cHapTteR [3 Gerunds and Infinitives CONTENTS Verb + gerund 13-6 Using by and with to express how something is Go + ing done | 13-3. Verb + infinitive 13-7 Using gerunds as subjects: using it + infinitive Ver’) + gerund or infinitive 13-8 It + infinitive: using for (someone) Preposition + gerund 13.9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for 13-10. Using infinitives with too and enough L : : pasties ae 13-1 VERB + GERUND vei gerund {A gerund isthe ~ing form of (a) I enjuy wating in te park tased as 4 noun, In (a): walking sia 7 : gerund, It is used as the object or | COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS TThe seebs in the bist are followed by envoy | enjoy working in my garde asrunds, The list also contsins phrasal Sins Ann finished studying a midvight. | Yeynngg Pt Mhatars Followed © sop (8) In stopped raining 4 few miautes ago | ‘The verbs in thelist are Nor followed by ©) David quit smoking to the simple form of a verb ( () Would you mind opening the window? | Nts lt used to tad hinting 1 59 20 ¢ Chart 2555 6) Din considering going to Havas ing verb forms I postponed doing my heznewor’ I put off doing my homework ©) Keep (on) working, Don't stor the spelling of (6) Tm drinking about going « ney discussed getung 4 n20 ca dst I considered not going to class, 368EXERCISE 1. Verb + gerund. (Chart 13-1) Dirsctions: Complete the sentences by using garunds, Add a preposinon after she gerund iF necessary. 1. Is was cold and rainy ye day,s0 we postponed __going to / visiting — the 2. The Pottets’ house is too small. They're considering __ puvine/ moving into (venting bigger house 3. We discussed Colorado for our vacation 4. When Martha finished the Alor, she dusted the furniture 5. Sometimes students put off their homework 6, We had a blizzard yesterday, but it finally sto around 6-00 nm 7. Tauit comie books when Twas twelve yeats 8. 1'm thinking about a biology course aext sem 9, Beth doesn’r ike her job, She xalking abour ferent job. 10. Tenjoy sports, 1. I'm considering _ New York City 2a Listening t© me? B: Yes hm tistening. ccak? 3. Ar Do you want to take ab B: No. Tm cited ye! Lev’s keep on for another hour Uh A: Would you ind the wind B: Nov at all, Md be glad vo. 15. A: ’m thinking about nee the meeting tomorrow. B: Really? Why? I hope you We need your input Gerunds and Infiniives 369[1 EXERCISE 2. Verb + gerund. (Chart 13-1) Directions: Complete the sentences in the dialogues. Use the expressions in the list or your own words. Be sure to use a gerund in each sentence. s > buy a new car do my homework read a good book do things repeat that get a Toyota smoke 40 t0 the 200 on Saturday ‘ap your fingernails on the table help him a B: A B: Br ee > epee rain my Would you like to go for a walk? Has it stopped ___vaining* ? Yes. Let's g0. ve been having a lot of trouble with my old Volkswagen the last couple of months. I's slowly falling apart. I'm thinking about Do you think you'll get another Volkswagen? No. I’m considering What do you usually do in your free time in the evening? enjoy Good news! I feel great. I don’t cough any more, and T don’t run out of breath when I walk up a hill, on? Tquit _ ‘That’s wonderful! ve been working on this math problem for the last half hour, and I still don't understand it. Well, don’t give up. Keep __ . If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again, "The object following atop is a gerund, Nor an infiniive, «NCORRECT: Ir topped vain. But in special circumstances, stop can be followed by an infinitive of purpose: in order to (see Chart 13-9, p. 391). While Iwas walking dt the ‘hall, cropped my pes. I stopped to pick it up, 370 CHAPTER 13, ‘stopped walking in order to pick it up.10. A: Are you a procrastinator? B: A what? A: A procrastinator. That’s someone who always postpones _ B: Oh, Well, sometimes I put off A: What are you doing? B: I’m helping Teddy with his homework. A: When you finish ____, could you help me in the kitchen? B: Sure A: Could you please stop doing that? B: Doing what? A: Stop It’s driving me crazy! A: Do you have any plans for this weekend? B: Henry and I talked about A: J didn’t understand what you said. Would you mind ? B: Of course not. I said, “Three free trees.” CI EXERCISE 3. Verb + gerund. (Chart 13-1) Directions: Complete the sentences in Column A by using # verb from Column B and your ‘own words. Use the verbs in Columa B only once Example: [ often postpone + write een eausyne > Tooften postpone writing thank you nows, and then I have to apologize for sending them late, Column A Column B Toften postpone .... buy listen Tenjoy close love . do make ¥'m considering .. cat open Would you mind .... exercise play Tfinished .... finish take Pil never stop . ae ae g0 y Do you ever think about... help visit You should keep learn watch Sometimes I put off eave fore Gerunds ond Infntives 371(@) Did you go shopping yesterday? Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic (b) went swimming last week. expressions about activities. (©) Bob hasn’t gone fishing in years. Notice: There is no ¢o between go and the gerund, incorrect: Did you go t0 shopping? COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH GO + -ING 10 boating ‘go dancing 0 joesing £0 (windows) shopping 40 (eater) sing 0 bowling ‘0 fishing go runing 0 sightseeing (skydiving £0 camping so hiking 40 sailing 0 (ice) skating {0 seimming CI EXERCISE 4. GO + -ING. (Chart 13-2) Directions: Answer the questions. Use the expressions with go + ~ing listed in Chart 13-2, 1. Ann often goes to the beach, She spends hours in the water. What does she like to do? “+ She likes to go stcimming. Nancy and Frank like to spend the whole day on a lake with poles in their hands. What do they like to do? 3. Last summer Adam went to a national park. He slept in a tent and cooked his food over a fire. What did Adam do tast summer? 4. Tim likes to go to stores and buy things What does he like ro da? 5. Laura takes good cate of her health. She runs a couple of miles every day. What does Laura do every day? (Nore: There are 100 possible responses.) 6, On weekends in the winter, Fred and Jean sometimes drive to a resort in the mountains. They like to race down the side of a mountain in the snow. What do they like to do? 372 CHAPTER 13,- Joe likes to take long walks in the woods. What does Joe like to do? . Sara prefers indoor sports, She goes to a place where she rolls a thirteen-pound ball at some wooden pins. What does Sara often do? Liz and Greg know all the latest dances. What do they probably do a lot? The Taylors are going to go to a little lake near their house tomorrow. The lake is completely frozen now that it’s winter. The ice is smooth. What are the Taylors going to do tomorrow? SBT Alex and Barbara live near the ocean. When there’s a strong wind, they like to spend the whole day in their sailboat. What do they like to do? 12 do tourists do on buses? 13. Colette and Ben like to jump out Tourists often get on buses that take them to see interesting places in an area. What of airplanes. ‘They don’t open their parachutes until the last minute. What do they like to do? 14 ‘What do you like to do for exercise and fun? (a) Tom offered to lend me some money. (©) I've decided to buy a new car. Some verbs are followed by an infinitive: | an ivrivtnive = to + the simple form of a verb (©) Vve decided not to keep my old car. i | COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES | ‘want hope decide eed ‘expect promse ‘would like plan offer would love ‘intend agree | mean refuse | Negative form: not + infinitive. | | seem learn (how) ‘appear ay | pretend (can't) afford forget (can't) wait CIEXERCISE 5. Verb + infinitive. (Chart 13-3) Directions: Complete the sentences by using infinitives. Add a preposition after the infinitive if necessary. 1, Pm planning __te go te / te visit / te fly te Chicago next week 2. Tve decided Jack promised not _ . forgot _ would like My husband and I would love a new apartment. late for the wedding, some rice when I went to the grocery store. the Grand Canyon. Arizona Ineed ‘What time do you expect my homework tonight. Chicago? Gerunds ond infintives 37310. u 12. 14 15, 17. 18. 19, 20. 21 Twant a ball game on TV after dinner tonight. ‘You seem in a good mood today. Susie appeared asleep, but she wasn’t, She was only pretending. Susie pretended asleep. She pretended not when I spoke to her ‘The Millers can’t afford, _____ ahouse. George is only seven, but he intends _____ a doctor when he grows up. My friend offered me a litle money. ‘Tommy doesn’t like peas. He refuses _ them. My wife and I wanted co do different things this weekend. Finally, I agreed a movie with her Saturday, and she agreed __ the football game with me on Sunday. Thope _ __ all of my courses this term, So far my grades have been pretty good. Tey class on time every day. T can’t wait ____. my family again! Ir’s been a long time! i'm sorry. I didn’t mean _ you. Tearned (how) __ when I was around six or seven. RB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE (a) It began raining. ‘Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an (©) Te began to rai infinitive. Usually there is no difference in meaning. (@) and (b) have the same meaning (COMMON VERS FOLLOWED BY EITHER A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE, ‘begin tike® hate start love can’t stand “coutmane: Like and love can be followed by ether a gerund ot an infinive Tike ging go 0 moet. Ter playing9 play chs. Would like and would love ae fllowes by infinitives Tel Tike to goto 2 movie tonight. 1 ove to play a ge of ches ihe mow. 374 CHAPTER 13,[1 EXERCISE 6. Vert + gerund oF infinitive. (Charts 13-3 and 13-4) Directions: Use the given words to create sentences with gerunds and inGnitives. 1. start + snow around midnight ~ It started snowing around midnight. It started to snow around midnight. 2. continue + work even though everyone else stopped 3. like + get a lot of e-mails from my friends 4. love + go to baseball games 5. hate + talk to pushy salespeople 6. can’t stand + wait in lines for a long time (EXERCISE 7. Verb + gerund oF infinitive. (Charts 13-3 and 13-4) Directions: Discuss what you like and don’t like to do. Use the given ideas to make sentences that begin with words from this list. Hike I don’t like T don’t mind Tove Thate Lenjoy I can’t stand 1, cook “> Tike to cook I I like cooking | T hate to cook | I hate cooking I I don't mind cooking ! 1 don’t enjoy cooking, ex. 2, live in this city 3, wash dishes 4. fly 5. wait in airports 6, read novels in my spare tine 7, eat a delicious meal slowly 8. speak in front of a large group 9. play cards for money 10. drive on city streets during cush hour 11, go to parties where I don’t know a single person 12. listen to the sounds of the city while I’m trying to get to sleep 13. visit with friends I haven't seen in a long time 14. get in between two friends who are having an argument 15. travel to strange and exotic places EXERCISE 8. Gerunds vs. infinitives. (Charts 13-1 » 13-4) Directions: Complete the sentences with the infinitive or gerund form of the words in parentheses. 1, Inced (smdy) ____to study ___ tonight. 2. L enjoy (cook) cooking, fancy meals. Gerunds and Infiniives 37510. ist 12. 13, 14, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Ellen started (talk) __to talk / talking about her problem. Bud and Sally have decided (ges) married, We finished (eat) around seven. T like (meet) new people. ‘My roommate offered (help) me with my English. T'd just begun (watch) a movie on TV when the phone rang. Please stop (crack) your knuckles! Did you remember (feed) ___ the cat this morning? I won’t be late. I promise (be) ___ on time. P'm considering (move) to a new apartment. Some children hate (go) ___ ____ to school. I forgot (lock) the door when I left my apartment this morning, I don’t mind (ive) _____ with four roommates. Shhh, My roommate is trying (take) anap, My boss refused (give) me a raise, so I quit, ‘The company will continue (hire) new employees as long as new production orders keep (come) in. That’s not what I meant! I meant (say) ____ just the opposite. I want (go) (shop) this afternoon, Alex seems (want) (go) (sail) —_ this weekend. ‘My wife can’t stand (sleep) in a room with all of the windows closed. Sam’s tomato crop always failed. Finally he quit (ery) (grow) ______ tomatoes in his garden. Tenjoy (be) a teacher. 376 CHAPTER 13CO EXERCISE 9. Gerunds vs. infinitives. (Charts 13-1 + 13-4) Directions: Work in pairs. Student A: Read the cues. Your book is open. Student B: Complete the sentences with either to go or going + the name of a place. Your book is closed. Example: STUDENT A (book open): STUDENT B (Book closed): STUDENT A (book open): STUDENT B (book closed): Lexpect to go (to Mack’s Bar and Grill for dinner tonight) Tike. to go (to Hawaii). ox going (to Hawaii) ‘Switch roles. 1. Texpeet 13. Tenjoy . 2. Tike 14, [don’t need 3. Lwould like 15. I’m going to try. 4. Lenjoy 16. Ihate 5. Td love 17. Tove .. 6. [promised 18, My friend and I discussed 7. Ucan’t stand 19, T've decided 8, [intend 20. Sometimes I put off . 9. Tam thinking about 21, Yesterday I forgot. . 10. Are you considering 22. Ican’t wait 11. I've always wanted 23, My friend and I agreed . 12. I can’t afford . . 24, Would you mind 1 EXERCISE 10. Gerunds vs. infinifives. (Charts 13-1 » 13-4) Directions: Complete the sentences with a form of the words in parentheses. 1, Twant (stay) to stay home tonight. 2. T want (relax) 3. T want (stay) tonight. T want (stay) _ eo) 5. Lenjoy (get) 6. Lenjoy (watch) 7. Lenjoy (get) tonight. home and (relax)* home, (relax) to bed early tonight. the sunrise. up early in the morning. the sunrise. up early in the morning and (watch) ‘When infinitives are connected by and, it is not necessary 10 repeat fo Example: I need to stay home and (1) study tonight. Gerunds and intiniives 37710. u 12 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. 19, 20. 22. 23, Tenjoy (get) up early in the morning, (watch) the sunrise, and (listen) ___— tothe birds. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are thinking about (sell) their old house and (buy) a new one Kathy plans (move) to New York City, (find) a job, and (sears) a new life, Have you finished (paint) __ your apartment yet? Steve needs (g0) to the shopping mall tomorrow and (buy) winter clothes. Do you enjoy (go) to an expensive restaurant and (have) @ gourmet dinner? Most nonsmokers can’t stand (be) in a smoke-filled room, Let's postpone (go) abroad until the political situation improves. ‘The children promised (stop) (make) so much noise Kevin is thinking about (quit) his job and (go) back to school. Linda plans (leave) for Chicago on Tuesday and (return) on Friday. Toften put off (wash) the dinner dishes until the next morning, Don’t forget (unplug) the coffee pot, (turn off) all the lights, and Clock) the door before you leave for work this morning. Sometimes when I’m listening to someone who is speaking English very fast, I nod my head and pretend (understand) : After Isabel got a speeding ticket and had to pay a big fine, she decided (stop) rive) over the speed limit on interstate highways. Tve been trying (reach) Carol on the phone for the last three days, but she is never at home. I intend (keep) (ay) until I finally gether. 378 CHAPTER 13CO EXERCISE 11. Gerunds vs. infinitives. (Charts 13-1 > 13-4) Directions: Create sentences from the given words. Use J. Use any tense. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Example: want and go “> I want to go (to NewYork City next week) 1. plan and go 16. promise and come 2. consider and go 17, finish and study 3. offer and lend 18. would mind and help 4. like and visit 19. hope and go 5. enjoy and read 20, think about and go 6. intend and get 21, quit and ry 7. decide and get 22. expect and stay 8. seem and be 23. stop and eat 9. put off and trite 24. refuse and lend 10. forges aud go 25. ugree and fend 11, can’t afford and buy 26. postpone and go 12. py and learn 27, begin and study 13, need and learn 28. continue and swale 14. would love and take 29. talk about and go 15. would like and. go and swim 30. keep and try and improve CI EXERCISE 12. Gerunds vs. infinitives. (Charts 13-1 > 13-4) Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form, gerund or infinitive, of the words in parentheses, A: Have you made any vacation plans? B: Twas hoping (go) to go to an island off the Atlantic coast, but my wife wanted (drive) down the Pacific coast. We've decided (compromise) © by ping neither coast. We've agreed (ind) __a place where both of us want (go) z A: So where are you going? B: Well, we've been considering (go) Gish) — Canada, We've also discussed (tate) ___a tran across centeal and western Canada, We've also been talking about (rent) _— a sailboat and (qo) ________ ail) _____ in the Gulf of Mexico. Gerunds and Infnitives 379‘A: Have you ever thought about (stay) __ home and (relax) @ 2 3 B: That's nor a vacation to me. If stay home during my vacation, I always end up doing all the chores around the house that I’ve put off (do) for the past year, When I go on a holiday, I like (visit) __ new places and (do) 5 new things. I enjoy (see) parts of the 6 7 world I’ve never seen before. ‘A: What place would you like (visit) the most? 7 B: Pd love (ga) (camp) in New Zealand. My w B wife loves (camp) in new places too, but I’m afraid she might a refuse (go) to New Zealand, She doesn’t like long plane flights. @ ‘A: Why don’t you just pick a spot on a map? Then call and make a hotel reservation. B: Neither of us can stand (spend) = two whole weeks at a Juxury hotel. I don’t mean (say) 7 anything bad about big hotels, but both of us seem (like) = more adventurous vacations. A: Well, keep (chink) about it. I’m sure you'll figure out a really great place for your vacation. B: We'll have to stop (think) about it sometime soon and make a decision. A: Tcan’t wait (find) out where you decide (go) B 2 Tl expect (hear) from you when you make @ decision. Don’t x forget (call) _______ me, 3 B: Hmmm. Maybe we should go (ski) in Switzerland. Or perhaps = we could go (waterski) _ on the Nile. Then there’s the a possibility of going (hike) in the Andes. Of course, we'd a probably enjoy (saim) off the Great Barrier Reef of = 380 CHAPTER 13Australia. And we shouldn’t postpone (explore) _ the Brazilian rainforest much longer. Someday Ud really like (climb) to the top of an active volcano and (ook) s maybe we could (a) Kate insised on coming with us. A preposition is followed by 2 gerund, not an infinitive. (b) We're excited about going to Tahiti In (a): The preposition (on) is followed by a gerund (© [ apologized for being late Coming). COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS be afraid of (oing something) Jorgive (someone) for ‘plan on apologize for be good at be responsible for believe in insist on stop (someone) from ream about bbe imerested fm thas (eomaons) for be excited about ook forvoard to be tired of Jeet like be nervous about ‘worry aboutlbe worried about 1 EXERCISE 13. Preposition + gerund. (Chart 13-5 and Appendix 2) Directions: Complete the sentences with a preposition and the given words. 1. I’m looking forward + go to the 200 > J’ looking forward to going to the 200. 2. Thank you + open the door 3. Pm worried + be late for the concert 4. Are you interested + go to the museum with us 5. I apologized + be late 6. Are you afraid + fly in small planes 7. Are you nervous + take your driver’s test Gerunds and Infiitives 38117. The police stopped us 18. Jake's not very good enter the building cut his own hair 8. We're excited + go to a soccer game 9. Jack insisted + pay the restaurant bill 10. Annie dreams + be a horse trainer someday 11. Idon’t feel + cat right now 12. Please forgive me + not call you sooner 13. Pm tired + live with five roommates 14. believe + be honest at all times 15. Let's plan + meet at the restaurant at six 16. Who's responsible + clean the classroom Fa Fa 1 EXERCISE 14, Preposition + gerund. (Chart 13-5 and Appendix 2) Directions: Work in pairs Speaker A: Complete the sentence with a preposition and “doing something.” Speaker B: Ask a question about A’s statement. Begin with “What...” and end with “doing.” Speaker A: Answer the question in a complete sentence using your own words, Example: I’m looking forward SPEAKER A: I’m looking forward to doing something, SPEAKER B: What are you looking forward to doing? SPEAKER 4: I’m looking forward to going to a movie tonight, Swwitch roles. 1. I'm interested I'm nervous 2. Pm worried Y'm excited 3. I thanked my friend 8. I feel 4. Lapologized .... 9, I'm planning - 5. Pmafraid... 10. I'm tired 1 EXERCISE 15. Preposition + gerund. (Chart 13-5 and Appendix 2) Directions: Using the verbs in parentheses, complete the sentences with prepositions and gerunds. 1. believe im (el) __+eeling, the truth no matter what, of (be) __eing 2. I wish the weather would get better. I’m tired inside all the time, 3. Idon’t go swimming because I’m afraid (drown) 4. Greg is nervous (meet) his girlfriend’s parents for the first time 382 CHAPTER 135. I don’t know how to thank you (help) me. 6, Are you interested (go) toa bullfight? 7, Ljust can’t get excited (visit) Disneyland for the third time in two years. 8. Why do you constantly worry (please) your parents? 9. Every summer, I look forward (ake) a vacation with my family, 10. Do you feel (ell me why you're so sad? 11. T apologize (ie) , but I was trying to protect you from the truth, Sometimes the truth hurts. 12. Why do you always insist (pay) for everything when we go out for dinner? 13. I want you to know that I’m sorry. I don’t know if you can ever forgive me (cause) you so much trouble. 14, I'm not very good __ (remember) ___ names. 15. I'm not happy in my work. often dream __ (gut) ny job. 16. How do you stop someone (do) something you know is wrong? 17. 1'm too tited to cook, but I hadn't planned: (cat) _ out tonight. 18. Who's responsible spill) __ these coffee beans all ‘over the floor? 19. Anna made a lot of big mistakes at work. That’s why she was afraid (ose)* her job. ‘Note tht ioe is spelled with one “0 The word lose, with cwo “os, is an adjective meaning “not tight” (Eg. My shir is big and loo.) Pronunciation diference:lse = Mhsel lose = Mow Gerunds and Infiniives 383Cl EXERCISE 16. Preposition + gerund. (Chart 13-5 and Appendix 2) Directions: Make up a quiz. Use the given word or phrase + ONE of the suggested verbs in parentheses. Hand your quiz to a classmate to complete. When s/he finishes it, correct the answers. Example: apologize to (...) + (interrupt, be, call) Quis item You shoulA apelagize to Tavik (interrupt) him on L apologized to my Friend co) late. on Resa apelogized to me (call) atter widnight. 1. thank + (open / help / invite) 6. be nervous + (speak / go / get) 2, feel + (go / have / take) 7. look forward + (do / stop / skydive) 3. worry + (lose / not have / be) 8. apologize to (...) + (sell / give / leave) 4. insist + (answer / drive / fly) 9. forgive ( ) + die / take / quit) 5. believe + (help / tell / trust) 10, be excited + (go / hear / move) USING BY AND WITHTO E st Beret cy PRESS HOW SOMETHING (a) Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing By + a gerund is used to express how something is the stop burton. done. (b) Mary goes to work by bus. By or with followed by a noun is also used to express (©) Anda stered her caffe with a spoon, how something is done. BY IS USED FOR MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION | by (air)plane* by subway** by mail by air by boar by toxi by (tele)phone by fand by bus by train by fax by sa by car ‘by foot (OR on foot) by e-mail orners bby chance by mistake by check (but in cash) by choice by hana*** by credit card WITH 18 USED FOR INSTRUMENTS OR PARTS OF THE BODY Tut down the tree exith an ax (by using an ax). swept the floor with a Broom. She pointed to a spot on the map with her finger. toirplane = American English; aeroplane ~ British English *"by subway = American English; by underground, by tube = British English, “The expression by hard is usualy used to mean that something was made by a person, not by a machine: This rug tas ‘made by hand. (A person, nota machine, made this ug) COMPARE: Fouched his houlder with my hand. 384 CHAPTER 13,1 EXERCISE 17. BY + a gerund. (Chart 13-6) Directions: Complete the following by using by + a gerund. Use the words in the list or your own words. drink stay 1. Students practice written English by wwiting, compositions. 2, We clean our clothes them in soap and water. 3. Khalid improved his English alot of TV. 4, We show other people we are happy 5. We satisfy our hunger something, 6. We quench our thirst something, 7. 1 figured out what “quench” means 8. Alex caught my attention ____ his arms in the air. 9. My dog shows me she is happy her tail 10. Carmen recovered from her cold _ in bed and care of herself, Complete the following with your own twords. Use by and gerunds. 11, You can destroy bacteria in meat 12. You can cook an egg Scere ere it, or it. 13, We can improve our English 14, Each of us, in our own small way, can help conserve the world’s natural resources 15. You can favorably impress a job interviewer 16. People can improve their health 17. Parents can help their young children learn to read 18. We can make the world a better place for future generations Gerunds and infiniives 385,Cl EXERCISE 18. Using WITH. (Chart 13-6) Directions: Complete the sentences using with and appropriate words from the list. Ya broom 4 pair of scissors @ spoon a hammer asaw a thermometer a needle and thread a shovel T swept the floor wi woo 1 sewed a button on my shirt T cut the wood 1 took my temperature I stirred my coffee I dug a hole in the ground I nailed owo pieces of wood together 8. I cut the paper CI EXERCISE 19. Using BY or WITH. (Chart 13-6) Directions: Complete the sentences with by or with. 1. Topened the door __ with __a key. 2. Lwent to Cherryville by. bus, I dried the dishes a dishtowel. I went from Portland to San Francisco _—_ tin. ‘Ted drew a straight line __ aruler. Is there any way you could touch the ceiling your foot? ‘Some advertisers try to reach target audiences mail eroyee Rebecca tightened the screw in the corner of her eyeglasses her fingernail. 9, Icalled Bill “Paul” mistake 10. The fastest way to send a copy of a piece of paper halfway around the world is fax. 11. The chef sliced the partially frozen meat into thin strips a razor-sharp knife. 12. Some people pay their bills ____ computer. 13. Sally protected her eyes from the sun __ her hand, 14, My grandmother makes tablecloths __ hand. 386 CHAPTER 13,13-7 USING GERU INFINITIV! NDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + (@) Riding horses is fun. (©) [eis fun to ride horses. (©) Coming to class om time is important @) eis important to come to class on time, (@) and (b) have the same meaning In (@):A gerund (riding) 1s the subject ofthe sentence * Notice: The verb (is) i singular because a serund is singular In (b): The word it is used as the subject of the sentence. ‘The word it has the same meaning asthe infiniuve phrase atthe end of the sentence: #€ means 20 ride hors “cis also correst (but less common) 0 wie on infinitive as the subject ofa sentence: To ride hore fan CO EXERCISE 20. Gerunds as subjects. (Chart 13-7) Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using a gerund as the subject. tis important to get daily exercise. * Getting daily exercise is important. It isn’t hard to make friends. tis easy to cook rice Itis relaxing to take a long walk. Is it difficult to learn a second language? It is wrong to cheat during a test Is it expensive to live in an apartment? 3. It isn’t easy to live in a foreign country. . Tt takes time to make new friends. Serovevne Cl EXERCISE 21. IT + infinitive. (Chart 13-7) Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using #¢ + an infinitive Having good friends is important. > {e's important to have good friends Playing tennis is fun. Being polite to other people is important. Learning about other cultures is interesting. ‘Walking alone at night in that part of the city is dangerous. Is riding a motorcycle easy? Having a cold isn’t much fun. Learning a second language takes @ long time. Cooking a soft-boiled egg takes three minutes. 1 EXERCISE 22. Gerunds as subjects; IT + infinitive. (Chart 13-7) Directions: Work in pairs. ‘Speaker A: Ask the given question. Your book is open. Speaker B: Answer the question. Begin with “It’s ...” and use an infinitive. Your book is, closed Speaker A: Respond by saying “I agree” followed by a gerund subject. (Or, if you wish, say “I don’t agree. I think that ...” followed by a gerund subject.) Gerunds and infiniives 387Example: SPEAKER A (book open): Which is easier: to make money or to spend money? SPEAKER B (book closed): It’s easier to spend money than (it is) to make money. SPRAKER A (Book open): I agree. Spending money is easier than making money. OR Idon’t agree. 1 think that making money is easier than spending money. Which is more fun: to study at the library or to go to a movie? . Which is more difficult: to write English or to read English? Which is easier: to write English or to speak English? Which is more expensive: to go to a movie or to go to a concert? Which is more interesting: to talk to people or to watch people? itch voles. Which is more comfortable: to wear shoes or to go barefoot? Which is more satisfying: to give gifts or to receive therm? Which is more dangerous: to ride in a car or to ride in an airplane? ‘Which is more important: to come to class on time or to get an extra hour of sleep in the morning? Which is better: to light one candle or to curse the darkness? eerneY veune 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) | @ You should study hard. (@) and (b) have a similar meaning (©) It is important for you to study hard. Notice the pattern in (b): nana ae itis + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive phrase (@) Ics important for Mary to study hard. (6) We don’t have to go to the meeting. (© Ieisn’t necessary for us to go to the meeting. (@) A dog can't talk {h) It is impossible for a dog to talk. 1 EXERCISE 23. Using FOR (SOMEONE). (Chart 13-8) Directions: Use the given information to complete each sentence. Use for (someone) and an infinitive phrase in each completion. 1, Students should do their homework. It’s important __for students to do their homework __ ——— 2. Teachers should speak clearly. Irs important 3. WE don’t have to hurry. ‘There’s plenty of time. It isn’t necessary 388 CHAPTER 1310. ML 12. A fish can’t live out of water for more than a fewo minutes. It’s impossible Students have to budget their time carefully. I's necessary A child usually can’t sit still for a long time. Tes difficult . My family akoays eats turkey on Thanksgiving Day. It’s traditional . 3. People can take trips to the moon. Will it be possible within the next fifty years? . Tusually can’t understand Mr. Alvarez. Ie’s hard He talks too fast. ‘The guests usually wait until the hostess begins 10 eat ‘Ata formal dinner party, it’s customary After she takes the first bite, the guests also start to eat. ‘The bride usually feeds the groom the first piece of wedding cake. Tes tradi I can understand our teacher. Tes easy 7 Gerunds and Infniives 389TI EXERCISE 24. Gerunds as subjects; IT + infinitive. (Charts 13-7 and 13-8) Directions: Create sentences by combining ideas from Column A and Column B. Use gerund subjects or it + an infinitive, Example: Riding a bicycle is easy / dangerous / fun / relaxing. OR It’s easy / dangerous / fun / relaxing to ride a bicycle eereyeene 10. u 12. 13. 14. 15. Column A ride a bicycle . read newspapers study grammar . play tennis steal cars listen to @ two-hour speech, predict the exact time of an earthquake forget someone's name walk alone through a dark forest at night g0 fishing with your friends know the meaning of every word in a dictionary be honest with yourself at all times change a flat tire visit museums log on to the Internet Column B against the law boring dangerous easy educational embarrassing exciting frightening fon hard important impossible relaxing |. a waste of time Er Ron EOmmoOmP Cl EXERCISE 25. IT + FOR (SOMEONE) + infinitive. (Charts 13-7 and 13-8) Directions: Create sentences using it + for (someone) + an infinitive by combining ideas from Columns A, B, and C, Add your own words if you wish. Example: difficult “> I's difficult for me 10 be on time for clas. Ie’s difficult for some people to learn how to sim. Is difficult for children to understand adults’ behavior. eneoy Column A Column B difficult anyone easy children fun me important ‘most people . impossible some people . enjoyable students interesting possible 390 CHAPTER 13 Column C spend time with friends predict the exact time of an earthquake change a flat tite bbe on time for class understand adults’ behavior obey their parents observe animals in their wild habitat visit new places learn how to swim live on the planet MarsC1 EXERCISE 26. IT + FOR (SOMEONE) + infinitive. (Charts 13-7 and 13-8) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. 1. It’s easy for... to Ie’s traditional for... 10 It’s impossible for... 10... Te takes (a length of time) for .. .t0 It’s sensible for... 10 Is it necessary for... t0...? Ie’s important for ...10... ereouren Its difficult for...t0.. CT EXERCISE 27. IT + TAKE + infinitive. (Charts 5-13 and 13-8) Directions: Use your own words to complete the sentences. Example: IW takes... hours to » It takes five hours to fly from Los Angeles to Honolulu. Example: It takes a lot of work for ...to + It takes a lot of work for most small businesses to succeed. 1. Ie takes time for... to Ie takes a lot of money to Tetakes ..- niinuces wo How long does it ake to... ? Tewill take... years for... 10... It takes patience / courage / skill to... Ic takes hard work for...10.... It takes stamina and determination to... 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR —Why did you go 10 the post office? (@) I went to the post office because J wanted 10 mail a letter. (b) I went to the post office in order €o mail a leer. (© Iwent to the post office to mail a leer. (@) I went tothe post office for some stamps (©) I went to the post office to buy some stamps INconRECT: I went to the post office fr to buy some stamps. INCORRECT: I went to the post ofce for busing some stamps. In order to expresses purpose. It answers the question “Why?” In (©: in order is frequently omitted. (@), (b), and (©) have the same meaning. For is also used to express purpose, but itis « preposition and is followed by a noun phrase, 0s in (4) Gerunds and infriives 301CI EXERCISE 28, Using IN ORDER TO. (Chart 13-9) cvions: Add in order to the sentences + ever possible 1 k to cash a bank in order 10 cash a 2 hat movie: The infinitive does uot express p 3. Sain wear te the hospital to v 4. Tneed 10 go to the baak today 5. Taved 10 go to the bank today vo de it my payel Oa my way home from school, I stopped at the dr buy some shampoo. spelling of a word. Kk and Linda have decided to get married 10, Pedro warches TV 0 improve his English 11. C didn’t forget to pay my reat 12. Kim wrote to th sniversity t0 13. Sally touched my shou! ro get 14, Donna expects to graduate next 5 15. Jerry needs to go ta the bookstore 10 y a spiral norehook. CO EXERCISE 29. Using (IN ORDER) TO. (Chart 13-9) Directions: Complete the sentences in Column A by using the ideas in Column B Connect the ideas with (én order) to. tel desk the h Bxarple: I called oT il desk (in on to ask for an extra Column A Column B 1. Tailed ¢ hotel desk A. keep their feer warm and dry 2. I nusned on the radio B. reach the top s 3. Liooked on the Interne! ©. listen to 2 bail game 4, People wear boots . . D. find the population of Malaysia Andy went to Egypt VE, ask for an extra pillow ‘Ms, Lune stood, on tiptoes ‘The dentist moved tie light closer to any face cl yelled 7 8, I clapped ray hands 6 Maria took a walk in the wk 1. see © ancient py 10, Toffered my cousin some money J. look into my mouth 392 CHAPTER 131 EXERCISE 30. Expressing purpose with TO and FOR. (Chart 13-9) Directions: Complete the sentences by using to or for. 1, Twent to Chicago _for _a visit. 2, T went to Chicago to visit my aunt and uncle. 3. I take long walks relax. 4. Take long walks relaxation, 5. I'm going to school a good education, 6. I'm going to school get a good education. 7, V'm not going to school just __ have fun, 8, I'm not going to school just fun 9. [turned on the radio listen to the news. 10. Ilistened to the radio _news about the earthquake in Peru. LL, Lsenta card to Carol wish her a happy birthday. 12. Two police officers came to my apartment ask me about my cousin. 13, Mr. Wong works in his garden the pure pleasure of it 14, T looked in the encyclopedia _ __ information about Ecuador. 15. My three brothers, two sisters, and parents all came to town __ attend my graduation. Cl EXERCISE 31. Expressing purpose with TO and FOR. (Chart 13-9) Directions: Answer why-questions in your own words. Show purpose by using an infinitive phrase or a for-phrase, Work in pairs or as a class. Example SPEAKER A: Yesterday you turned on the TV. Why? SPEAKER 8: Yesterday I turned on the TV ({o listen to the news / for the latest news about the earthquake / etc.) 1. You went to the supermarket, Why? 2. You need to go to the bookstore. Why? 3. You went to the post office. Why? 4. You went to the health clinic, Why? 5, You reached into your pocket/purse. Why? (Switch roles if working in pairs.) 6, You came to this school. Why? 7. You borrowed some money from (...). Why? 8. You stopped at the service station, Why? 9. You play (soccer, tennis, etc.). Why? 10. You had to go out last night. Why? Gerunds and infntives 39313-10 U TOO AND ENOi | 700 + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE | Infinitives often follow expressions with Stree tor fri fs St ” ee (©) Did you have enough time to finish the west? Tafinitives often follow expressions with enough ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE Enough comet a Gem of ania | (© Fimmy ise old enough to gto schoo Enough follows an adjective | |. Are you nmgry enough 40 sa thre sandwiches? | | Enough can aso follow x A0un: I don’ have money enough to buy shat car. In everyday English, bowever, enough usually comes infront of a noun, (1 EXERCISE 32. TOO and ENOUGH + infinitive. (Chart 13-10) Directions: Combine the sentences. PART 1. Use too. 1, We can’t go swimming today. It’s very cold. > 1's t00 cold (for us) to go swimming today. I couldn’t finish my homework last night. I was very sleepy. ‘This jacket is very small. I can’t wear it. Mike couldn't go to his aunt’s housewarming party. He was very busy. T live far from school. I can’t walk there. Some movies are very violent, Children shouldn't watch them, ey een PaRT n, Use enough. 7. Lcan’t reach the top shelf. I’m not that tall. > Fm not tall enough to reach the top shelf. 8. Tcan’t lift a horse. I'm not that strong. 9. It’s not warm today. We can’t go outside in shorts and sandals. 10. I didn’t stay home and miss work. I wasn’t really sick, but I didn’t feel good all day. OI EXERCISE 33. TOO and ENOUGH + infinitive. (Chart 13-10) Directions: Complete the sentences by choosing ftom the words in italics. Use too or ‘enough + an infinitive 1, strongltift Pmnot __stvong enough to lift a refrigerator. 2. weakilifi Most people are _ too weak to lift a refrigerator without help. 3. busylansewer Twas the phone. [et it keep ringing until the caller gave up. 4. earlylger We got to the concert 00d seats, 394 CHAPTER 13