fermentation.
It is a type of anaerobic respiration which involves incomplete
breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce
ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide and small amount of energy.
Q 15. Differentiate between: Fungi and Bacteria.
BACTERIA FUNGI
It is a unicellular, prokaryotic It can be unicellular or
microbe. multicellular , eukaryotic
microbe.
The cell wall is made up of The cell wall is made up of
peptidoglycan. chitin.
Q 16. Compare the structure and function of three types of
hyphae in Rhizopus.
Q17. Discuss the use of yeast in brewing industry.
• In a dark closed bottle, yeast is added to sugar solution of
grains like barley, wheat, rice or crushed fruit juices.
• Yeast converts sugar( Glucose) into ethyl alcohol and carbon
dioxide. ( Anaerobic respiration/ Fermentation).Thus, ethyl
alcohol is produced.
Q 18. Draw a neat and well labeled diagram of ‘Rhizopus’.
You shall be able to
• Understand the general characteristic
features of Algae.
• Gain knowledge about the structure of
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra.
• Understand the useful and harmful activities
of algae.
• Understand the general characteristic
features and economic importance of Blue-
green algae/ Cyanoacteria.
ALGAE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• They mostly occur in water or damp places.
• They are mostly multi-cellular except a few
unicellular forms. e.g Chlamydomonas.
• Their cell wall is made up of cellulose.
• They show autotrophic mode of nutrition as
they have chloroplast containing chlorophyll
pigment .
• Examples- Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra
STRUCTURE OF SPIROGYRA
SPIROGYRA
SPIROGYRA
• It is multi-cellular , filamentous green algae.
• It has rectangular shaped cells.
• It is non- motile.
• A spirally coiled or ribbon shaped chloroplast is
present.
• Many pyrenoids are present. (Pyrenoids are
starch storing bodies)
• Cytoplasmic strands are present.
• A mucilaginous covering or sheath is present
which makes its surface slimy hence it is known
as pond silk.
STRUCTURE OF CHLAMYDOMONAS
CHLAMYDOMONAS
CHLAMYDOMONAS
• It is a unicellular algae.
• The cell is oval or pear shaped.
• It is motile as it has flagella for locomotion.
• It has cup shaped chloroplast.
• A single pyrenoid ( starch storing body is
present).
• Cytoplasmic strands are absent.
USEFUL ACTIVITIES OF ALGAE
• Some Algae are used as a food supplement.
USEFUL ACTIVITIES OF ALGAE
• Some marine algae are used for making agar.
(Agar used for culturing in labs)
Gellidium
Bacterial Culture on agar
HARMFUL ACTIVITIES OF ALGAE
• Excessive growth of algae on the surface of
water bodies causes eutrophication.
BLUE GREEN ALGAE/ CYANOBACTERIA
• They are blue- green in colour .
• They are prokaryotes.
• They may form filaments or colonies.
• Examples:
ANABAENA NOSTOC
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
• They can fix the atmospheric nitrogen into
usable forms of nitrates and nitrites. So, they
are used as biofertilizers.
• They act as primary producers of food in the
water bodies as they can do photosynthesis.
• Similarity between bacteria and cyanobacteria
Both bacteria and cyanobacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes.
• Similarity between algae and cyanobacteria
Both algae and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll
pigment and hence can prepare their own food
by the process of photosynthesis.
• Algae are mostly multi-cellular except a few
unicellular forms. e.g Chlamydomonas.
• Their cell wall is made up of cellulose.
• They show autotrophic mode of nutrition as
they have chloroplast containing chlorophyll
pigment .Examples- Chlamydomonas and
Spirogyra.
• Spirogyra is a multi-cellular , filamentous ,
non- motile green algae. It has rectangular
shaped cells. A spirally coiled or ribbon
shaped chloroplast with many pyrenoids is
present. Cytoplasmic strands are present.
• Chlamydomonas is a unicellular, oval or pear
shaped, motile algae.It has cup shaped
chloroplast with a single pyrenoid.
Cytoplasmic strands are absent.
• Some Algae are used as a food supplement.
• Some marine algae are used for making agar.
(Agar used for culturing in labs)
• Excessive growth of algae on the surface of
water bodies causes eutrophication.
• Cyanobacteria are blue- green in colour,
prokaryotic and form filaments or colonies.
• Cyanobacteria can fix the atmospheric nitrogen
into usable forms of nitrates and nitrites. So,
they are used as biofertilizers.
• Cyanobacteria act as primary producers of food
in the water bodies as they can do
photosynthesis.
HOME WORK
19.Draw neat and well labelled diagrams of
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra.
20.Mention any one useful activity and one
harmful activity of algae.
21. Differentiate between Chlamydomonas and
Rhizopus on the basis of:
a. Mode of nutrition
b. Motility
c. Chemical composition of cell wall.
22. Give an important function of pyrenoids in
Spirogyra.
