WHAT EVERY ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING STUDENT
MUST KNOW

Find Your Area of Focus, Build Your Network, and Design

Your Career

Ali Al Qaraghuli
[email protected]

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"Psychologically, you have to have confidence in yourself
and this confidence should be based on fact."

-Robert James Fischer

 Table of Contents

Hi, My Name is Ali. ..................................................................... 1

Are You in the Right Place? ........................................................ 4

The Types of Electrical Engineers............................................... 7

Stairway to Heaven ..................................................................... 19

The Best Engineers .................................................................... 24

Loving the Game ........................................................................ 28

The Road to Your Internship .................................................... 33

The Ideal Resume...................................................................... 37

Your First Job Offer ................................................................... 43

Industry vs. Grad School: Does the Learning Ever Stop? ........ 50

How to Become Smarter ........................................................... 54

The Value of Mentorship .......................................................... 61

Where Do We Go from Here? ................................................ 65

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Hi, My Name is Ali

HELLO! If you're reading this, you probably are considering or

are enrolled in an electrical/computer engineering program of
some sort. Maybe you belong to another major or profession, or
maybe you’re just curious. A few years ago, I was in your shoes,
and what came next was so bizarre that I felt the need to write this
short book. My first two years of college were stressful. I would
wake up every day thinking "today I need to figure out what I want
to major in, I need to figure out the rest of my life". This frenzied
feeling pushed me to go ahead and figure out my future. I began
my program in Mechanical Engineering, then switched to
Aerospace, then to Biomedical, and then finally decided to try
Electrical Engineering (EE). I took a few pre-med classes and even
looked at law school. I’ll talk more later about how my roller-
coaster of switching majors has made me a better engineer, and
why I think you should experiment with taking courses from
different engineering disciplines. Eventually, I did get my B.S. and
M.S. in EE, but before I go over any of that, let me introduce
myself.
My name is Ali Alqaraghuli, I'm a Ph.D. student at Northeastern
University, and I am 23 years old. I attended high school in
suburban upstate New York, then attended University at Buffalo
having no clue what I wanted to do with my life. During my first
year, I almost failed my first physics and calculus exams. I
considered dropping out of college, but thankfully my father

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talked me out of it. Ever since then, I (somehow) went on to work
as an intern for NASA, twice! I also got to work for a private
company, work for a small company, work for a big company,
work in an undergraduate research lab, work in a graduate
research lab, work as a tutor, teaching assistant, research assistant,
study abroad, win many scholarships and fellowships, teach
English abroad, and eventually met a phenomenal professor and
joined a Ph.D. program. I also represented my university in state
and federal education programs, mentored undergrads and high-
schoolers, and most importantly, I figured out what I want to do
with my life. I’m here to tell you how I did it and what I’ve learned
in the process. More importantly, I want to show you how you can
do it too, without much of the hassle I had to go through.
I would like to emphasize that I am your normal everyday guy.
My goal is to help you realize we are not different; I just figured
out a system that works. Like you, I am a somewhat social person
and have other interests beyond engineering. I don't have perfect
grades. My grades suffered many times because I chose to do fun
things (or take care of serious responsibilities) over studying, but
it was worth it (I still got my work done, eventually). During my
undergraduate four years, I was still able to play soccer regularly,
travel to 10+ countries, spend time with my family, make many
amazing friends, attend school events, play chess, produce music
and release an album, and spend countless hours chilling or
playing video games. So how did all of this happen? How can one
accomplish so much in such a little time while trying to figure out
what to do with their life? I'll thoroughly answer these questions
through the principles I’ve established in the next chapters. We
have a lot of challenges in our world. It is, therefore, more efficient
if you can figure out what type of electrical engineer (and person)

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you want to be so you can excel at that, and live a well-
accomplished enjoyable life.
In this book, I will break down how to design your career and
achieve your goals with ease, alongside tips and tricks for how to
get the internship or job you want amongst other opportunities.
I’ll also reveal some secrets on how to succeed in the workforce
whether you are in research or industry, and how to even choose
between a job and grad school. To help you build your network,
I will highlight the value of mentorship I received, and the people
who helped me along the way so you can find similar people. You
can consider me a mentor. We already have two shared interests
(engineering and desire to self-improve), that's why you're reading
this book. My email is listed on my website
(www.alialqaraghuli.com) so you can reach out to me with
questions regarding career advice or any engineering-related
material matters. I am here for you!

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK: I've written this book as a

combination of what I've done in engineering school and the real
world, and what I think you should do in engineering school and
the real world. As a result, this book is a mixture of sharing
experience and summarizing what I've learned in the form of
strategic instructions and suggestions to get the career you want.
Towards the end, I will offer some advice to help you work
smarter, and that will help your career and personal life expand.
Feel free to skip around to the chapter of your interest based on
what you’re looking for. However, I recommend you read all the
chapters in order so you can get the complete picture. I made this
as short as I could so you can read it in one sitting. Ready? let's
dive in!

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Are You in the Right Place?

Are you in the right place? Before we get started, I want to

congratulate you. You chose, in my opinion, the most valuable
college degree. With a 4-year electrical engineering bachelor’s
degree, your options are endless. You can work as an engineer,
but you can also go on to do anything else now that you'll have a
fair understanding of everyday physics, how to solve problems,
and how technology works in general. EE’s make some of the
most competitive applicants for medical school, dental school,
and law school. You are the pretty person (skilled, versatile,
problem-solver) at the party (the world crowded with problems).
The nice thing about EE is that it's so broad that there's something
for everyone. There's something good here for you, and I will
work with you in this book to find it.
There are two types of engineering students; those who are gifted
engineers, and those who aren't. Those who were taking things
apart when they were little kids, and those who weren't. You can
quickly figure out which one you are. The good news is, you can
be a great engineer in either case, you just have to be smart about
knowing how to use your skills to find the right position for
yourself. For me, I was definitely not born with any engineering
gift or talent. I was not hands-on, and I was fairly lazy. I enjoyed
music, movies, writing, and hanging out around people. When the
time came for college, I wasn't sure what to major in, but I knew

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that engineers can make good money after only 4 years of school,
so it seemed like a nice back up to buy myself more time. I figured
I could just work my 9-5, make my 80k a year, and go watch
movies and play guitar in the evening. A few years later, I am
absolutely fascinated by electrical engineering. I could talk about
electromagnetic waves for hours. I enjoy learning a lot more. It's
crazy how my experiences and the people I met totally changed
my outlook on what I want in a career. This could be the case for
you!

Is EE the right place for you? There're many engineering majors

out there, mechanical/aerospace, biomedical, chemical, civil,
amongst other branches. How do you find the right one? Even if
you find it, how do you know it’s the right one for you? Well, I
want you to answer the following questions:
● What excites you more, physical objects, or abstract ideas? Do
you think designing an airplane wing is cooler than designing an
antenna that radiates invisible waves? Do you need to see what
you work on? Or do you enjoy using your imagination? Are you
terrified by vague things and like to think about tangible things?
Or are you bored by tangible things and could use a little more
excitement?
I ask you because I initially thought I wanted to be a mechanical
engineer (ME). I took ME classes and had to draw endless free-
body diagrams and think about motion and forces on a large scale.
I got bored with solving problems on the macroscopic level and
quickly lost motivation to even finish my homework. For some
reason, mechanics didn’t click very well for me, mostly because it
bored me, so I struggled more than my peers. I knew I wasn’t

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stupid, but I wasn’t interested enough to try harder -- I knew deep
down I was interested in something else. I realized that I enjoyed
movies and writing stories because I am an imaginative person. I
don't like to draw or physically build, but rather paint pictures and
organize them in my mind. Now don't get me wrong, good
mechanical engineers need a solid imagination in order to carry
out creative solutions, but there's no doubt that electromagnetic
physics (the foundation of EE) is more abstract and requires more
imagination than mechanics (the foundation of ME). You can
touch objects, but you cannot touch electromagnetic fields. Vague
concepts excited me more because I could paint my own pictures
in my head and add my own creativity to make learning more fun.
I think you can still be a good electrical engineer if you're not quite
imaginative, that is, you have a procedural thought-process, are
hands-on, or simply have a good grasp of math. As an EE you will
deal with plenty of equations, and you’ll need to be hands-on
sometimes. You will have to build and test circuits. You will touch
things. I just think that having an imagination can make electrical
engineering a lot more exciting. Luckily your "imagining" skills are
growable and something you develop with time and experience.
Still not sure if this is for you? I went ahead and did some research
for you, and I am giving you options. Let’s dive into the next
chapter to see the different types of electrical engineers you can
be, let's see who you like the most! After that, we will walk through
the process of figuring out precisely where you should be and how
to get there. I call this the stairway to heaven.

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The Types of Electrical

Engineers

Not all electrical engineers are equal. Some work as design

engineers, where they usually use some sort of design software for
a specific component or system. Some work as field engineers
where they travel often and are deployed to do hands-on technical
work. Others work as test engineers, where they test components
designed by design engineers to make sure they work properly.
System engineers look at systems rather than individual
components and make upper-level decisions. Research engineers
solve more complex problems and push boundaries in their
respective fields. This list goes on and can be a long one, but
whether you become any of those, you will be doing it in one (or
a combination) of the following areas:

1. Electronics
Electronics engineers like circuits so much, they decided to make
a career out of them. You can gift them a bunch of diodes for their
birthday and they will love you forever. This branch is at the core
of V=IR, where you can design your own circuits, build them, and
test them. This area is so popular that there’s actually a large group
of “hobbyists” who do it for fun, meaning there’s plenty of
resources online to learn. Those circuits can either be at DC

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(frequency = 0) or AC (frequency > 0), but good electronics
engineers are usually skilled in both (assuming low-frequency
AC). If frequency becomes really high, then circuits start behaving
differently, and you’ll need RF training. Some casual tasks for
electronics engineers involve the design of oscillators, amplifiers,
filters -- characterize transistors, sensors -- simulate circuits using
software like Multisim or LTSPice -- debug circuits using
oscilloscopes through looking at waveforms -- read plenty of
datasheets -- design circuit board layouts using software -- this list
can be really long, but you get the idea. Power electronics
engineers focus on how to deliver the proper voltage/current to
components in the circuits. All electronics engineers must meet
certain requirements in integrating their circuits into larger
systems. Any device requires an electronic engineer who designs
its circuit and decides how it’s going to interface with other
components.
I must be clear that I’m describing analog circuit design and that
digital circuit design is very different, and for more sophisticated
applications you need to be specialized in one or the other. You
can read books on each, they are used for different things; we will
always need analog to interface with the real world (sensors,
actuators) and to do the things that digital circuits can’t do.
Afrotechmods is my favorite YouTube channel to learn analog
electronics, make sure to spend a good few hours there. I’ll cover
digital circuit design more when I talk about Computer
Engineering.
I was an electronics engineering intern at NASA Kennedy Space
Center, working with 7 amazing engineers to develop electronics
for a moon lander. I designed PCBs, did a bit of analog design,

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and helped my mentor troubleshoot scientific instruments. I also
watched plenty of rocket launches and landings, how cool is that?
2. Computer Engineering
In many universities, CE is its own program. Lucky for me, my
best friend in college was a CE, so I learned everything from him.
Remember those digital circuits I mentioned above? Computer
engineers know them very well. They are what make processors,
RAM, and other digital circuits involved in any computer.
Additionally, CEs sometimes work on the upper layers of
networks. Their skills are a good balance of hardware and
software, as software-hardware integration is a huge part of this
playground. Although they are usually skilled in high-level
software (python, java, etc.), they are better at the low level (C,
C++) and REALLY low level (assembly) software. This makes
them very powerful at interfacing with the hardware.
In my senior year, I took a Computer Architecture class, which
helped me wrap my head around CE concepts. I partnered with
my best friend to build a calculator using VHDL (hardware-
programming language), which is a way to “program” digital
circuits. Verilog is another one. If you like computers and would
like to learn more about them, dive into this area for some time.
Also, look up VLSI if you’re interested in learning more about
chip (integrated-circuit) design.

3. Computer Science/Software Engineering

If you absolutely hate coding, run as fast as you can from this one.
If you hate hardware and electromagnetic physics, but still love
logic and abstract ideas, run as fast as you can towards this one.
Programmers don't care or need to know what your hardware

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looks like (they only like to know what your hardware is capable
of). They build things at the very upper level, almost out of
nothing. This is what makes CS so powerful, all you need is a
laptop and an internet connection, and you're good to go.
Combine that with endless free online courses, and you have
found your way out of poverty. Many CS jobs don’t even require
a college degree nowadays. If you’ve heard of artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and all that other cool stuff, this is
where it happens. If that sounds too intense, and you just want to
dabble with simpler code, then web design is a good place to start.
You can make freelance money out of it with minimal effort if you
work smart.
Every EE will have to write code at some point, but if you really
like it, you might as well spend more time doing it through
working as a software engineer.

4. Embedded Systems:
Now that I’ve introduced Electronics, CE, CS, I’d like to tell you
what happens when we combine all three. Embedded systems
engineers write code for smaller computers (as small as a board
the size of your nail) and then interface it with external circuits.
Embedded systems are designed for a specific purpose, and
require lots of integration (putting things together) to make the
whole system work. If you like software, but also like hardware,
look no further. You’ll have to choose your board carefully based
on computer engineering requirements such as how fast your
processor is and how many input/output interfaces you will have.
As we require smarter devices to do convenient things for us,
embedded systems engineers will be the ones making it happen.
The boom of internet-of-things has started already, you've

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probably heard about all the cool wearable devices and what not,
those guys have a decent background in embedded systems. You
might want to brush up on your coms/networking knowledge and
help them out.
5. Antennas:
With the rise of wireless devices and our huge dependency on
them, antenna design and fabrication is a great area to work in. All
wireless devices need to radiate energy, using an antenna. Because
devices come in at different shapes and sizes and operate at
different frequencies, there is a demand for different types of
antennas. Antenna engineers usually focus on design, using
antenna simulation software such as ANSYS HFSS or CST,
which calculate Maxwell's equations for a given enclosed volume
and display radiation patterns -- in simpler terms, they predict how
electromagnetic waves will behave coming out of the antenna for
a given distance. A good understanding of antennas results in a
good understanding of electromagnetics and vice versa.
I designed a patch antenna for a cube satellite mission for my
university, and it was a cool project. Anybody can learn to design
antennas online, antenna-theory.com is an amazing website to get
started. I plan to design more antennas in the future.

6. RF/Microwave:
Radio-frequency engineers or microwave engineers (both terms
used interchangeably since most RF engineers nowadays work in
the GHz range, aka microwaves) work on designing and
integrating alternating-current circuits that operate at higher
frequencies. The higher the frequency, the lower the wavelength,
which means at higher frequencies the wavelength becomes

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shorter and comparable to the length of wires, which means that
the phase of your sinusoidal signals (alternating current) can no
longer be taken for granted, and must be tracked and matched. If
you hear someone say things like "transmission lines" or "s-
parameters," or using coax cables and waveguides instead of good
old wires, they are hanging out in the RF realm. Microwave
engineers can design amplifiers, filters, mixers, multipliers, and
even antennas, amongst other devices. Those components can be
used for communications or sensing applications like radars. You
can learn more on microwave101.com -- it's a great place to get
started!
As we push for higher frequencies (to be able to communicate
faster, sense more accurately, and go smaller), we run into more
challenges. At the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, I interned at
the Sub-Millimeter Wave Advanced Technology (SWAT)
Group. Sub-mm wave refers to the wavelength of the signals we
deal with (just smaller than 1 millimeter), which are in the 100s of
GHz and few THz frequencies. As you can imagine, at such high
frequencies, you need very skilled RF engineers to design, test,
and fabricate such components. My mentor at NASA is an
excellent researcher and RF engineer who designs such
components and systems, and has helped me grow interested in
this area. He has been working with my Ph.D. advisor to develop
cutting-edge communication systems at THz frequencies
(collaboration is key to solving complex problems).

7. Photonics/Optics:
If you thought classical electromagnetics was wild, wait until you
combine it with quantum mechanics. After your first time hanging

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out with optics people many things will fly over your head; they
speak of wavelengths and their wizardry make you question
everything you had previously known in the RF/Microwave world,
but when you look close enough, the physics is the same; they just
at it from a different lens (no pun intended). In the previous
century, photonics engineers worked mainly on fiber optics,
making components and systems that delivered information
much faster than wires in thin glass tubes, using light. Photonics
engineers have helped build our internet infrastructure. A branch
of photonics ditched the fibers and went wireless, and is being
used for many applications including communications and
sensing. If you like lasers and could use a lightsaber looking beam
to transmit and receive information, look into this area. The RP
Photonics encyclopedia (www.rp-photonics.com) is a great place
to get started.
During my Masters, I worked on designing a laser communication
system for a cube satellite mission. The idea was to have two
satellites facing each other in space and using lasers to
communicate with one another. This was one of the most valuable
experiences I had as an engineer as I had to learn everything from
scratch, using google, YouTube, google scholar, and textbooks. I
instantly met with the mission’s payload engineer and got right to
work. We quickly formed a team and branded ourselves “Laser
Com” subsystem, we were the coolest kids in the lab (at least we
thought so).

8. Telecommunications/Signal Processing:
If you think of how information is created, transmitted, received,
and then stored, think signal processing. To communicate, you

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first need to generate some signal and then equip it with the
information you want to send over, send it over, then it will have
to go through some “system” that may weaken or distort it, so at
the receiver, you have to recover the original signal back to
interpret the sent information. Get used to block diagrams in this
area. This is why the “Signals and Systems” course is the
foundation for this area where Fourier transforms are the main
tool. Fourier transforms simply allow us to break signals down
into their frequency components, and be able to filter stuff out or
play around with the shape (content) of the signals. If you’re
making or mixing electronic music, signal processing is what
allows all those cool filters, plug-ins, compression, and
equalization to happen. I wonder if Joseph Fourier would’ve ever
imagined that his equations would be used to make people dance
at the clubs!
When it comes to signals to process, my Ph.D. advisor is king,
and I continue to learn from him. I’ve done a fair share of signal
processing in my research through developing synchronization
algorithms for a millimeter-wave system (5G) and equalization
algorithms for a terahertz system (6G). I got plenty of help from
my lab-mates on both projects -- this area needs good
collaboration. Even though we’re good at it, we do a lot more than
signal processing. To learn more about what we do in my lab visit
our website (www.unlab.tech).

9. Networking:
Say I have a friend in London who I would like to say hi to. From
the time I open my texting app in New York state, until the time
my friend across the ocean gets a notification on his phone, what

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steps take place? How does it happen in an instant? Introducing
network engineers: You see, in the early 1980s, a bunch of
telecommunication engineers got together and agreed that we
should have some system of transferring information globally, and
that system should layer the different steps involved as layers.
Look up the “OSI” model to see what the final product was, you’ll
see a nice pyramid of 7 different layers that each does different
things. At the very bottom are the people who are ensuring the
signal physically goes through NY state to England, such as
through the optical fiber cables underneath the ocean (yes we have
wires underneath the ocean that carry information between
continents, the internet doesn’t just magically happen). At the very
top, there’s your application built on software. Network engineers
usually work on the middle layers managing the traffic of data and
ensuring low errors happen when data is distributed to many
users. If you’ve ever wondered how your high-quality Netflix
videos show up every time with no errors, or how the ATM gives
you the amount you asked for at high security, here is how.
There’s a combination of software and mathematical algorithms
involved, so it’s worth a shot if you think this could be a cool area
for you to dive into.

10. Controls:
Control engineers do many things between system modeling,
design, and verification. Wait, what systems? I’m talking about any
systems that monitor inputs and adjust outputs accordingly.
Control engineers wear many hats, using their various skills to
keep things under ‘control’. If a device or machine requires
monitoring and optimizing (especially in real-time), you need
controls. As we push for more automation, we need more robust

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control algorithms and models to ensure systems can be efficient
and safe on their own. Think about how crucial this is if we all end
up using automated vehicles in the future.
At the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, I built a PID control
system using an embedded system (Arduino Development
Board). Based on my input current into my Arduino development
board, some code was making adjustments to an equation that
would constantly change an output voltage. This is an example of
how different areas in EE can interface to get your task done, and
why you should be well-rounded early on in your career.

11. Power:
This one is quite popular, as many electrical engineers find
themselves uninterested in the small stuff, and want to work on
the big stuff. In electronic circuits, we deal with small numbers
like millivolts (10^-3 V) and microamps (10^-6 A), and in
communication systems, we detect signals as weak as in the
picowatt (10^-12 W) range. For power/energy systems engineers,
they deal with up to Gigawatts (10^9 W) -- now that’s a lot of
power. Power engineers are all about the generation and delivery
of energy as efficiently as possible. This power is distributed using
complex networks and requires good system-level understanding.
There’s a bit of economics involved here as well, but the math
involved is fairly simple. With the growth of renewable energy
such as wind and solar, power engineers have more opportunity
to design greener systems for our future consumption which isn’t
slowing down anytime soon.

12. Microelectronics/Microfabrication:

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This is a branch of EE that interfaces with materials science.
When you learn about how a transistor works, you’ll realize all of
modern technology relies on semiconductors that are slightly
altered to do different things. Microelectronics engineers design
circuits at the micro/nano level, and microfabrication engineers go
into the cleanroom and synthesize those materials and turn them
into devices. Simply put, this area is at the forefront of pushing
technology forward, as our biggest challenges in devices await
better materials to be designed and fabricated. At higher
frequencies, higher electron mobility is desired, so III-V
semiconductors such as GaAs and InP are heavily researched
right now. Another hot topic is 2D (one-atom-thick) materials like
graphene, which have wonder properties on paper but need to be
turned into reality. In my research lab, we are working to make
novel transceivers out of graphene, maybe by the time you’re
reading this, it’s already out there!

13. Biomedical Engineering:

BMEs can do many things, but a good bunch of work on electrical
engineering concepts that are applied to medical projects. An
example is designing circuits for a pacemaker or making a battery
for it. If you want a wearable device that measures your heart rate,
you need electrical sensors. You need a communication system to
transmit the data somewhere where it can be processed. If you
want to make a better X-Ray or MRI machine, you need to build
devices that emit such waves/fields. You get the idea. If you like
medicine/health, an electrical engineer is very much in demand to
develop technologies to help people in those areas. Go for it.

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When I was a freshman, I worked in an MRI lab that looked at
brain images of multiple sclerosis patients, looking for lesions,
alongside iron and calcium deposits. I wrote a Matlab script to
localize where the lesions were on the scans, and although it wasn’t
used in the long-term, I was proud of it. I absolutely loved learning
about neurology -- the very complex circuit of the human brain.

14. Physics:
Some EEs realize they aren’t as application-oriented as they
thought, and figure they enjoy the theory a lot more. They stop
thinking about how and think more about the “why”, they dive
very deep into the “why”. Many of them work on solving problems
in particle physics, quantum mechanics, astrophysics, and other
areas. They can solve equations and think about ideas all day, but
also simulate their ideas on multi-physics software. They can be
experimental physicists and test their ideas in the real world, at
that point, what can’t they do?

15. Literally Anything Else:

As I mentioned, training in EE simply gives you the ability to think
and solve problems logically, with a bonus of sounding cool since
you talk about fields and waves. From here on you can go do
anything with your life. But whatever you do, there are ways you
can optimize yourself and become good at it. We just bombarded
you with many options, how do you even know what you really
want to be? Let’s see!

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4 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Stairway to Heaven

Before we put you on the stairway to heaven, let’s take a step back
and think, how did we end up here in the first place? Let’s be real
folks. Many of us initially got into this whole college thing because
someone told us we have to. They could have been your parents,
high school counselor, or simply you because you didn’t know
any better. So, we said what are the options? Should we be
doctors? Should we be lawyers? Should we major in business?
Should we be engineers? If so, what kind of engineers? Is it okay
to be undecided? We’d hear the famous “Do what you love”,
which in my opinion is not a concrete enough piece of advice. I’ve
seen many friends take this advice literally and go down the drain,
it’s not quite that simple. I’m not saying give up on your dream of
becoming a Rockstar, if you really enjoy rock music and only see
that as an enjoyable career even if there are high risks, go for it!
You don’t want to regret not pursuing your dreams. But you also
don’t need a college degree for that. Many of us don’t have one
absolute passion that we are willing to risk everything for, so many
of us end up going to college to find out what to do. Now college
is an amazing place to go from no skills at all to conquering the
world, or at least a good place to start. But if I were to rephrase
the “Do what you love” advice I would say: “Find a few things of
value that you enjoy or are at least interested in, do your research
and experiment, eliminate the ones you don’t like. Expose
yourself

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to new things. Repeat.”
To help you get the most out of this advice, let’s turn it into a
process. Let’s break it down one by one to fully explain what I
mean:

Find a few things. There’s no way you know off the top of your
head exactly what you want. Very few people do. You simply don’t
know enough about yourself, the world, or college yet to have an
accurate idea. Think about (and even better, write down) all the
things you enjoy doing and think about which ones you wouldn’t
mind doing for a third of your day for the rest of your life. But
first, write a list of things you do NOT want to do. This quick
elimination will save you loads of time and help you have a better
idea early on.

Of Value. Notice how I underlined this in the sentence. This is

crucial. You want to make sure whatever you’re about to invest a
massive amount of time and money will have a return on
investment. Make sure it’s useful to society, and it can help people
even if not directly. If you can find a career in helping people, you
have won the career satisfaction lottery for life. Engineering is
excellent for this as you can easily build/design/implement/test
something that will help at least someone, somewhere.

That you enjoy or are at least interested in. If you can’t think of
anything you love or enjoy, think of things you can tolerate. It
doesn’t sound great, but it’s a starting point. The idea is you have
to start somewhere. If you keep waiting to carve the perfect

20
picture, time will pass by and you will make no progress. Start with
something you don’t hate, and from there you will calibrate. I
listed some options in the previous chapter, I hope at least one of
them didn’t sound too bad!

Do your research. Find your favorite search engine and spend

hours looking things up about things on your list. Go one by one.
What is work-life balance like? What is the current job market for
it? Is it fun? Is it boring? How much money do they make? What
industries do they work in? How do people who have retired from
this area feel about it? Is it worth taking out loans and investing
years in? Go on job searching websites such as Indeed and type
the position. In what locations do these jobs exist? Can you
imagine yourself living in these places? You see the direction this
is heading. Now be creative with this one.

Experiment. The internet has massive amounts of information

that could transform your life from rags to riches. The internet is
also a place where you can waste endless hours of your precious
time. Don’t get stuck on the search engine! Go out and take
action. Think you want to be a programmer? Go talk to a
programmer! Even better, watch some YouTube videos about
Python (my favorite programming language), and download
Python yourself and start playing around with it. Think you want
to be a power engineer? Try to find one and email them some of
your questions. Ask your professors who teach power courses on
the industry and what they think a job there is like, and what skills
you need. Engage in clubs and societies that offer opportunities
related to that field. Join clubs where people do hands-on activities
related to that thing, you’re interested in. Talk to as many people

21
as you can about this. Find a family friend who does this and ask
them questions. And last but not least, take courses in this area.
This is kinda obvious, but take those courses seriously and
constantly ask yourself if this completely bores you or if you can
work with it. Work on projects in this area. This could be for
credit, or just simply online courses that you can find for free.
Experiment! Experiment! Experiment! This is the fun part.

Eliminate the ones you don’t like. As simple as that, now you have
a smaller pool to choose from. Although now that you have
experimented, more things have appeared on the list, which
brings us to the next point. Immerse yourself in more things and
mentally keep track of what you like and don’t like. This will
happen naturally when you first take action. In later chapters, I
mention “random” things I would do that have exposed me to
great opportunities. You will expose yourself to things beyond
what you do on a daily basis, and that will help you gain new
perspectives and develop new interests. The earlier this happens
in your life, the better.

Repeat. Do it again. And again. This completes the “calibration”

process.
Let’s hear it again: “Find a few things of value that you enjoy or
are at least interested in, do your research and experiment,
eliminate the ones you don’t like. Repeat.”
At the end of this process you’ll magically find yourself in a place
where you at least know what’s going on, can see where things are
heading, and you’re totally cool with it. If you’re like me, you’ll
find out you enjoy more than one thing and struggle to combine

22
them. In later chapters, I elaborate on how to balance your
different interests and find connections between them. Once you
find an area, you’ll want to adopt some habits and principles to
ensure you are the best engineer you can be. Let’s dive in!

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 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Best Engineers

The best engineers are not necessarily the most technically gifted,
but rather the engineers who can have the biggest impact. Imagine
if Elon Musk was unable to communicate his ideas, how useful
would his ideas be? -- This is a big eye-opener. Let’s say you are
unable to understand a concept and go seek help. If you can
explain exactly where you are stuck, whoever is helping you will
give you the push you need forward. You will have an “aha
moment”, solve the problem, and become smarter. Everybody
wins. Now if you can’t communicate where you're stuck, you may
be stuck there forever. Everybody loses.
Communication and soft-skills are extremely important. You will
work in teams. You will have partners. You will need to present
your work. You will get stuck and explain where you are stuck. If
you can’t, you’re dragging everyone behind. Good
communication skills mean you’re going to be more likable in the
workforce, which is important. In chapter 9 "How to Become
Smarter" I will tell you how you can improve your soft skills.
The best engineers LOVE learning. They chase knowledge, they
constantly grow.
The best engineers maintain honesty, not just with others, but
more importantly with themselves. They learn from their mistakes
and admit to making mistakes. When you’re 17 years old, you’ll
make plenty of mistakes, and you’ll probably deny many of them,

24
but you’ll learn from them. When you’re 23, you’ll make fewer
mistakes, you’ll own up to more of them, and you’ll learn more
from them. You see the trend. Everybody makes mistakes, you
need to hold yourself accountable and know how to improve, but
not be too harsh on yourself. If you show growth, people will
forgive you for your previous mistakes. I know I’ve made
countless mistakes, but others will usually see my good intent and
hard work and help me learn from my mistakes. Learn from other
people’s mistakes while you’re at it, it saves time.
The best engineers are not afraid to share their well-thought-out
opinions and ideas, and always provide feedback to help calibrate
and push everyone else forward. The best engineers are nice and
kind, treat everyone with respect and try to always lift everyone
upwards with their enthusiasm. They take their work relationships
seriously and maintain their professionalism. I find it most
effective to combine positive and negative feedback when
addressing someone directly. My mother is a social worker and
often works with members of society who need help getting their
life back together. If she tells them straight that they have made
terrible decisions in life, they will be too hurt and won’t be excited
to improve. Instead, she finds the good decisions they have made
in their lives and uses that as the foundation. She uses the
“sandwich method” to give them feedback on things that they
could improve without feeling hurt or demotivated. Let’s say you
just built your first electronics project but it’s not working and you
come to me for help. I could be blunt and tell you your choice of
components is wrong, or I could first tell you that you chose the
right board and can have good interfaces, and then tell you your
components aren’t the best and show you how to find better
components. The positive and negative feedbacks sandwiched
together to address the issue while giving you a boost of

25
confidence that you’re moving in the right direction. Use this
sandwich method when you need to confront others about things
they’re doing wrong, and their human instincts of hating you a
little for calling them out won’t be too bad. This is one example
of soft skills that can help you.
The best engineers can be really good in one area, but are they a
well-rounded problem-solver? Are they able to learn any skill if
they were given all the time and resources they needed? Are they
ready to adapt to new changes and take on challenges? Are they
constantly learning and growing? Are they hanging out with
people outside of their areas?
The best engineers must possess the ability to work
independently, and come up with their ideas and solutions. This
is crucial. When you work with well-accomplished overly-
occupied engineers, their time is extremely valuable, and you
don’t want to waste it asking stupid questions. It’s important to do
your research first, try to find answers on your own, and when
you’re really really stuck, you can finally reach out to those
engineers. When you value other people’s time, you will start to
value your own time, and great things will happen from thereon.
When people sense you value their time, and are asking them
good questions, they probably like you a lot more. This is the
simple truth folks, no other way around it. You'll meet many nice
people who will still answer your stupid questions and encourage
them, those people are angels, be sure to value their time and
thank them for being such amazing human beings.
I could write a whole book on what I think the best engineers look
like, but I want you to know that the best engineers are the ones
who believe in themselves and won’t let anything tear them down.
They are titanium. If there’s anything I want you to take away from

26
this chapter, it’s this one. I am no by no means the best engineer,
but I try hard to be. When you set certain principles and standards
for yourself to follow, it slowly becomes who you are.
Now I hear you. You want to be the best engineer, but you think
in order to be excellent at something, you have to love it. I agree.
It’s easier to learn independently when you like what you’re
learning, even better when you love it, so let’s jump into the next
chapter and see how you can make learning more fun.

27
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Loving the Game

Loving the game is crucial to any game you play in life, and
engineering is no exception. You want to choose a job that you’d
still go to work for without pay. The less you love what you do,
the more work is going to feel like work. I spent quite some time
explaining how to find an area you like, leading you to like what
you do. But now let’s take things to the next level, how can you go
from liking it to loving it? There are four ways to do this: Use fun
ways to learn it, be good at it, find like-minded people, and teach
it.

1) Use fun ways to learn it: Have you stopped for a second and
thought about the things I work on? Lasers? Satellites? Space?
Brain-communication? They all sound like science fiction, and in
a way, they are, I’m just helping make them more of a reality. For
me it’s almost a prerequisite that what I learn has to be cool and
fascinating, and if it’s not, I find ways to make it so. I struggled
with signal processing; those Fourier transforms and endless other
algorithms just flew over my head. I could not understand what’s
going on. This was a big problem as this is the area I wanted to
specialize in, I was in big trouble! So, I decided to study it through
the lens of something that I love, music!
You see, any song requires lots of signal processing to make it
sound nice. If you go on YouTube and type how to make a simple

28
electronic song, you'll hear the video maker talk about things like
gain, compression, frequency domain, phase, filtering, and they
will play around with some buttons and knobs and show you what
those things mean. The concepts are the same in communication
systems, so once you understand them there, you can bring them
over. It’s like a life hack almost, you learn about signal processing
while being able to make music as a result, funny, right? I found
this highly effective as I started DJing when I taught
communication systems, and many of my students instantly
understood concepts mentioned like frequency domain, filtering,
gain, phase, which previously seemed like absolute black magic to
them. Imagine walking into recitation and your TA is blasting
music and teaching you how to mix music for your next party,
learning doesn’t sound too bad now does it?

2) Be really good at it: If you’re going to do something and get

paid to do it, why not do it really well? Immerse yourself in your
field. See what the cutting-edge technology is. Understand all the
basic principles and see how they can apply to the work you do.
Read books, watch YouTube videos, read articles online. Learn!
Learn! Learn! Your brain is a sponge, and the more time you
spend immersing it into something it will grow very rapidly. If I’m
going to be a communication engineer for the next few years or
decades, I want to be a kick-ass one. I want to know it all, and if
not, at least be able to know where to find information I need to
know. The better you are at something, the more you will enjoy
it, and the more you will feel that it’s a part of who you are.

3) Find like-minded people: who share this interest, the better

29
they are, the better you’ll become. From experience, I can tell you
that learning is a lot more fun when you’re doing it in groups, even
if it’s just you and someone else. When I started out as a
freshman, I hated how much I struggled in physics and calculus,
and it was only when I met my friend Dan who shared my struggle
for these subjects and we started studying together, it started
clicking a lot quicker. When two brains go at something, they
solve it much quicker, and even better expose each other to new
perspectives. Dan and I were both like-minded in that we knew
engineering is a good field and we had a burning desire to be
better engineers, so naturally by studying physics together we aced
it. Till this day Dan and I are close friends, and having that
friendship makes me enjoy engineering a lot more than I would
have on my own.
Later, wanting to expand into a larger group of more like-minded
people, Dan joined the University at Buffalo Nanosatellite
Laboratory (UBNL) and I soon followed. At UBNL, we were
amazed by all these kids who went on to intern at NASA, SpaceX,
and are building satellites and rockets when they’re our age or
even younger. They were like gods that we worshipped. For my
first year hanging out in that lab, I felt dumber than almost
everybody in there, but I enjoyed that every time I was there, I was
learning something new. The more I understood, the more
knowledgeable I became, and the more I liked what I did. Besides
Dan, I met many other people who could talk about things I
wanted to learn all day, and hanging out with them was an insane
transformation for my brain. A year later after Dan and I, both
were serving as lead engineers for the lab, managing our own
groups and guiding others in our areas to what to do, we realized
that that you don’t have to be a genius to go on to do all the
amazing work in research and industry. Most of genius are not

30
geniuses, they are just normal people like you and me who
decided to work hard in an area that they found interesting and
used momentum to carry themselves away, and that’s a pretty
good formula for success. If you want to love what you do, find
others who love it, and hang out with them.

4) Teach it: to people who value learning. Perhaps one of my

most rewarding experiences was getting a job as a teaching
assistant. When you teach something, you have this impression
that you own it and that it’s yours, and you’re presenting a part of
who you are to others. Naturally, as humans, we love ourselves,
so if we combine something to our perception of ourselves, we
will subconsciously love it more. I taught communication systems
for two semesters to two different groups of students, and each
time I teach it, I like it more. I get very flattered when students
come to me and say they also want to pursue communications as
their area in EE. It means they’ve liked what I have presented so
much that they want to be a part of it too.
Teaching does not necessarily mean that you need a classroom
and a whiteboard. Anybody can be a teacher. If someone asks you
a question, you have an opportunity to teach. At the UBNL there
was a huge culture of sharing information and teaching things to
others. In this community, everybody naturally becomes smarter
and likes what they do more because there's this amazing
circulation of information all around. You’re constantly giving and
absorbing, and through meetings, you have to present your
findings and expect others to question/challenge you on them,
and when that happens and you know your stuff, it feels really
good.
As you can see, those 4 steps can take place simultaneously and

31
affect each other. For example, when you teach something, you’ll
come across concepts you don’t know, and you’ll go and look
them up. Whoever is asking you is interested in the same thing
you are, hence they are in a way like-minded, and you can talk
more with them about the topics shared in common. This can be
mixed and intertwined in endless scenarios, that’s why I find those
4 most effective.
As engineers, we build, create, fix, and brainstorm about things
that will help other people. You need to install this drive in you to
get satisfaction from what you do, or else you won’t love it. If you
don’t care about others at all, you’ll have a hard time going off of
just personal satisfaction. Start with being grateful. First of all,
acknowledge you are lucky to live in a place where you have
flexibility of choice in what you do. You have family members
who love you, and have friends and teachers who you can learn
from. You live during the time of the internet where anything you
want to learn is a click away, which makes your time more
precious than ever. Find your balance of gratitude and ambition.
So far, I’ve been giving you a lot of guidelines on how to choose a
good area for you, be good at it, and like it more than you have
imagined. Now let’s go into a more concrete direction where we
establish some goals you need to target and how to go after them
in the real world. Let’s start by showing you how you can get your
first internship.

32
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Road to Your Internship

The road to your first internship can seem tough and draining. If
you’re an international student, even more, but with good
planning and execution, any internship can be yours. Having an
internship is the ultimate undergraduate engineering experience.
It’s like being a pawn up in chess, as long as you don’t blunder,
you’re on your way to victory. I call it a road because it requires
many steps before you reach the destination. It requires
perseverance and will, but it’s also an enjoyable journey.
Everything we’ve been talking about in the past 6 chapters has
been focused on you choosing your area of interest, becoming
good at it, and understanding where you want to go from there.
Think of that ground zero that you need to find the internship you
want. A typical internship in the United States takes place during
the summer and lasts around 3 months. But before we dive in,
why do I think internships are so important? Here’s a few reasons:

1. An internship allows you to be an actual engineer in the real

world. You work for a company, and are in the same environment
as those engineers who are working full time.
2. It helps you see whether you enjoy the area you’re studying.
Classes and assignments can only “simulate” what the field may
look like, but there is no better way to find out than to go out there
and dive in head first.

33
3. It allows you to make connections and build a network in
industry. If the company likes you, they will usually give you a full
time offer.
4. You know it’s only a short period that will eventually end, so
you stay energetic the whole time and try to make the most out of
it. In other words, you learn A LOT in very little time.
5. Last but not least, it plays a big role in your decision whether
you want to work in industry right after graduation or continue
and go to grad school (or even switch careers).

So now that we agree this is something worth chasing, how do you

do it? Obviously, you can go online right now and apply to endless
internship postings (in fact, I encourage you to, just make sure
your resume looks great). This chapter is all about increasing the
probability of someone actually reaching back once you apply.
This will be mainly determined by your experience that you’ve
gathered along the road.
To build your way towards having the experience that will help
you increase the probability of landing your desired internship,
you will need to build that experience!
If you have absolutely no experience, I suggest you start with
undergraduate research. Many engineering schools hire faculty
based on their research abilities, and most of those faculties are
open to working with undergraduate students since they are
usually motivated and are free labor. In many cases, you would
work with a graduate student and not always directly with the
professor, but what's even better, as the grad student can give you
more of their time to walk you through what you need to learn. I
personally started with undergraduate research in my freshman

34
year working at an MRI lab and was fascinated by the cool
electromagnetics that enabled us to look inside the human body.
I wrote a Matlab script that measured the size of lesions in the
brains of multiple sclerosis patients. That was the first thing I put
on my resume and from there, I had the experience to apply for
more advanced work.
Another thing you can pursue is a club or an independent project.
Again, most engineering schools will have engineering clubs in
which students engage in an activity such as building a car, a cube
satellite, a wind turbine, or even paper airplanes. The idea is you
want to engage in some club where you work with a team of other
engineers to solve a common problem. This again serves as a great
pre-requisite to applying for an internship since you already have
the skills of working in a group and solving problems in a real-
world setting. I would say an ideal internship candidate is
someone who has good grades, been involved in undergraduate
research, and has been involved in independent projects. Prior
internship experience is even better!
It’s that simple. If you can get those things, you will highly increase
your chance of landing an internship. Obviously, the actual
process of getting the internship will require a good resume and
some serious networking skills but don’t you worry, we will cover
those in the next two chapters.
The key idea I want you to take away is to not be intimidated and
overwhelmed. Work towards small incremental increases to
reach one goal at a time. In my case, first I joined a research lab
and did very minor things. Then I joined another one which
interested me more (remember the calibration process) and also
worked on small things. Then I took on more work. Then I
became a lead and had more responsibility. Then I managed and

35
led people. Then I finally got accepted for two internships! I got
an offer from Ford in Michigan, and Northrop Grumman in LA,
which at the time was building NASA’s James Webb space
telescope. And then I went to KSC, and then JPL. You see the
pattern. Once you pass a certain threshold, you are golden.
Once you do engage in these valuable experiences, you will want
to document and showcase them properly. Let’s jump into the
next chapter to see how we can do that.

36
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Ideal Resume

When a recruiter looks at your resume, they usually have about

30 seconds to scan the whole thing with their eyes. You want to
make sure that within 30 seconds they see something they’re
looking for. If I were a recruiter, I’d want to see something cool
and applicable. Your grades are nice and all, they tell me you care
and you can finish tasks, but they don’t say anything beyond that.
What have you done? What have you built? What makes you
stand out in contrast to countless other applicants (who also have
good grades)?
Generally, your resume should be a 1 page, nicely formatted,
description of what you’ve accomplished, and what you’re capable
of, with a hint of what you’d like to do next. This can be actually
declared in something such as an objective, or it can just be “felt”
from the direction that the experience listed pushes the recruiter.
I spent countless hours perfecting me up to date resume and
before I give you specific concrete tips on what to do or not to do,
let’s take a look at it.
I am going to break down my old resume to explain what’s worth
having and in what order. This resume was written when my
advisor was still a professor at UB (he’s now at Northeastern
University as of the time I am writing this book, where I will be
joining him to complete my Ph.D.), but it serves the purpose of
this chapter. You can find my newest resume on my website

37
here: https://buffalo.digication.com/ali-alqaraghuli/academics

Name and Education:

This is what the very top part of my resume looks like. You can
see my name, my e-mail, and a LinkedIn link to get a more
detailed history of what I’ve accomplished. You can see that first
thing on top is education, my university, and since I’m a graduate
student, I showcase my advisor as well (if you have a well-
accomplished advisor, this only makes your resume stronger).
Many people wonder if it’s okay to not include your GPA. I think
anything above 3.0 should be included. Engineering school is
tough, so don’t freak out about your GPA, although try to improve
it as much as possible - the higher your grades are, the better off
you are, especially if you have no work experience. The current
education system can be a bit dry and boring, but still, you gotta
play the game. Get good grades. It’ll open doors.

38
Next is industry experience:

You want to show your most recent internship on top. Pay

attention to how I decide which sentences to bold, which one to
italicize, and which ones to leave as is. Notice how the font I use
is elegant and friendly for the eye. The dates are very well laid out.
I choose to include the location to showcase the specific branch
of each company -- this could help for networking purposes,
which I discuss in the next chapter.
Notice how every bullet starts with an action. I designed. I
developed. I tested. I won.

39
You want to showcase what you’ve done, so the recruiter gives you
the appropriate amount of credit. If you have one internship and
one research experience, you might just want to have one
“experience” section that groups everything. But if you’re like me
and have multiple projects in each, you might want to include
another section, a separate Research Experience section like this:

Lay out your projects and highlight what your contributions were.
Since both of my projects were at my university with my advisor,
there was no need to repeat that information. Again, notice how I
start each sentence with an action. This is a bit outdated since I
don’t have my recent research projects, but serves to show my
undergrad and MS level projects. Next, you want to highlight your
Skills:

I like to break it into two sections since I am trilingual, and I like

to showcase that. If you only speak English, ignore the languages
part, and emphasize any software skills you have. You can also
include soft skills like public speaking or leadership - for me I

40
would rather people find those out through experience from
interacting with me as an engineer and as a person.
Last but not least, you want to showcase your Awards:

Brag, but be humble. This can be a mixture of technical and

holistic awards, I like to keep those at the very bottom in my
resume since they make for a nice conclusion -- when you put the
resume together, it flows quite nicely. It shows you this person is
educated, has worked well in industry, has worked well in
research, has gained valuable skills, and has been awarded for
them.
Keep in mind that based on what the application requires, you will
have to slightly change your resume to showcase what they’re
looking for. If they want to see leadership, emphasize that. If they
want to see purely technical, focus on that, and so on. It is likely
that you will have more than one version of your resume.
Now I know what you’re thinking -- I have a lot of experience, it's
not so difficult for me to make a solid resume. But I wasn’t born
with these experiences. Each one of them was their own journey
and had its own hard work. The resume is just the picture that you
paint to highlight what you’ve done. Your resume can look a lot
better than this if you work harder and smarter than I did.
My goal here is to show you proper formatting and what looks
aesthetically pleasing to the recruiter, but the key idea is this: your
resume is your chance to highlight whatever it is that you have

41
done well. If you’ve only worked on one project, you want it to be
the center of attention of the resume - talk about it in detail. If
you’ve only done classes and got good grades, talk in more detail
about classes and maybe some projects you did in those classes,
even if they’re little assignments. If you’ve only done research,
include a lot of detail about that research. Don’t make your
resume look half empty, but at the same time don’t just fill it with
useless information.
You want to showcase whatever it is to help you get to the next
level. As you get more and more experience, you’ll erase the old
stuff and add in the cool new stuff. You can try to use my template,
but feel free to look around and experiment with whatever pleases
your eye.
Keep your resume short, brief, and to the point. One page
maximum unless you’re so accomplished, but at that point should
you even worry about making a resume?
Use sites such as LinkedIn to showcase whatever you can’t fit on
that one page. Remember, recruiters on average have 30 seconds
on a good day to read your work -- can you grab their attention?
You might ask: “how do I even run into a recruiter in the first
place?”, well, for that, let’s take a look at the next chapter.

42
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Your First Job Offer

Your first job offer can determine the direction in which your
career takes off. It is important to get multiple offers so you can
choose the best one on your own criteria. Usually, people pay
attention to the following criteria when searching for a job:

● Salary
● Company Size
● Location
● Vacation Time
● Development programs
● Grad-school assistance programs

These things are important and you should consider them, but I
would argue that the most important thing about a job is the
people you work with. That’s why internships are so important
since they expose you to work cultures and help you define what
your ideal work environment looks like. Even if you don’t have
an internship, you can usually get a feel for the company culture
from speaking to the recruiters who are sometimes engineers.

43
Some companies offer you to tour their facilities, I would highly
recommend you ask about those types of exposure
opportunities.
Now that you have your resume nicely polished and ready to go,
how do you go about landing those job offers? How do you meet
those recruiters? Of course, you can go ahead and apply online,
and you should, but applying online should not be your primary
method of job searching, simply because most companies hire
engineers through recruitment in conferences and events. I highly
suggest you sign up for a conference or event of some sort that is
sponsored by employers of interest to you.
When I was in undergrad, I applied to countless internships and
programs, and most of them I was able to get through some type
of program or networking event. Only for my NASA Kennedy
Space Center, was I able to land the internship by applying online.
You could say I got lucky, but even that required a very good letter
from my undergrad advisor amidst a long and tedious application
process that not many were willing to go through. You want to
attend good networking events.
Here’s a breakdown of what kind of networking events I’m talking
about:

1. Society Conferences:
In almost any engineering school in the US, there are engineering
clubs and societies that are aimed to assist undergraduate students.
Where I attended school at the University at Buffalo, those
societies included:

44
● American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
● Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
● Society of Biomedical Engineers (SBE)
● Society of Automotive Engineers (ASE)
● Society of Women Engineers (SWE)
● Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE)
● National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)
● Society of Asian Scientists and Engineers (SASE)
● Organization of Arab Students (OAS)

The list is much longer, but these are some of the ones I’ve
attended. Believe it or not, I was a member or attended one event
in all of those societies listed. While some of them are focused
around a certain group of people, they are non-discriminatory and
welcome people from all backgrounds. In fact, I’ve found that
such societies appreciate people out of that culture that join in to
learn more. For example, I am not Hispanic, but being part of
SHPE made a big difference in my career. Not only did I learn so
much about Hispanic culture, and make life-long friends from
central and south America, but the SHPE conference helped me
land my first internship and my first research opportunity.
Without attending those meetings, I would’ve still been applying
online by now and who knows, I would probably be in a very
different life trajectory.
I must bring to your attention that being part of these societies is
about giving, and not just taking. If you solely join such
organizations to see what you can get out of them, and not

45
contribute anything, you are in the wrong mindset. Before I
reaped my SHPE benefits, I had joined in countless events in the
city of Buffalo and I even tried to run for office. I did those things
out of passion for the society and wanting to spend good time with
the people, and I was unexpectedly rewarded elsewhere. This
applies to anything in life. If you focus on giving instead of
receiving, you will receive more than you can imagine.

2. Research Conferences
If you decide to do undergraduate research, do whatever it takes
to be part of some publication or publish your project in a
conference. This is another phenomenal experience you can
benefit from. I presented my undergraduate research at the
McNair Conference in Niagara Falls in 2016, and it was a great
opportunity to showcase my experience and also a great
opportunity to be noticed and discovered. In the research
conference world, you’ll meet many companies that are doing
cutting edge research in the area you are presenting. Having them
capture your enthusiasm is a great place to land an internship or
a job!

3. Job Fairs
Most universities have some type of job fair in which local
companies come to recruit talent. This is something you must
attend, since it is free and sponsored by your own school. I
attended my university’s job fair a few times, and while I did not
receive any offers from attending, I learned a great deal about how
to interact with recruiters, what information they’re looking for,
and how to calibrate my resume to fit what they want to see.

46
Contrary to my experience, I’ve had many friends land
internships and jobs from the career fair at my school, so that
alone could be a good enough option for employment.
4. Workshops
Sometimes companies hold workshops to either present new
technology or showcase their products in an attempt to attract
more customers. However, at those events, recruiters may also be
present since some of the audience is made of engineering
students who are either interested or involved in the technology.
I attended a Keysight workshop on the basics of RF testing tools
that they were selling, and right there they announced they were
interested in RF engineers to apply! Coincidently, the guy sitting
next to me was working for a photonics company and since I
asked him a few good questions that demonstrated I know a bit
about photonics, he asked me to apply to his company's
internship program! I had a chance at two internships simply by
showing up to a free event that was suggested by one of my
professors. Never say no to opportunities, especially free ones!

5. Shadowing Events
While this is more common in the medical field than in
engineering, shadowing consists of you showing up and just
observing what a professional does in their job. When I used to
want to be a doctor, I shadowed many doctors of different
specialties and each one of them taught me something valuable.
When you shadow you simply get to watch and ask questions.
Lucky for me, I was able to find a program that could get me to
shadow an engineer in Buffalo. I spent a whole day at a company
called Greatbatch Medical. That whole day I spent touring their

47
facilities, shadowing an awesome design engineer, and
experiencing what it's like to be an engineer in the real world.
While companies usually do this as a way to give back to the
community, it also can be a recruitment opportunity! Through my
interactions there, I made great connections that I could have
used down the line to try and get an internship. More importantly,
the mentorship I received helped me learn about what I want in a
career. Look out for those types of events as they are usually
offered by the leadership office at your school.

6. Referrals
While you’re in school, I highly suggest you make a larger number
of friends than you would like. Your peer group is your future
network, and the more time you spend with each of them to learn
about what they’re interested in, not only are you exposed to new
perspectives and ideas, but those same friends could refer you to
a job in the future!
I have a friend who was in the grade below me, and he is the
definition of a social butterfly. He is genuinely interested in asking
good questions to just about everyone he meets. He genuinely
cares to know and learn from others, and therefore others are
more than happy to share and connect with him. I am willing to
bet he will not have a hard time finding a job in the future, simply
because he can get referred to a job by his friends, who also are
aware of his good engineering skills. You don’t ever want to make
enemies in engineering school, and you never want to burn a
bridge. Your friends and peers could be your ticket to a good job
in the future!

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7. LinkedIn
This has been kind of a hot trend in the recent few years,
LinkedIn is becoming a very popular place where recruiters meet
talent online. As I mentioned in the previous chapter, you want to
make sure your LinkedIn profile is updated and looking good. It
may be even more important in the future than your resume, who
knows?
Simply by having a good profile that shows your skills and
experiences, and turning on the option to be noticed, you will
receive messages from recruiters. Even better, you can take a
proactive approach and find recruiters from companies that
interest you and message them -- make your message as brief and
to the point as possible, but showcase what makes you stand out.
At the end of the day, you will end up with a good job, don’t stress
about it, but don’t sit around and do nothing. If you apply online
and do some of the 7 things I listed, you are increasing your
probability to be noticed. Exposure to internships and jobs is so
important, the more you do the more you figure out what you
want to do next. You may do all of that and then realize you want
to take a completely different path! Let’s go into the next chapter
and see what I’m talking about.

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 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Industry vs. Grad School: Does

the Learning Ever Stop?

If you’re like me, you will reach your senior year and realize that
your goals have changed since you joined college. You will panic.
All of a sudden, the 80k a year on a 9-5 schedule isn’t as great as
you’ve thought. This journey is coming to an end and you need to
make a decision quickly on where to go next. Most people you’re
surrounded with will be accepting their job offers, but you did
work in industry through internships, and you think there might
be something more exciting out there. What’s the other option?
You start looking into graduate school.
When I first started looking into graduate school, my initial
thought was I need more time to figure out my next step. I had
received a job offer from the company where I interned in my
junior summer. While I liked it and liked the people I was
surrounded with, I didn’t want to lose the benefits of being a
student such as learning in freedom and managing my own
schedule to do the things I like. When I worked in a company,
learning felt like work, but when I was in a university, learning felt
like something more.
Should you go to graduate school? It depends.
Do you enjoy the university environment? Or you can’t wait to be
done?

50
Can you handle an additional few years of being broke? Or do
you need to make money urgently?
Do you think you’re “ready” for the workforce? Or could you use
more time in school?
Now that you’ve answered those, let’s move on to the more
important questions.
Is there a certain area you like in your major that you could
specialize in?
Is there a certain professor you’ve found who does fascinating
research you see yourself doing?
Is there anything you haven’t accomplished in undergrad that you
wish to do in grad school?
Does a higher degree offer you access to more job opportunities,
or benefits within a company (higher salary, better projects, etc.)?
By now you see I can’t give you answers. I can only ask you
questions. It all comes down to your goals and whether graduate
school can add value specifically for you. One general rule I would
recommend is for engineering, you should not pay for engineering
graduate school. Usually someone else should pay, whether it be
a scholarship/fellowship, your advisor, or an employer.
If you want to dive more deeply into learning something and still
want to have the luxury of being a student, and you’ve got the
funding, then it’s a no brainer. If not, think about it more carefully.
When you go to industry you will be doing a lot of learning. It’s
your choice if you have reached your saturation point with formal
education, or if you want to continuously grow and chase more
challenging research as a student. This will largely depend

51
on where you work, and that’s why you should choose carefully.
For me, going to graduate school was the best decision I could
have made. Not only did it allow me to be part of a phenomenal
laboratory and work under an incredible advisor, but it has
allowed me to study abroad in Spain for a semester, to teach, and
to travel to conferences. These are just some benefits. The biggest
is it has allowed me to maintain my creativity and flexibility which
would otherwise be more difficult to maintain in industry.
If you do pursue a Master's degree, try to do a thesis, or at least
work with an advisor on a research project so you can showcase
you’ve done more than take some classes and pass.
If you plan on pursuing a Ph.D., you want to very carefully
consider your school and your advisor. Your advisor will
determine your future, and therefore you should choose a person
who’s compatible with your personality. For example, I’m very
growth-oriented as a person. I am an effective communicator, and
I am radically open-minded and like to dive into new ideas. I,
therefore, made sure that the advisor I work with possesses those
traits as well, such that we work together in harmony and don’t
come across many disagreements. To this day, my advisor and I
have never had a disagreement lasting more than a few minutes.
We work quickly and efficiently to solve problems of all sorts.
Make sure you have this mutually respectful relationship with
your advisor, it will make your Ph.D. a lot more enjoyable.
In summary, think of graduate school as a luxury that you can
obtain if you can do your research and find what you're looking
for in terms of school, advisor, funding, and what you hope to gain
out of the program. You can learn a lot more in industry, and
make more money as well, so weigh your pros and cons and see
what’s best for you. Either direction is good, but either way, you

52
go, you want to make sure you are growing and continuously
becoming smarter. In the next chapter, I will share my set of
principles for how to become smarter, you will love them!

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 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How to Become Smarter

This is perhaps the most important chapter in the book since

anybody outside of engineering can still gain a lot from it. There
are multiple areas you can improve in. I could have written a
whole book on this, and I probably will, but I’ll keep it to the few
key ideas that I think you should start with.
You’ve probably heard people try to measure intelligence -- to me
that is nonsense. Intelligence is growable and not static. I know
this from personal experience. I am much smarter than I was one
year ago because in this past year I have designed my first antenna,
designed a laser communication system, learned about nutrition,
attended physical therapy and learned about ligaments to heal my
knee and (understood the mechanics of the human body as a
result), read books about finances, chess, health, self-
improvement, wrote my first book (which you’re reading now!),
released my first electronic music album, and done countless
smaller things that make me smarter than who I was before. I
didn’t only get smarter from doing them, but also from all the
challenges that I had to solve in order to do them. Any problem
you solve makes you smarter, even if by a tiny amount. Those tiny
amounts add up.
How do you get yourself to do things efficiently so you can
become smarter? Let’s look into it:

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○ Improve your soft skills. It may be a shocker that this is
actually, the first thing on my list, but here’s the reasoning behind
it: without good soft skills, you won’t be as efficient in learning
from others and you won’t get your ideas across. Warren Buffet
has once said that not having good communication skills is like
winking at a girl in the dark. I learned this from personal
experience after thinking back and evaluating how I evolved into
such an effective communicator. In high school I wanted to make
a career out of writing fictional stories and making films. I spent
the majority of my time in high school watching movies, writing
stories, listening to rap and rock music, playing sports, and
engaging in all sorts of random activities. All these things forced
me to meet many people and interact with them, alongside
showcasing my work to them. This built my ability to interact with
others, as well as my ability to sell. My parents were concerned
that I was wasting my time and not unlocking my potential, but I
had a stubborn habit of going with the flow and following my gut,
so I kept doing these things anyway. Turns out all those years
“wasted” not studying science ended up being the reason I can
communicate and explain scientific matters exceptionally well.
The takeaway: nothing is wasted when it comes to working on
your soft skills, they are the ultimate transferable skills!

○ Hang out with smarter people. Usually smart people are nice
and willing to share information, as long as they see you’re
interested and not just wasting their time. No, I’m not saying
completely ditch your party friends, but go hang out more with
people who are smarter than you. I started hanging out with
people from the CubeSat laboratory at my university. These kids
were building a satellite to fly in space, to me it was insane. A few

55
months later I felt normal around them, and a year later I was
leading some of the newer members and making critical decisions.
I remember giving a presentation about optical communication
and explaining it well, everyone was mind blown. Have I just
become much smarter simply by hanging out with smart people
too often? I like to believe so!

○ Use social media wisely. As someone who’s travelled and lived

in many places, I like to keep up with my friends all over the globe,
and also post interesting things about my life that connects me and
allows me to inspire others. I understand that many people will
totally bash on social media, and the reality is you are probably
better off without it, but it’s all in how you use it. You have to
make sure you’re using it as a means of communication (and
sometimes entertainment) and not just a slot machine. I try to limit
it to keeping up with friends and occasionally checking funny
memes, but not deplete my dopamine and not have the will to do
anything else. Look up “dopamine detox” to see what I’m talking
about.

○ Organize your time. Once you’ve gotten rid of the things that
waste your time, you want to figure out what to do with your time.
If you wake up every day with no plan whatsoever, you float by
and the whole day passes and you get nothing done. There are
three tools you can use to organize your time:

■ Calendar: This is the best way to keep track of all the things
you need to do and make sure you never ever miss an

56
appointment and avoid feelings of irresponsibility and
incompetence.
■ Sticky Notes: It could be physical or on your laptop, but having
something in your face reminding you of things you need to do
will ensure you don’t forget them, and will actually help you get
them out of the way.

■ Reminders: You can tell your phone to remind you to do

something at a specific time. It helps me stay on track. Always
make reminders for important meetings.

○ Read. Read books. Read 10 pages a day. Read at least 1 page.

Don’t stop reading. When I read about successful people, they all
read multiple hours a day. There’s got to be something with
reading such that almost all successful people have it in common.
Hate to sit down and stare at pages? Read e-books, read online.
Hate to use your eyes? Use audiobooks! I have spent countless
hours listening to books while I’m driving, riding my bike,
cleaning the garage, or any activity that doesn’t involve much
thinking. Audiobooks are a lifehack because it’s as if the author is
telling you a story, it makes it much more engaging. I have read
60+ books in the first half of this year, and plan on sharing my
library on my website (www.alialqaraghuli.com) sometime in the
future. Stay tuned!

○ Write. Answer people’s questions. Helping others solve their

problem will help you go through the process of problem-solving
(becoming smarter) without having the problem yourself. That

57
goes along the line of learning from other people’s mistakes. By
the end of writing this book, I am smarter because I went through
the research process of what it takes to write a good book, how to
make a cover page, and think about what content would help
people the most. I had to go through my older resumes and think
about how I got started earlier, which helped me see how I
evolved in the recent years (and made me think differently about
the years to come).

○ TEACH. This is how you find gaps in your knowledge -

Richard Feynman, who was a phenomenal teacher, gave credit to
his teaching ability on his way to winning a Nobel prize. He
emphasized that only when you have a deep understanding of
something, you can explain it in simple terms to someone else,
and vice versa. I personally attest to the Feynman method!

○ Learn how to market yourself. In order for others to take you

seriously and give you their precious time, their first impression
of you will matter a lot. Learn how you present yourself and try to
highlight what you wish for others to see in you. For me, I like to
showcase my enthusiasm and creativity in problem-solving, as well
as my passion for working with other people. This is easier to do
when you’re self-confident.

○ Practice self-confidence. Yes, practice. What you tell yourself

on a daily basis eventually reflects how confident you are in
yourself. As humans, we are living research laboratories that focus
on negative things that we’d like to improve. Make sure you’re
shedding plenty of light on the positive things you do and the good

58
qualities you have, and come up with good plans to fix any fixable
issues you see in yourself. Muhammad Ali would often say “I’m
the greatest!”, Arnold Schwarzenegger would say “Live Strong!” -
- they didn’t start saying these things to themselves once they
became successful, it was actually the reason they gained success
in the first place. If you don’t believe in yourself nobody will. It’s
that simple. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

○ Take care of your health. You cannot separate the mind from
the body. Learn about what’s a proper diet for your body type.
Avoid added sugar at all costs. Avoid plant-seed oils. Learn about
these things. Learn about oxidation and inflammation of the body.
Eat real food, eat what your body is used to eating! Learn to be in
control of your desires and don’t succumb to what feels good at
the moment. Experiment with the right diet until you find what
increases your mental sharpness the most. For me, I try to stay
away from refined carbs and sugars and get my energy from eating
whole foods. Make sure you’re frequently moving around and
aren’t being a couch potato all day. Ride a bike. Go for a walk
while thinking through a problem or listening to a podcast (or
audiobook). You can do other things like lifting weights, playing
sports, or anything that can get you to move around. ALL are
helpful to keep the mind sharp and inspired. You can check out
the best diet books I’ve read from my online book library.

○ Wish well for the world. You have a finite amount of mental
energy daily, a part of that is towards your emotions. If you hold
grudges, constantly criticize without providing suggestions, hate on
people/things, you are wasting your precious emotional energy.

59
Forgive people. Remove toxic people from your life, but still
forgive them on any damage they’ve caused you. Success is the
best revenge. Your energy should be optimized to improve
yourself. No energy drained on the no-longer-controllable past!
The past is only for reflection and good memories, which should
not drain your mental energy.

○ Have good mentors. This one is so important that I’m writing

an entire chapter on it, let’s check it out!

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 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Value of Mentorship

The value of mentorship cannot be quantified. It is of infinite

value. It’s the closest thing we have to time travel. Someone with
more knowledge and experience can simply pass it onto you. It’s
a “life hack”. I attribute most of my success to having met the right
people at the right time, although I wish I had met most of them
earlier.
There are two types of mentors: those you meet in your real life
and directly interact with, and those you “virtually meet” through
things like books, TV, or any online content. Both are important,
and both can impact your life dramatically.
You need personable mentors, like professors, who you can
interact with. Those you can develop a relationship with. The
reason I talk about internships a lot in this book is because a
company will pair you with a mentor, an engineer usually, and that
person will have a dramatic impact on your work experience and
subsequently your career. They will point you in the right
direction and answer your questions, and pretty much “calibrate”
you into being a real engineer and not just a student. I am lucky
to have had incredible mentors in all my internships,
Through books and the internet, you have access to countless
mentors online. I am constantly mentored by Cristiano Ronaldo,
Bobby Fischer, Ray Dalio, Elon Musk, Muhammad Ali, and
many others. I am also mentored by individuals who lived a long

61
time ago, such as Leonardo DaVinci, Avicenna, and Confucious.
They figured out a system that works, and that it’s worth
transferring to others. Lucky for me, they documented their life
principles and I can follow them and learn from them. Lucky for
me, I live in the age of the internet where you have access to
anything with a few clicks, usually for free. I read their
autobiographies, I learn from how they behave, how they think. I
learn from engineers, craftsmen, entrepreneurs. I learn from
everyone. Everybody has something to offer. If you get good at
the skill of taking the good and throwing away the bad from
anything you encounter, you’re on your way to victory.
When I made my first electronic music album, I could have fully
relied on free online content from random youtubers (some are
great), but I chose to invest my time into two online production
series by Deadmau5 and Armin Van Buuren. From the
inspiration I got from Deadmau5, in addition to my desire to
make good music, I was able to start from scratch and release 7
tracks in less than a month!
However, don’t spend time only with virtual mentors! Find real
mentors! The more experience you get, and the more valuable
your time becomes, you want to carefully invest in your mentors.
My biggest mentorship investment is my PhD advisor. He is my
mentor in conducting scientific research, but he also mentors me
in other areas; from how to think about abstract scientific ideas,
all the way to how to simply make Matlab plots look nicer. Real-
life mentors that you can approach and ask questions are of
infinite value. They are the ones who will help you in times of
difficulty and will celebrate you when you prosper. I’ve covered
this in my previous chapter on graduate school, but now you see

62
it entirely from the mentorship lens. Professors can be
phenomenal mentors.
This brings me to an important point. In a way, everybody in your
life can be a mentor, you just have to manage which mentors you
pay close attention to. Your mentors have to be believable people
who have ideas worth sharing. The better your mentors are, the
better you will be.
Mentors are not only walking organisms of knowledge, but they
are drivers of inspiration. The key takeaway here is you will need
good mentors to succeed. How do you find good mentors? Well,
think back to our discussion of what you like, or would like to
achieve. Think of who’s done that. Look through them and see
which one you empathize with the most, now spend time going
through their ideas and principles. Take the good throw away the
bad.
Keep in mind that a mentor is not necessarily always one person,
but can be in the form of a support group. I owe a huge chunk of
my undergraduate experience to UB CSTEP, where I was pushed
forward and hyped up beyond belief! While CSTEP is an
organization to help economically disadvantaged and minority
students fulfill their potential in STEM, it felt more like a family
of amazing people who share similar difficulties in life. This level
of mentorship can be a game changer!
Speaking of family, family members can be amazing mentors, but
keep in mind that their advice will always have an emotional
aspect to it that could be protective or unrealistic. If you’re
confident and positive, you will prove to them you’re capable, and
you will win their support.

63
Last but not least, you should be a mentor yourself. Through
mentoring others, you will find out what you would like to see in
a mentee (a person being mentored), and it will allow you to make
changes to how you interact with your mentors to make a more
efficient use of their time. I have mentored countless people in
academics, work, sports, music, social life, and countless other
areas. While you may think they’re getting the better end of the
deal, think of how much I’ve learned from their experiences and
especially mistakes, and how much life experience I’ve gained in
the process. The less you expect in return, the more you enjoy the
process!
This wraps everything I wanted to cover in this book, but now I’ve
thrown a lot of information at you -- sooo…. now what?

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 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Where Do We Go from Here?

Where do we go from here? Everything you’ve read this far

should hopefully help you think about what you’d like to achieve,
the goals you need to set, and the type of people you need to
spend more time with whether in person or virtually. I’d like to
use this chapter to give direct advice based on which stage you are
in your journey from my own personal perspective, so here it is:

If you’re a Freshman:
Congrats, you are in college! This is an amazing time in your life,
filled with learning and meeting new people/ideas. A crucial factor
to your success and happiness in the next four years is the people
you meet, especially if you live on campus. You’ll meet many
people, some are school focused, some just want to party, and
some are a mix of both. Identify your goals early on and find out
what kind of people you’d like to surround yourself with. You are
an approximation of the people you hang out with.
Figure out early on what you want to major in. Don’t let this over-
stress you, turn it into a fun process. Use chapter 2 and 3 in this
book as a reference to finding the answer, and chapter 4 if you’re
considering Electrical/Computer Engineering. Make sure you
have good grades, as this will make applying for
research/internships/jobs later on much easier -- aim high. Spend

65
time in your winter and summer breaks after each semester to
think deeply and evaluate how your first semester/year was, and
what you’d like to do differently in college.

If you’re a Sophomore:
You are in an exciting year, now you’ve gotten the hang of things
and are probably having a hard time balancing things out. You’re
starting to take more intense classes, but by now you should also
be involved in outside of class activities. Remember, everyone,
takes classes and can get good grades, the only way to stand out is
to do things outside of class that involves anything from coming
across new ideas to being involved in hands-on learning.
Figure out what you want to do this summer. Since internships are
difficult to get as a sophomore, apply for undergraduate research
programs. If applying for undergraduate research programs is too
overwhelming or requires lots of experience, consider staying at
your university over the summer to do research with a professor
or work on a school project. You can also look up countless free
online websites to learn skills such as coding a certain language.
Not having classes frees up your mind and schedule tremendously
and allows for more efficient learning. If you switched your major
and are behind on classes, consider summer classes to get caught
up, although there’s absolutely nothing wrong with graduating a
semester or a year later assuming you have a better idea of what
you want to do.

If you’re a Junior:

66
This is perhaps the most difficult time in your undergraduate
career. You are taking your most difficult classes, applying for
internships, and possibly starting to panic about what to do when
you graduate. The best thing you can do for yourself is to do
everything in parallel. Get your classes done, maintain
involvement in clubs and projects, and find time in your week to
apply for internships for the summer. Attend as many networking
events as you can. Your junior year internship can help kickstart
your career as it often results in a full-time offer.

If you’re a Senior:
By now you know what you’re doing and there’s not much for me
to add. Make sure you have thoroughly thought about deciding
between full-time and graduate school. Taking a year off is not a
bad idea, but only if you continue moving forward. Trust your gut
and don’t feel rushed by other people's schedules/expectations. If
going full-time, make sure you find a company you can see
yourself grow in.

If you’re a Graduate Student:

In most cases, you’ve made a good decision. Specialize, but keep
general problem-solving skills and keep being engaged outside
your area. If you’re in graduate school you should be getting really
good at one of the areas in your major, and not just juggling
around random courses. If you are not on a thesis track, try to be
a part of a project or voluntarily do research with a professor, this
can help ensure your skills are fresh and you aren’t getting too
comfortable taking classes only. As you’re missing out on a full-
time engineer salary, make sure you take this time to learn

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financial literacy and have a plan with what to do with your money
once you start making more.
If you’re a fresh Engineer:
Congrats, you’re in the real world. Once you’re all settled in, don’t
get too comfortable. Soon enough you will be much busier
outside of work and may not have all the energy you have now, so
use it properly. Complete your tasks on time, and always look for
growth opportunities. Don’t be afraid to get involved in new
projects, but be smart about it -- if done right, this can help you
move up quickly in your career. Make sure you have time for
yourself. Do something extraordinary every once in a while. You
don’t have to commit to anything extraordinary, but small
incremental changes will do. I HIGHLY suggest you watch this
ted talk which is my absolute favorite: Look up “How to Achieve
Your Most Ambitious Goals by Stephen Duneier” -- it’s a good
place to start.
You may run into some office politics. I find the best way to go
about it is to be radically transparent and open-minded. That’s just
about the most efficient way, it has worked for me every time so
far. I leave everyone happy and never in confusion. Speak up if
you see something wrong but be smart about it. I suggest you read
the book Principles by Ray Dalio to get a better idea of the ideal
business environment and how you can shape it.
Use your money wisely and invest before you spend. You won’t
get rich by saving your money, learn how to invest it properly, and
diversify that investment to reduce risk. Don’t rely on some
magical company package as your only source of investment, take
the time to learn about all the options. If you’re smart enough to
be an engineer, you’re smart enough to learn how to manage your
funds optimally. Money is important, but keep in mind that you

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should be doing your job because you like it, not because you
desperately need the money.
As the years go by you will have an incredible amount of
knowledge and experience. You will influence many people
directly and indirectly. You will have information worth
spreading. The internet has made it such that you have immediate
access to questions from people around the globe who need help
or advice, such as on websites like Quora. Document as much as
you can that you think is worth spreading to the next generations.
Write an autobiography and pass it on to your kids and grandkids
who can pass it on to their grandkids -- if even one random person
benefits from anything you write, it’s already worth the effort.
You’ll spend your life building an empire, no matter how big or
how small, make sure to document it. Write about your ideas,
how you evolved, mistakes you went through. Even if you don’t
want to share it, document it for your own benefit. Self-journaling
as the years go by will help you reflect and see in detail how you
evolve. Finally, I want you to keep in mind that you don’t have to
be a teacher to be an educator. People can still learn through your
actions and interactions with others. Act wisely, but be yourself,
always.

We’ve reached the end of this book, I hope you learned at least
a few things while being here. Thank you for taking the time to
read this, now go make something out of it!
Please consider leaving a review. It gives me feedback on my
content and writing style. A review allows the search algorithms to
expose this book to more people. More reviews would help me
as an author reach a larger audience for this book and my future
books!

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Feel free to share this with your non-EE friends. Most information
in this book can be applied to any major, even outside of
engineering. You don’t even have to be in college to make
valuable use of this information!
If you have questions/comments regarding this book or anything
you’d like to share, please feel free to reach out! My e-mail is listed
on my website at www.alialqaraghuli.com

Best of luck!
Ali Al Qaraghuli

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