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Embedded System
PART 6 (C Programming)
POINTERS

[Link] SHENOUDA

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Pointers

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What Are Pointers?
embedded_system

 A pointer is a variable that holds a memory

address.
 This address is the location of another object
(typically another variable) in memory.
For example, if one variable contains the address of another
variable, the first variable is said to point to
the second.

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Why do we need Pointer?

embedded_system

 Simply because it’s there!

 It is used in some circumstances in C

Remember this?
scanf(“%d”, &i);

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Pointer Variables
 If a variable is going to be a
pointer, it must be declared
as such. A pointer
declaration consists of a
base type, an *, and the
variable name. The general
form for declaring a pointer
variable is
type *name;
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Pointer Variables

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Pointer Variables
embedded_system

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Pointers Pointer Variables
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Pointer Variables
embedded_system

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What is the Output ? 10 embedded_system

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Pointer Variables

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Pointer Arithmetic
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 There are only two arithmetic operations

that you can use on pointers:
addition and subtraction.

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rule govern pointer arithmetic. 13 embedded_system

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All pointer arithmetic is relative to its base

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type (assume 2-byte integers)

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LAB Average of Weights
embedded_system

 It is required to calculate the summation weight of 5

boxes. The user should enter the boxes

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Pointers and Arrays
embedded_system

 There is a close relationship between pointers and arrays.

 Consider this program fragment:
char str[80], *p1;
p1 = str;
Here, p1 has been set to the address of the first array element in str.
 To access the fifth element in str, you could write

str[4]
or
*(p1+4)
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Structure

->
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Structure

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Pointers AND Functions
embedded_system

 Pointers are used efficiently with functions. Using pointers

provides two main features:
 Fast data transfer, because only pointers are transferred.
 Pointers allow the definition of several outputs for the same
function.

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Data
Transfer
Using
Pointers

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Data
Transfer
Using
Pointers

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Passing
Arrays and
Pointers to
Functions
Normal Array
Passing

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Passing
Arrays and
Pointers to
Functions
Array
Passing with
Pointers

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Method 2 is completely equivalent

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to Method 1 which means that:

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Finally we can summarize function

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parameters types
 1. Input Parameters (Calling by Value)
The parameter values is completely transmitted to the function. This
gives the
function the ability to read the transmitted data only.
2. Input/Output Parameters (Refrence or Pointer)
The parameter pointer (refernce) is transmitted only. This gives the
function the
ability to read from and write to the original parameters.
3. Output Parameters (Return Value)
The return data of the function is assumed as an output parameter. Normally C
does
not provide other Output parameters except the return value.
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The sort function contains the two

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types of parameters.

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 Programmer can define general

pointer without specifying a linked
data type.
 This type of pointers called (void
pointer).
 void pointer can not be used
normally to manipulated data, it
is required to type cast each
data access operation.
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The function prototype is:
embedded_system

 int Compare(void* value1, void* value2, int type)

which means it takes any two pointers with uncknown
type, the third parameter informs the
type of the submitted values (1 means integer, 2
means double).

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void * pointers
 In C, it is permissible to assign a void * pointer to any other type of pointer. It
is also permissible to assign any other type of pointer to a void * pointer. A
void * pointer is called a generic pointer.
 The void * pointer is used to specify a pointer whose base type is unknown.
 The void * type allows a function to specify a parameter that is capable of
receiving any type of pointer argument without reporting a type mismatch.
 It is also used to refer to raw memory (such as that returned by the
malloc( ) function described later in this chapter)

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Pointer to Pointer
 You can have a pointer point to another pointer
that points to the target value.
 This situation is called
multiple indirection, or pointers to pointers

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NULL and Unassigned Pointers
embedded_system

 If the pointer is unassigned it will contain an invalid address, it is unsafe

to use an unassigned pointer, normally the program will crash. Fllowing
program will crash because
the (pX) pointer is not pointed to a valid address, it contain a memory
gurbage

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NULL and Unassigned Pointers
embedded_system

 To avoid using unassigned pointers, all pointers must hold a valid address,
if not it must hold
a zero value. Sometimes zero value called (NULL). Above program may be
fixed as shown
bellow:

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Labs

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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 5
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i;
*ptr = -2;

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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr; /* declare a pointer-to-integer variable */
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 5
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable
*ptr = -2;

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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr; /* declare a pointer-to-pointer-to-integer variable */
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 5
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable
[Link]
Double
Indirection
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i; /* store address-of i to ptr */
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 5
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of i
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable
*ptr int de-reference of ptr [Link]
5
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr; /* store address-of ptr to pptr */
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 5
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of i
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
*pptr int * de-reference of pptr[Link]
value of ptr
(address of i)
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 3
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of i
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
*ptr int de-reference of ptr [Link]
3
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 7
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of i
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
**pptr int de-reference of de-reference of 7
[Link]
pptr
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 7
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 10
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of j
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
*ptr int de-reference of ptr [Link]
10
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 7
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 9
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of j
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
**pptr int de-reference of de-reference of 9
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pptr
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable 7
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 9
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of i
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
*pptr int * de-reference of pptr[Link]
value of ptr
(address of i)
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An Illustration
embedded_system

int i = 5, j = 10;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
ptr = &i;
pptr = &ptr;
*ptr = 3; Data Table
**pptr = 7; Name Type Description Value
ptr = &j; i int integer variable -2
**pptr = 9; j int integer variable 9
*pptr = &i; ptr int * integer pointer variable address of i
*ptr = -2;
pptr int ** integer pointer pointer variable address of ptr
*ptr int de-reference of ptr [Link]
-2
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Pointer Arithmetic
embedded_system

 What’s ptr + 1?
 The next memory location!
 What’s ptr - 1?
 The previous memory location!
 What’s ptr * 2 and ptr / 2?
 Invalid operations!!!

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) ?

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer ?
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) ?

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[2]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer ?
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 3.14
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) ?

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[2]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer 3.14
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 3.14
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) ?

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[3]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer ?
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 3.14
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) 9.0

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[3]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer 9.0
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) ?
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 3.14
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) 9.0

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[0]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer ?
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) 6.0
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 3.14
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) 9.0

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[0]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer 6.0
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) 6.0
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 3.14
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) 9.0

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[2]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer 3.14
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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Pointer Arithmetic and Array

embedded_system

float a[4];
Data Table
float *ptr;
Name Type Description Value
ptr = &(a[2]);
a[0] float float array element (variable) 6.0
*ptr = 3.14;
a[1] float float array element (variable) ?
ptr++;
a[2] float float array element (variable) 7.0
*ptr = 9.0;
ptr = ptr - 3;
a[3] float float array element (variable) 9.0

*ptr = 6.0; ptr float * float pointer variable address of a[2]

ptr += 2; *ptr float de-reference of float pointer 7.0
variable
*ptr = 7.0;

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63
Pointer to Function
embedded_system

 powerful feature of C is the function pointer.

 A function has a physical location in memory that can be assigned to a pointer.

 This address is the entry point of the function
and it is the address used when the function is called.
 Once a pointer points to a function, the
function can be called through that pointer.
 Function pointers also allow functions to be passed as arguments to other
functions

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67 embedded_system

Pointers Tricks
Modularity
How to Read C complex pointer

double to integer
Pointer with Constant

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68 embedded_system

expression
Before We Learn How to Read Complex Array we
should first know precedence and associative .
•Priority : Operator precedence describes the order in
which C reads expressions
•order : Order operators of equal precedence in an
expression are applied
Before Reading Article You Should know Precedence
and Associative Table
Operator Precedence Associative
(),[] 1 Left to Right
*,Identifier 2 Right to Left
Data Type 3 –

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expression

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70 embedded_system

expression
 char (* ptr)[5]
Step 1 :
•Observe Above Precedence Table
•[] and () have Same Priority
•Using Associativity , Highest Priority Element is decided
•Associativity is from Left to Right First Priority is Given to “()”

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expression
Step 2 :
•Between Pair of Brackets again we have to decide which one has highest priority ? ‘*’ or ‘ptr’ ?
•* and Identifier ptr have Same Priority
•Associativity is from Right to Left First Priority is Given to “ptr”

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expression

Read it as –

ptr is pointer to a one dimensional array having

size five which can store data of type char

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examples

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examples

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examples

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examples

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embedded_system

examples

 Test Your self

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Pointers Tricks
Modularity
How to Read C complex pointer

Pointers on Embedded C
Pointer with Constant

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Pointers on Embedded C
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the Output ?

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the Output ?

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Pointers Tricks
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How to Read C complex pointer

Pointers on Embedded C
Pointer with Constant

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Modularity
embedded_system

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For example “UART” (send data)
embedded_system

 Send_data(u16 data)
 {
 USART_Init ();
 USART_Trans_Int_Enable();
 USART_Trans_Enable();
 USART_Transmit(u16 data);
 }
USART_Transmit(u16 data);
{…} USART_Init (){…}
USART_Trans_Enable (){…} USART_Trans_Int_Enable (){…}

UART

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For example “UART” (send data)
embedded_system

 Send_data(u16 data)
 {
 USART_Init ();
 USART_Trans_Int_Enable();
 USART_Trans_Enable();
 USART_Transmit(u16 data);
 }
USART_Transmit(u16 data);
{…} USART_Init (){…}
USART_Trans_Enable (){…} USART_Trans_Int_Enable (){…}
Once the UART
sent the Data,
The TX interrupt
will insert and Byte Send data Byte UART
the CPU will call
ISR(USART_TXC_vect)
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86
For example “UART” (send data)
embedded_system

 Send_data(u16 data)
 {
 USART_Init ();
 USART_Trans_Int_Enable();
 USART_Trans_Enable();
 USART_Transmit(u16 data);
 }
USART_Transmit(u16 data);
{…} USART_Init (){…}
USART_Trans_Enable (){…} USART_Trans_Int_Enable (){…}
Once the UART
sent the Data,
The TX interrupt
will insert and Byte Send data Byte UART
the CPU will call
ISR(USART_TXC_vect)
{ …….. } [Link]
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void (*Ptr_To_Trans_Int) (void);

extern void USART_callback_Trans_Int(void (*Ptr_to_Func)(void))
{
Ptr_To_Trans_Int = Ptr_to_Func;
ISR(USART_TXC_vect)
}
{ USART_Init (){…}
(*Ptr_To_Trans_Int)();
}

Byte Send data Byte UART

ISR(USART_TXC_vect)
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Pointers Tricks
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How to Read C complex pointer

Pointers on Embedded C
Pointer with Constant

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Variable Quantifiers - const
embedded_system

 const is used with a datatype declaration or definition to specify an

unchanging value
 const objects may not be changed

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Variable Quantifiers - const
embedded_system

 const is used with a datatype declaration or definition to specify an

unchanging value
 const objects may not be changed

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Constant with pointer

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Complete the table yes/no …
embedded_system

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int* ptr = &a;

int const *ptr = &a;

const int *ptr = &a; int* const ptr = &a;

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Complete the table yes/no …
embedded_system

Try Now

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Complete the table yes/no …
embedded_system

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References
embedded_system

 C The Complete Reference 4th Ed Herbert Schildt

 A Tutorial on Data Representation
 std::printf, std::fprintf, std::sprintf, std::snprintf…..
 C Programming for Engineers, Dr. Mohamed Sobh
 C programming expert.
 [Link]/c-programming
 C programming Interview questions and answers
 C – Preprocessor directives
 Constant Pointers and Pointers to Constant A Subtle Difference in C
Programming
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