Gram Positive

Cocci
Bacterium Characteristics Infections/Diseases Prevention/Treatment

localized infections: pustules,boils,impetigo,otitis &

conjunctivitis. staph impetigo: yellowish blisters.
normal flora member of the skin & nose. 1/3 are carriers. Complications:pneumonia,septicemia,endocarditis, etc.
opportunistic. 80,000 deaths per year. several enzymes: food poisoning:enterotoxin,incubation 1-6 hrs.
Staphylococcus aureua coagulase,beta-lactamase, hyaluronidase. several toxins: vomiting/cramps, processed meats, potato
salads,frequently handled foods. toxic shock
leucocidin. syndrome:tampons,fever,vomiting,rash,renal/liver
imparment. scalded skin syndrome:infection of umbilical
stump, exfoliatin toxin.

acute tonsillitis, if gets into blood stream:scarlet fever:red

beta-hemolysis. normal flora member of the rash around neck,strawberry tongue. skin
mouth,skin,nose. many toxins & enzymes infections:impetigo(contagious),cellulitis(cutaneous education,asepsis in obstetrics,early detection,cleaning of
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) (streptolysins,hyaluronidase). pus former. transmitted by tissues),erysipela(subcutaneous tissues),necrotizing wounds and burns.
droplets,hands,foods,clothes. fasciitis(flesh-eating). puerperal(purple) fever:blood
infection, post-partum/post-abortion infection.

normal flora member of the vagina. 15,000 babies infected neonatal infection in difficult deliveries. early
Streptococcus Group B per year, 5,000 deaths. septicemia,delayed meningitis.
normal flora member of the instestines. all humans are
Streptococcus Group D (Enterococcus) carriers. shed in poop. urinary tract infections. septicemia. endocarditis.

Streptococcus viridans normal flora member of the mouth. oppurtunistic.

normal flora member of the mouth. responsible for dental cavities: anaerobes+sugar=acid. acid removes
Streptococcus mutants initiating the colonization of the teeth. fimbriae, capsule, calcium=decalcification of tooth enamel. Brush yo teeth!
and dextran(like a glue that helps other bacteria adhere)

inflammation of the
alpha-hemolysis. normal flora. agent of pneumonia. lungs:coughing,pains,chills,fever,difficult breathing. auto- risk groups:elderly,other lung
Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule(84+ serotypes). rapid growth in lungs. no significant infection(normal flora opportunist). damage not infections,alcoholism,homeless. sub-unit vaccine (23
exotoxins or enzymes. 150,000 hospitalizations per year. permanent. capsular types).

Rod
Bacterium Characteristics Infections/Diseases Prevention/Treatment
Adults:flu-like infection. HIV
Listeria monocytogenes aerobic. beta-hemolysis. exotoxins & enzymes. can cross patients:septicemia,meningitis. treated with antibiotics (ampicillian)
placenta and cause infection in fetus. 400 deaths per year. Fetuses:listreriosis=meningitis,miscarriage/still birth
found in soft cheeses,raw milk,raw deli meats, aerosols
during food processing,sexual contacts?

cutaneous(woolsorter's disease)=black scab(eschar).

aerobic. zoonotic disease(cattle,sheep). spore-forming. pulmonary=exotoxin in lungs, pulmonary anthrax can be treated with antibiotics if caught
Bacillus anthracis spores found in soil,wool,fur. thrombosis,blood clots, cardiovascular shock,death in few early. toxiod/sub-unit vaccine(for humans) or live
vaccine(for animals)
hrs. intestinal=ingestion of spores
 localized infection @ site of injury. form spores in deep serum of human hyperimmune globulin(antitoxins) through
anaerobic. spore-forming. powerful exotoxins. common in
environment:dust,soil,animals. agent of tetanus. stong tissues. produces exotoxins & releases into bloodstream. passive immunization. surgical debridement(removal of
Clostridium tetani fermenters,produce acids and gases under anaerobic inhibits the skeletal muscles from relaxing. regulatory tissues to eliminate spores).
neurons are blocked. painful muscle spasms, lockjaw,body Antibiotics, supportive care(muscle relaxer).
conditions. highly resistant. contractions,shock=death in 12-24 hrs. Toxiod vaccine(tetanus shot).

exotoxin affects motor nerve terminals & caused paralysis.

blocks acetycholine signals to activate
anaerobic. agent of botulism. Botulinum exotoxin is
stimulation=paralysis. death in 12-24 hrs. double antitoxin(horse serum). supportive care(breathing
strongest known. The exotoxin is found in canned foods &
Clostridium botulinum contaminated fish. bacteria not dangerous, ingested vision,difficult swallowing,speech/breathing machine). boil/thoroughly cook canned foods. dispose
exotoxin dangerous. impaired,respiratory failure. HONEY causes infant bulging cans.
botulism,toxin produced INSIDE body,colonizes
intestines,causes SIDS.

anaerobic cellulitis
myonercrosis(gas gangrene)=muscle carbs are
anaerobic. agent of gas gangrene. normal flora of fermented=swelling/gas bubbles=dead tissues Uterine surgical debridement(amputation)
Clostridium perfringens intestines. many exotoxins & enzymes. infections infection can antibiotics aeration
occur when: serious tissue damage,post surgery,intra- of wounds=oxygen chamber
muscular injections,gun shots,diabetic sores.

anaerobic. spore-forming. produces 2 exotoxins (A & B).

normal flora member of the intstines. transmitted through watery diarrhea,fever,loss of appetite,nausea,abdominal
discontinue use of antibiotic, treatment with another
Clostridium difficile fecal-oral contact. nosocomial infection(aquired in pain. risk factors: antibiotics,gastrointestinal surgery,long antibiotic(vancomycin).
hospital)superinfection. accounts for 15-25% of antibiotic stay in hospital,immunodeficiency,advanced age.
diarrhea. Slang:c. diff.

Gram Negative
Cocci
Bacterium Characteristics Infections/Diseases Prevention/Treatment

local infection of nasopharynx, becomes normal flora or

localized inflammation,or may enter bloodstream,if enters
bloodstream can reach central nervous system.
Infection=carrier state(up to several months) and
normal flora member of the nasppharynx. agent of immunity. meningitis:inflammation of meninges(membrane
meningitis. Endotoxins=petechiae(dark purple spots on skin
do to endotoxic damage of blood vessels). fimbriae, that surrounds brain), cerebral spinal fluids should be clear isolation, antibiotics, vaccination several
Neisseria meningitidis capsule, protease=enzyme that breaks down if cloudy=meningitis,swelling of brain=headaches,stiff bacteria cause meningitis
proteins/destroy antibodies. Transmitted through close necks,fever/vomiting,rash, 50% fatality rate, septicemia,
damage to heart, adrenal glands, death to muscles,and
contacts(college dorms). incubation 3-4 days.
gangrene. Death. risk factors:children 6months-2years(not
seen IgG/IgA) younger babies due to ,military
recruits,students in dorms,(people who come from
different areas bring different strains)
 gonorrhea in males:=clinical infection(95% symptomatic)
purulent(pus) urethritis=strong inflammation
response=scar tissue in urethra. can cause
agent of gonorrhea. prostatitis,sterility (if bacteria invades vas deferens) 95% both partners need to be treated with penicillin(rare with
Neisseria gonorrhoeae capsule,fimbriae,protease,endotoxin,spread through sexual acute infections gram-, but this is one exception,resistance may occur)
contact. fastidious bacteria. 700,000 cases per year. gonorrhea in women:=50/50 clinical/subclinical infection.
can cause pelvic inflammatory disease(rare),
salpingitis=inflammation of the fallopian tubes(rare,more
serious),abscesses,sterility. 50% asymptomatic

Rod
Bacterium Characteristics Infections/Diseases Prevention/Treatment
Enteric
normal flora of intestines or pathogenic in the intestines. severe gastroenteritis,10-20 L of diarrhea per day, death by
primary or oppurtunistic pathogen. Transmitted through shock. the bacteria attaches to the intestinal walls an the
water and food. enterotoxin(exotoxin=cholera toxin) exotoxin causes osmosis.
Vibrio cholerae
normal flora of intestines or pathogenic in the intestines.
primary or oppurtunistic pathogen. Transmitted through washigton epidemic from oysters
seafood (U.S. & Japan) 30-40 cases per year
Vibrio paraheamolticus

normal flora of intestines or pathogenic in the intestines.

primary or oppurtunistic pathogen. endotoxins. transmitted main infection:gastroenteritis. Growth in small intestine.
through food/drinks,eggs,meat,person to person, & from clinical. nausea,vomiting,diarrhea, abdominal pains, mild
animals. non-lactose fermenters (non-coliforms). motile. fever. recovery in 2-3 days. Becasus endotoxins cause
birds/reptiles. suvives well. one of the most common
sickness symptoms may only be observed when bacteria
bacterial infections, #1 or #2 food borne pathogen. 1.3 + dies.
million cases. 1/3 of poultry infected. 1/10,000 eggs
contain salmonella.

Salmonella

enterotoxigenic strains produce toxins in the intestines.

normal flora of intestines or pathogenic in the intestines.
primary or oppurtunistic pathogen. Transmitted through (enterotoxin):infant diarrhea/travelers diarrhea
the 5 Fs (fomites,feces,food & water, fingers, flies). enteroinvasive strains bacteria
Coliform (lactose fermenter. cause infection:ulcers, bloody stools
enteropathic strains:infant diarrhea, mechanism uncertain
Escherichia coli

normal flora of intestines or pathogenic in the intestines. bacterial colonization of intestines cause watery,bloody
primary or oppurtunistic pathogen. Transmitted through diarrhea, vomiting, fever. cytotoxins in kidneys cause coma
the 5 Fs (fomites,feces,food & water, fingers, flies). 73,000 and heart failure. kidney failure(helolytic uremic syndrome, avoid raw/undercooked ground beef. wash hands after
cases per year 50-100 deaths. From cattle feces in water or HUS) often requires dialysis. affects mostly children/elderly. contact with raw meat.
food (hamburger disease, fruits, vegetables, (spinach 2006) death is possible. other strains may cause neonatal
both toxigenic and invasive in adults. meningitis, UTI, wound infections, septicemia.

E. coli O157:H7 Strain

 normal flora of intestines or pathogenic in the intestines.
primary or oppurtunistic pathogen. Transmitted through
UTI,skin rach,wounds,burns/septicemia,otitis
water/soil. Normal flora member in 10% of population.
externa(swimmers ear), conjunctivitis(eye ulcers). Cystic polymyxin:attacks membrane of bacteria, drug resistance
Enteric origin but not a intestinal pathogen. Transmitted fibrosis:70% of patients hav chronic infections leads to common.
through humidifiers, air conditioners, swimming pools/hot more muccus in the lungs and complications
tubs, contact lens solutions. exo-endotoxins and glycocalyx.
opportunistic.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Non-Enteric
opportunistic. agent of legionnaires' disease. infection of
the lungs. exotoxins,protease. Found in airconditioning causes severe pneumonia, high fever, severe
Legionella pneumophila units, factories, and cruise ships, shower heads, aerosol coughing,pulmonary shock. risks groups are the elderly,
alcoholism, AIDS. pontiac fever is a milder disease(flu-like0
transmission.

bubonic plague=inflammation of lymph nodes, fever,

nausea. septicemic
capsule. endo-exotoxins and coagulase. Killed 50% of
Yersinia pestis (The Plague) europe population in 1300s, most devistating mo in human plague=toxins
gangrene.
in bloodstream. Exo-endotoxin coagulase,
pneumonic plague=bacteria
history. Transmitted to on mice through fleas. in the lungs becomes airbourne, person to person, no
vector needed.very contagious!

skin rash,fever,headaches. Grow @ initial site but will move

to CNS and brain, grows slowly, difficult to eliminate,
vector=ticks. 20,000 cases per year. Campers, chronic inflammation, Ag-Ab forming in tissues,attracks prevent by wearing protective clothing and insect
Borrelia burgdoferi (Lyme Disease) hunters,golfers, etc. macrophages, and causes more inflammation and can lead repellants. can be treated with antibiotics for weeks and
to arthritis, damage to nerves and brain months
tissues(arthritis,neurological effects,mycoarditis(heart
problems) can cause paralysis)

agent of turberculosis and leprosy, mycolic acids waxes in

mycobacteria cell walls of mycobacteria make them resistant. acid fast
and grow slow.

90% asymptomatic, aerosols,lungs alveoli,subclinical.

Latent infections:tubercles,necrotic
lesions,calcified lesions. Non transmissible, positive skin
agent of turberculosis. 3 million deaths per year world
test, viable bacteria may remain. mantoux skin test: hypersensitivity reaction(t cells) lab
wide. reemergence of TB in 80's because of AIDS, drug Secondary(reactivation) TB:transmissible(sputum), lethargy, tests. Antibiotics(resistance common) vaccine:bacillus of
Mycobacterium turberculosis resistance, and homelessness.no toxin no enzyme. 3-6 fever, fatigue, chest pains. tubercles expand, escape host camlet-guerin or BCG live attenuated vaccine protects for
weeks=microscopic lesions, phagolysosomes are not
formed.bacteria actually grows in macrophages. defenses. extra-pulmonary TB: kidneys 5-15 years, more successful in children
bones meninges brain reproductive organs etc, small
tubercles, various symptoms, children and elderly @ risk.

3rd cause of death in AIDS patients, found in water,

atypical mycobacteria (M. avium) aka MAC swimming pools, milk. infects blood liver kidney and intestine